1
|
SadguruPrasad LT, Madhusudhan B, Kodihalli B P, Ghosh PC. Development and in vitro evaluation of oxytetracycline-loaded PMMA nanoparticles for oral delivery against anaplasmosis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:119-126. [PMID: 28476972 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer with remarkable properties and merits are being preferred in various biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity and cost effectiveness. In this investigation, oxytetracycline-loaded PMMA nanoparticles were prepared using nano-precipitation method for the treatment of anaplasmosis. The prepared nanoparticles were characterised using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The mean average diameter of the nanoparticles ranged between 190-240 nm and zeta potential was found to be -19 mV. The drug loading capacity and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles was found varied between 33.7-62.2% and 40.5-60.0%. The in vitro drug release profile exhibited a biphasic phenomenon indicating controlled drug release. The uptake of coumarin-6(C-6)-loaded PMMA nanoparticles in Plasmodium falciparum (Pf3D7) culture model was studied. The preferential uptake of C-6-loaded nanoparticles by the Plasmodium infected erythrocytes in comparison with the uninfected erythrocytes was observed under fluorescence microscopy. These findings suggest that oxytetracycline-loaded PMMA nanoparticles were found to be an effective oral delivery vehicle and an alternative pharmaceutical formulation in anaplasmosis treatment, too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Basavaraj Madhusudhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, P.G. Centre, Shivagangotri, Davanagere 577002, Karnataka, India.
| | - Prakash Kodihalli B
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, P.G. Centre, Shivagangotri, Davanagere 577002, Karnataka, India
| | - Prahlad Chandra Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woldehiwet Z. In-vitro Studies on the Susceptibility of Ovine Strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to Antimicrobial Agents and to Immune Serum. J Comp Pathol 2010; 143:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
The tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, has a complex life cycle involving ruminants and ixodid ticks. It causes bovine anaplasmosis, a disease with significant economic impact on cattle farming worldwide. The obligate intracellular growth requirement of the bacteria poses a challenging obstacle to their genetic manipulation, a problem shared with other prokaryotes in the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia. Following our successful transformation of the human anaplasmosis agent, A. phagocytophilum, we produced plasmid constructs (a transposon bearing plasmid, pHimarAm-trTurboGFP-SS, and a transposase expression plasmid, pET28Am-trA7) designed to mediate random insertion of the TurboGFP and spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance genes by the Himar1 allele A7 into the A. marginale chromosome. In these trans constructs, expression of the fluorescent and the selectable markers on the transposon, and expression of the transposase are under control of the A. marginale tr promoter. Constructs were co-electroporated into A. marginale St. Maries purified from tick cell culture, and bacteria incubated for 2 months under selection with a combination of spectinomycin and streptomycin. At that time, ≤1% of tick cells contained colonies of brightly fluorescent Anaplasma, which eventually increased to infect about 80–90% of the cells. Cloning of the insertion site in E. coli and DNA sequence analyses demonstrated insertion of the entire plasmid pHimarAm-trTurboGFP-SS encoding the transposon in frame into the native tr region of A. marginale in an apparent single homologous crossover event not mediated by the transposase. Transformants are fastidious and require longer subculture intervals than wild type A. marginale. This result suggests that A. marginale, as well as possibly other species of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, can be transformed using a strategy of homologous recombination.
Collapse
|
4
|
Popov VL, Korenberg EI, Nefedova VV, Han VC, Wen JW, Kovalevskii YV, Gorelova NB, Walker DH. Ultrastructural Evidence of the Ehrlichial Developmental Cycle in Naturally InfectedIxodes persulcatusTicks in the Course of Coinfection with Rickettsia, Borrelia, and a Flavivirus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007; 7:699-716. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod L. Popov
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas
| | - Edward I. Korenberg
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina V. Nefedova
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violet C. Han
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Julie W. Wen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yurii V. Kovalevskii
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia B. Gorelova
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coetzee JF, Schmidt PL, Apley MD, Reinbold JB, Kocan KM. Comparison of the complement fixation test and competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis ofAnaplasma marginaleinfection in experimentally infected steers. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:872-8. [PMID: 17669027 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.8.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare sensitivity of a complement fixation (CF) test and competitive ELISA (cELISA) for detection of Anaplasma marginale in experimentally infected steers. ANIMALS 40 crossbred (Angus-Simmental) steers. PROCEDURES Steers were inoculated with 2.6 x 10(9) A marginale-infected erythrocytes (day 0). Blood samples were collected on days 9, 13, 20, 28, 34, 41, 61, 96, 126, and 156 days after inoculation. The percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (PPE) was determined by microscopic examination of stained blood films, and sera were evaluated with the CF test and cELISA by use of USDA-approved methods. Sensitivity and agreement (kappa statistic) between the 2 methods were determined. Persistent infections were confirmed by inoculation of blood obtained from infected steers into susceptible, splenectomized calves. RESULTS 9 days after inoculation, sensitivity of the cELISA was 47.5%, whereas the CF test failed to identify seropositive steers. After day 13, sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 100% and 20%, respectively. During peak parasitemia (day 20), sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 100%. Thereafter, sensitivity of the CF test fluctuated between 7.5% and 37.5%, whereas sensitivity of the cELISA remained at 100%. Overall sensitivity of the cELISA and CF test was 94.8% and 26.5%, respectively (kappa statistic, 0.039). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The cELISA had superior sensitivity for serologic detection of A marginale. The CF test and cELISA each had a high percentage of false-negative results during the prepatent period. These findings are relevant for export certification and anaplasmosis prevention or eradication programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wormser GP, Filozov A, Telford SR, Utpat S, Kamer RS, Liveris D, Wang G, Zentmaier L, Schwartz I, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME. Dissociation between Inhibition and Killing by Levofloxacin in Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2006; 6:388-94. [PMID: 17187574 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a potentially fatal tick-borne infection caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Treatment options are limited for this entity, with doxycycline being the drug of choice. Certain fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin are active against A. phagocytophilum in vitro. We report a hospitalized patient with HGA who improved coincident with a 13-day course of levofloxacin therapy, but clinically and microbiologically relapsed 15 days after completion of treatment. Relapse of infection after levofloxacin therapy was reproduced in a severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mouse infection model. Quinolone therapy should not be considered curative of HGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Depatment of Medicine, New York Medical College, Westcheser Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM, Jones DE. Flow cytometric evaluation of selected antimicrobial efficacy for clearance of Anaplasma marginale in short-term erythrocyte cultures. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2006; 29:173-83. [PMID: 16669861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne rickettsia, Anaplasma marginale, causes the economically important cattle disease anaplasmosis. Once infected, cattle remain lifelong carriers. Herein, we used flow cytometry to test the efficacy of three antimicrobials; oxytetracycline, imidocarb and enrofloxacin against Virginia (VGN) or Oklahoma (OK) A. marginale isolates in short-term erythrocyte cultures. Parasite viability was assessed using the vital dye hydroethidine (HE), which is detectable when living organisms convert HE to ethidium bromide. Viability of A. marginale in selected cultures was determined by subinoculation into susceptible calves. Data were analyzed by MANOVA, Tukey-Kramer honest significant difference and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to correlate results with culture infectivity. Enrofloxacin inhibited A. marginale in a dose dependent manner. Surprisingly, higher concentrations of imidocarb were less effective than lower concentrations against A. marginale with significant differences (P < 0.05) observed between the two isolates. Oxytetracycline was the least active drug tested. Cultures infected with the OK isolate exposed to 4.0 microg/mL enrofloxacin and those of the VGN and OK isolates exposed to 1.0 microg/mL imidocarb were sterilized. This is the first in vitro study demonstrating the efficacy of enrofloxacin against A. marginale. Furthermore, these data indicate that flow cytometry is a useful assay for screening antimicrobials against A. marginale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Blouin EF, Garcia-Garcia JC. Anaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): recent advances in defining host–pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. Parasitology 2005; 129 Suppl:S285-300. [PMID: 15938516 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182003004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tick-borne intracellular pathogenAnaplasma marginale(Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) develops persistent infections in cattle and tick hosts. While erythrocytes appear to be the only site of infection in cattle,A. marginaleundergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks and transmission occurs via salivary glands during feeding. Many geographic isolates occur that vary in genotype, antigenic composition, morphology and infectivity for ticks. In this chapter we review recent research on the host–vector–pathogen interactions ofA. marginale. Major surface proteins (MSPs) play a crucial role in the interaction ofA. marginalewith host cells. The MSP1a protein, which is an adhesin for bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, is differentially regulated and affects infection and transmission ofA. marginalebyDermacentorspp. ticks. MSP2 undergoes antigenic variation and selection in cattle and ticks, and contributes to the maintenance of persistent infections. Phylogenetic studies ofA. marginalegeographic isolates usingmsp4andmsp1α provide information about the biogeography and evolution ofA. marginale:msp1α genotypes evolve under positive selection pressure. Isolates ofA. marginaleare maintained by independent transmission events and a mechanism of infection exclusion in cattle and ticks allows for only the infection of one isolate per animal. Prospects for development of control strategies by use of pathogen and tick-derived antigens are discussed. TheA. marginale/vector/host studies described herein could serve as a model for research on other tick-borne rickettsiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM, Rurangirwa FR, Van Donkersgoed J. Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. Vet Parasitol 2005; 127:61-73. [PMID: 15675047 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-borne rickettsia, Anaplasma marginale, is an economically important disease of cattle in the United States and worldwide. Cattle that recover from acute infection become carriers in which low or microscopically undetectable A. marginale rickettsemia persists. Tetracycline antimicrobials are currently the only drug used in the US for treatment of acute anaplasmosis. There are currently no drugs specifically licensed for elimination of persistent infections. This study tested the efficacy of three oxytetracycline treatment regimens to clear A. marginale from cattle that were persistently infected. Forty Angus x Simmental steers, aged 6-12 months were experimentally infected with A. marginale. After the steers recovered from acute infection, seroconverted, and were confirmed infected using nested PCR followed by DNA hybridization, the carrier status of each animal was ascertained by sub-inoculation of blood into a separate, splenectomized Holstein calf. The steers were then blocked by bodyweight and randomly assigned as follows to four treatment groups: Treatment A, 300 mg/ml solution of oxytetracycline (Tetradure LA-300, Merial Canada Inc.) administered at 30 mg/kg, by intramuscular (i.m.) injection on day 0; Treatment B, the same 300 mg/ml solution of oxytetracycline administered at 30 mg/kg, i.m. on day 0 and again on day 5; Treatment C, a 200 mg/ml solution of oxytetracycline (Liquamycin LA-200, Pfizer Animal Health) administered at 22 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.), q 24 h for 5 days (a treatment dose that corresponds with current Office International des Epizooties (OIE) recommendations for treatment prior to export). The fourth group consisted of untreated infected control cattle. All steers were still nested PCR and cELISA positive at 60 days after treatment. Infection was confirmed by subinoculation of blood into a splenectomized Holstein calf. These results demonstrated that the treatment regimens tested failed to clear A. marginale infections in carrier cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blouin EF, Saliki JT, de la Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, Kocan KM. Antibodies to Anaplasma marginale major surface proteins 1a and 1b inhibit infectivity for cultured tick cells. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:247-60. [PMID: 12531299 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Major surface protein 1 (MSP1) of the cattle pathogen Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is a complex of two proteins, MSP1a and MSP1b. Previous studies demonstrated that MSP1a and MSP1b are adhesins for bovine erythrocytes, while only MSP1a proved to be an adhesin for tick cells. In this study, a tick cell culture system for propagation of A. marginale was used to develop an infection inhibition assay for testing the ability of antisera to block infection of A. marginale for cultured tick cells. A. marginale derived from cell culture was incubated with various antisera prior to inoculation onto cell monolayers. The monolayers were harvested 7 days post-inoculation and A. marginale in the cultures was quantified using an antigen detection ELISA. Antisera tested in the infection inhibition assay were derived from persistently infected cattle, from cattle immunized with A. marginale purified from bovine erythrocytes, and from rabbits and cattle that were immunized with the recombinant MSP1a, MSP1b and MSP1 complex. Antibodies from cattle persistently infected with A. marginale, cattle immunized with A. marginale from bovine erythrocytes or cattle immunized with the recombinant MSP1 complex did not inhibit the infectivity of A. marginale for tick cells. Antiserum from rabbits immunized with MSP1a and MSP1b (individually or combined) reduced infection of both the Virginia and Oklahoma isolates of A. marginale for tick cells by 25-70%. Likewise, antisera from cattle immunized with recombinant MSP1a or MSP1b inhibited infection of tick cells by 26-37%. These results further confirm the role of MSP1 complex proteins in infection of tick cells. Lack of inhibition of infection by antisera from naturally infected cattle or cattle immunized with whole organisms suggests that the bovine immune response is not directed toward blocking infection of A. marginale for tick cells and may contribute to the continued infectivity of the pathogen for ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmour F Blouin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|