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Muchiut S, Fiel C, Lirón JP, Lloberas M, Ceriani C, Lorenzo R, Riva E, Bernat G, Cardozo P, Fernández S, Steffan P. Population replacement of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus with susceptible strains: evidence of changes in the resistance status. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2623-2632. [PMID: 35779120 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in nematode populations threatens the viability of sheep production systems worldwide, and warrants the adoption of sensitive, practical, and standardized tests to detect AR. The aim of this study was to characterize the replacement of an Haemonchus contortus population resistant to benzimidazoles (BZDs) by a susceptible one, by means of both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Phenotypic methods to assess BZD resistance included in vivo tests, such as the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and in vitro tests, such as the egg hatch assay (EHA). Additionally, genotypification of polymorphisms associated with BZD resistance by sequencing a fragment of the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene was carried out. The initial, BZD-resistant population (initial Balcarce population) exhibited an egg count reduction (ECR) of 59.3%. Following refugium replacement, the final population (final Balcarce population) exhibited an ECR of 95.2%. For the initial Balcarce population, the median effective dose (ED50) for the EHA was 0.607 μg thiabendazole (TBZ)/mL, with a rate of eclosion at a discriminating dose (EDD) of 0.1 μg TBZ/mL of 76.73%. For the final Balcarce population, ED50 was 0.02 μg TBZ/mL, and EDD was 1.97%. In the initial population, 93% of the analyzed individuals exhibited genotypic combinations associated with BZD resistance (53% Phe/Phe167-Tyr/Tyr200, 37% Phe/Tyr167-Phe/Tyr200, and 3% Phe/Tyr167-Glu/Leu198). Conversely, no combination associated with resistance was found in individuals from the final population. All of the tests were useful for detecting AR to BZDs. The results from the genetic and phenotypical studies were consistent, and the resulting information greatly aided in interpreting the outcomes of the population replacement and the potential impact of this strategy on management of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Muchiut
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina. .,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - César Fiel
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Juan Pedro Lirón
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lloberas
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce) EEA-INTA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Carolina Ceriani
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.,Área de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Lorenzo
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Gisele Bernat
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Patricia Cardozo
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce) EEA-INTA, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Silvina Fernández
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pedro Steffan
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina.,Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
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Gainza YA, Santos IBD, Figueiredo A, Santos LALD, Esteves SN, Barioni-Junior W, Minho AP, Chagas ACDS. Anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus from sheep flocks in Brazil: concordance of in vivo and in vitro (RESISTA-Test©) methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e025120. [PMID: 33950148 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the resistance status of Haemonchus contortus from sheep flocks in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, through comparison between the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and the larval development test (LDT). For the FECRT, 35 sheep were selected in each of five flocks and divided into groups treated with: benzimidazole, levamisole, ivermectin, monepantel and control. Feces were collected for EPG and fecal cultures. The LDT was performed using thiabendazole (TBZ), levamisole (LEV), ivermectin aglycone (IVM-A) and Zolvix (ZLV). Resistance to all drugs was detected using FECRT in 100% of the flocks, except in relation to ZLV (40% resistant and 20% suspected of resistance). LDT indicated resistance to TBZ and IVM-A in all flocks, to LEV in 80% of flocks and to ZLV in 10%. Total agreement was obtained between the two tests for TBZ and IVM (k = 1.0), while for LEV (k = 0.8) and ZLV (k = 0.9), substantial and almost perfect agreement were obtained, respectively. The concordance between the tests was significant, thus showing that it is possible to use the outcome of the LDT to predict the FECRT, and hence validating the former as a fast diagnostic test for use by sheep farmers in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Mickiewicz M, Czopowicz M, Moroz A, Potărniche AV, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Spinu M, Górski P, Markowska-Daniel I, Várady M, Kaba J. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in Polish goat herds assessed by the larval development test. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:19. [PMID: 33413368 PMCID: PMC7791792 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helminthic infections, in particular those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), are found worldwide and are among the most economically important diseases of goats. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in GIN of goats is currently present worldwide, and single- or multidrug resistant species are widespread. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of AR to benzimidazoles (BZ), macrocyclic lactones (ML) and imidazothiazoles represented by levamisole (LEV) in the Polish goat herds by using an in vitro larval development test, which is useful especially in large-scale epidemiological surveys. Results This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 to June 2019 and enrolled 42 dairy goat herds scattered over the entire country. The most commonly used anthelmintic class in goat herds in Poland were BZ (92%), followed by ML (85%) and LEV (13%). BZ-resistant GIN populations were found in 37 herds (88%, CI 95%: 75 to 95%), ML-resistant GIN populations in 40 herds (95%, CI 95, 84 to 99%), and LEV-resistant GIN populations in 5 herds (12%, CI 95%: 5 to 25%). Multidrug resistance involving all three anthelmintic classes was found in 5 herds (12%, CI 95, 5 to 25%). Based on the morphological features of stage 3 larvae the main resistant GIN turned out to be Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. The use of BZ and frequency of anthelmintic treatments were significantly related to the presence of AR to BZ in Polish goat herds. Conclusions This cross-sectional study demonstrates the existence of AR to BZ, ML and LEV on Polish goat farms. Resistance to BZ and ML is widespread, while AR to LEV is currently at a low level. A considerable proportion of herds harbours multidrug resistant GIN, which requires further consideration. An effective anthelmintic treatment strategy, reasonable preventive measures and better understanding of the resistance-related management practices by farmers and veterinarians may delay further development of AR. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02721-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian-Valentin Potărniche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Law and Ethics, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marina Spinu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Law and Ethics, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paweł Górski
- Division of Parasitology and Invasiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Baiak BHB, Lehnen CR, Rocha RAD. Anthelmintic resistance of injectable macrocyclic lactones in cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2019; 28:59-67. [PMID: 30892462 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to identify, critically assess, and summarize available data from primary research about the anthelmintic resistance of injectable macrocyclic lactones in cattle. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio and 95% Confidence Intervals. Of the 1504 abstracts screened for eligibility, 80 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirteen publications were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Only five studies were included in the quantitative analysis because they showed a low risk of producing biased results in all the parameters. The forest plot indicated four studies that discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05), while only one study did not discuss anthelmintic resistance (P<0.05). The pooled estimate showed 0.59 (95% Confidence intervals: 0.08, 0.47) times higher odds for studies that report anthelmintic resistance than for studies reporting efficacious anthelmintic treatment, with significant and substantially low heterogeneity (I2=25%). Anthelmintic resistance to injectable macrocyclic lactones is a reality. There are need to improve methodological reporting in studies, which is a problem for investigations that involves systematic review and meta-analysis (SR-MA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Haline Buss Baiak
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Cheila Roberta Lehnen
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Raquel Abdallah da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
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Crook E, O’Brien D, Howell S, Storey B, Whitley N, Burke J, Kaplan R. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Singh R, Bal MS, Singla LD, Kaur P. Detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goat against fenbendazole by faecal egg count reduction test. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:463-466. [PMID: 28615860 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance against commonly used anthelmintic fenbendazole was evaluated by employing faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in naturally occurring gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes in the semi organized sheep and goat farms of Ludhiana and Amritsar districts. A total of 80 animals (20 each for sheep and goat in both districts) were randomly selected and their faecal samples were examined by qualitative and quantitative parasitological techniques. Results indicate presence of high level of resistance against fenbendazole in both sheep and goat population of Ludhiana and Amritsar districts. More resistance was observed in the GI nematodes from animals reared in Amritsar district as compared to Ludhiana district. The level of anthelmintic resistance observed was apparently more in sheep than goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - M S Bal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - L D Singla
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Paramjit Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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Falzon LC, O'Neill TJ, Menzies PI, Peregrine AS, Jones-Bitton A, vanLeeuwen J, Mederos A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:388-402. [PMID: 25059197 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthelmintic drugs have been widely used in sheep as a cost-effective means for gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) control. However, growing anthelmintic resistance (AHR) has created a compelling need to identify evidence-based management recommendations that reduce the risk of further development and impact of AHR. OBJECTIVE To identify, critically assess, and synthesize available data from primary research on factors associated with AHR in sheep. METHODS Publications reporting original observational or experimental research on selected factors associated with AHR in sheep GINs and published after 1974, were identified through two processes. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Agricola, CAB) and Web of Science (a collection of databases) were searched for potentially relevant publications. Additional publications were identified through consultation with experts, manual search of references of included publications and conference proceedings, and information solicited from small ruminant practitioner list-serves. Two independent investigators screened abstracts for relevance. Relevant publications were assessed for risk of systematic bias. Where sufficient data were available, random-effects Meta-Analyses (MAs) were performed to estimate the pooled Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of AHR for factors reported in ≥2 publications. RESULTS Of the 1712 abstracts screened for eligibility, 131 were deemed relevant for full publication review. Thirty publications describing 25 individual studies (15 observational studies, 7 challenge trials, and 3 controlled trials) were included in the qualitative synthesis and assessed for systematic bias. Unclear (i.e. not reported, or unable to assess) or high risk of selection bias and confounding bias was found in 93% (14/15) and 60% (9/15) of the observational studies, respectively, while unclear risk of selection bias was identified in all of the trials. Ten independent studies were included in the quantitative synthesis, and MAs were performed for five factors. Only high frequency of treatment was a significant risk factor (OR=4.39; 95% CI=1.59, 12.14), while the remaining 4 variables were marginally significant: mixed-species grazing (OR=1.63; 95% CI=0.66, 4.07); flock size (OR=1.02; 95% CI=0.97, 1.07); use of long-acting drug formulations (OR=2.85; 95% CI=0.79, 10.24); and drench-and-shift pasture management (OR=4.08; 95% CI=0.75, 22.16). CONCLUSIONS While there is abundant literature on the topic of AHR in sheep GINs, few studies have explicitly investigated the association between putative risk or protective factors and AHR. Consequently, several of the current recommendations on parasite management are not evidence-based. Moreover, many of the studies included in this review had a high or unclear risk of systematic bias, highlighting the need to improve study design and/or reporting of future research carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Falzon
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - T J O'Neill
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P I Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J vanLeeuwen
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - A Mederos
- National Institute of Agricultural Research of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Detection of benzimidazole resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats of sub-Himalyan region of northern India using different tests. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:312-8. [PMID: 24126090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was planned with the objective of studying the status of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep and goats of different agro-climatic zones of sub-Himalyan region of northern India using in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and in vitro tests namely egg hatch assay (EHA) and larval development assay (LDA). Out of fourteen flocks, FECRT detected resistance in eight flocks (two sheep flocks and six goat flocks) with FECR% ranging from 54.95 to 90.86. Pre treatment coproculture contained predominantly Haemonchus contortus, followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides, while post treatment coproculture results showed that only H. contortus survived fenbendazole (FBZ) (in FECRT) or thiabendazole (TBZ) (in LDA) treatment except in three flocks of Tarai region {one sheep flock (Us1), and two goat flocks (Ug1 and Ug5)} where BZ resistant Trichostrongylus were also detected. The GIN of those eight farms which were found resistant by FECRT were also detected resistant by EHA. Arithmetic mean and range of ED50 value of susceptible group was found to be 0.059 μg/ml and 0.037-0.096 μg/ml, respectively, and the same for the resistant group were found to be 0.119 μg/ml and 0.101-0.147 μg/ml, respectively. With LDA, the arithmetic mean and range of LC50 value of susceptible group was found 0.0030 μg/ml and 0.001-0.005 μg/ml, respectively, and those of resistant group was found 0.0105 μg/ml and 0.009-0.012 μg/ml, respectively. The values of Spearman rank correlation coefficient indicated that negative correlation was found between FECR% and ED50 and between FECR% and LC50 while positive correlation existed between ED50 and LC50 value and the p-values indicated that these correlations were statistically highly significant. In the present study, FECRT and EHA gave comparable results with regard to detection of BZ resistance in GIN in sheep and goats. Although with LDA, the threshold LC50 value could not be established as for EHA but LDA indicated the presence of low level of resistance in GIN of both sheep and goats. For effective worm control, regular monitoring for anthelmintic resistance is important to know the status of anthelmintic efficacy in a particular agro-climatic zone. The baseline information thus generated will enable timely management of benzimidazoles resistance in GIN.
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Demeler J, Schein E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections of sheep. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Demeler J, Kleinschmidt N, Küttler U, Koopmann R, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Evaluation of the Egg Hatch Assay and the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay to detect anthelmintic resistance in cattle parasitic nematodes on farms. Parasitol Int 2012; 61:614-8. [PMID: 22728255 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anthelmintic drugs, particularly to the widely used benzimidazoles (BZs) and macrocyclic lactones (MLs) is an increasing problem in cattle industries worldwide. Reliable methods for the assessment of anthelmintic efficacy in the field are required in order to react before resistance becomes an obvious problem on individual properties. The ability of the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay (LMIA) to detect anthelmintic resistance under field conditions was evaluated on cattle farms in Northern Germany. As published previously Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was performed using oral albendazole (Valbazen®) or injectable ivermectin (Ivomec®). Herein the FECRT results described earlier were compared with data from EHAs or LMIAs, respectively, performed with eggs from fresh faeces or larvae from faecal cultures of the tested animals before and after treatment. The obtained EC(50) values allowed the assessment of efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin on farm level. The results of the FECRTs and the results of both in vitro assays were comparable. In comparison to the FECRT the in vitro assays are less time, labour and cost intensive and are able to assess the susceptibility status of a worm population without treatment. Therefore both are beneficial alternatives for the reliable detection of reduced efficacy of these two drug classes on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Anthelmintics are substrates and activators of nematode P glycoprotein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2224-32. [PMID: 21300828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01477-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
P glycoproteins (Pgp), members of the ABC transporter superfamily, play a major role in chemoresistance. In nematodes, Pgp are responsible for resistance to anthelmintics, suggesting that they are Pgp substrates, as they are in mammalian cells. However, their binding to nematode Pgp and the functional consequences of this interaction have not been investigated. Our study showed that levamisole and most of the macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are Pgp substrates in nematodes. Ivermectin, although a very good substrate in mammalian cells, is poorly transported. In contrast to their inhibitory effect on mammalian Pgp, these drugs had a stimulatory effect on the transport activity of the reference Pgp substrate rhodamine 123 (R123) in the nematode. This may be due to a specific sequence of nematode Pgp, which shares only 44% identity with mammalian Pgp. Other factors, such as the affinity of anthelmintics for Pgp and their concentration in the Pgp microenvironment, could also differ in nematodes, as suggested by the specific relationship observed between the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) of MLs and R123 efflux. Nevertheless, some similarities were also observed in the functional activities of the mammalian and nematode Pgp. As in mammalian cells, substrates known to bind the H site (Hoechst 33342 and colchicine) activated the R site, resulting in an increased R123 efflux. Our findings thus show that ML anthelmintics, which inhibit Pgp-mediated efflux in mammals, activate transport activity in nematodes and suggest that several substituents in the ML structure are involved in modulating the stimulatory effect.
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Várady M, Cudeková P, Corba J. In vitro detection of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus: egg hatch test versus larval development test. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149:104-10. [PMID: 17697753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the egg hatch test (EHT) and the larval development test (LDT) as in vitro tools for detection of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance in Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of small ruminants. Comparisons were made during a course of infection and changes in both EHT and LDT were monitored to measure the correlation between resistance and susceptibility in different parasite stages (eggs and larvae). In addition, mixed doses of known numbers of susceptible and BZ-resistant H. contortus eggs were used to assess the sensitivity of LDT for the detection of low levels of resistance. The degree of resistance for each test was expressed as resistance factor (RF). The LDT showed a greater ability to distinguish between four susceptible and four resistant isolates of H. contortus with higher resistance factors compared to the EHT. For the EHT the RF by using ED(50) criterion ranged from 3.2 to 13.3 and from 7.4 to 25.2 by using LC(99). For LDT the resistant isolates were 4.3-63.1 times more tolerant than the susceptible isolates using the ED(50) criterion and 91.1-1411.0 times more tolerant using the LC(99) criterion. The LDT was also able to clearly indicate the presence of low level (4%) of resistant larvae amongst a susceptible background population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Várady
- Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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13
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Abstract
Effects of the anthelmintics, pyrantel and levamisole, on egg development of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were studied in vitro. After 7 days, about 80% of eggs developed to first-stage larvae in Ham's F-12 medium with 10% foetal calf serum under 5% CO2. Significant inhibition of development was caused by pyrantel (10-9–10-8 g ml-1) and levamisole (10-9–10-8 g ml-1) (Mann-Whitney U-test; P<0.05), and none of the eggs developed to first-stage larvae in higher concentrations of these anthelmintics (10-7 g ml-1). Furthermore, incubation with these drugs at 10-8 g ml-1 for at least 3 h or at 10-4 g ml-1 for 1 h caused irreversible effects on egg development.
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14
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Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance has been a problem almost from the first use of the drugs introduced during the past 50 years. Evaluation of anthelmintics on a specific farm is essential to determine which drugs may be used in controlling parasite numbers. Treatment of livestock during the season in which parasite transmission is unfavorable lessens pasture contamination. Targeting treatment places less pressure on susceptible worms, diluting the resistant parasite population. Pasture management and using safe pastures for animals at highest risk lower pasture exposure. Selection for individual animals resistant to the effects of parasites lessens the need for use of anthelmintics. Alternatives to anthelmintics include cryptic antigen vaccines, copper wires, and biologic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Craig
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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15
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Fleming SA, Craig T, Kaplan RM, Miller JE, Navarre C, Rings M. Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Várady M, Cernanská D, Corba J. Use of two in vitro methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistant nematode parasites on Slovak sheep farms. Vet Parasitol 2005; 135:325-31. [PMID: 16289329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the prevalence of anthelmintic resistant nematode populations was conducted on 32 sheep farms in the Slovak Republic. In vitro egg hatch test and larval development tests were used for the detection of resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics and they were compared with in vivo faecal egg count reduction tests. There was agreement in the declaration of resistance between the faecal egg count reduction test and both in vitro tests. The presence of resistant populations was determined on two farms using egg hatch test. In both farms, the LD(50) values were higher than 0.1 microg TBZ/ml, indicating resistance. By using LD(99) values it might be possible to reveal relatively small proportion of resistant larvae in the population. The prevalence of benzimidazole resistance has not change on Slovak sheep farms during last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marián Várady
- Parasitological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Kosice, Slovak Republic
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17
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Activity of Duddingtonia flagrans on Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae in goat feces and interaction with a benzimidazole treatment. Small Rumin Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Ancheta PB, Dumilon RA, Venturina VM, Cerbito WA, Dobson RJ, LeJambre LF, Villar EC, Gray GD. Efficacy of benzimidazole anthelmintics in goats and sheep in the Philippines using a larval development assay. Vet Parasitol 2004; 120:107-21. [PMID: 15019148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The negative effects of nematodes in small ruminants can be reduced by use of dewormers but their effectiveness is increasingly limited by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance. The efficacy of benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics in the Philippines was estimated by an in vitro larval development assay using worm eggs recovered from faeces collected from goats and sheep. Two hundred and eighteen farms were selected to represent areas of the country with high goat and sheep populations and the full range of farm sizes, from smallholders with just a few animals to commercial and institutional farms with several hundred. Initial surveys of worm control advisers indicated that BZs have been in continuous widespread use for up to 20 years with little use of other chemical groups. A larval development assay (LDA: DrenchRite) was modified for use with BZs alone to allow up to five samples to be analysed on a single microtitre plate. The assay was validated by comparison with the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The dominant nematode genera were Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus with small numbers of Oesophagostomum. The range of BZ efficacy estimated from the LDA results was 0-100% and the distribution of efficacy levels was continuous, with mean efficacy of 82 and 64% for goats and sheep, respectively. There were significant associations between efficacy and parameters measured to characterize the sampled farms: size of animal management group, FEC of sample, recent importation of stock and no access to common grazing were all correlated with decreased efficacy. Likewise, low efficacy was associated with reported frequency and number of years that BZ drenches had been used. The LDA was found to be highly suited to estimate efficacy in nematode populations from small farms where performance of a FECRT for even one chemical would be impractical. Using a larval development assay, we have demonstrated a wide efficacy range for BZs against nematodes from all sizes of goat and sheep farms in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Ancheta
- Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
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Chartier C, Soubirac F, Pors I, Silvestre A, Hubert J, Couquet C, Cabaret J. Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of dairy goats under extensive management conditions in southwestern France. J Helminthol 2001; 75:325-30. [PMID: 11818048 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x01000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of benzimidazole (BZ) and levamisole resistance was investigated in 18 randomly selected dairy goat herds located in southwestern France and characterized by extensive management. On each of the 18 farms, 45 adult goats were randomly allocated into three groups of 15 animals each: an untreated control group, a group that was orally administered fenbendazole (10 mg kg(-1) body weight) and a group that received orally a levamisole drench (12 mg kg(-1) body weight). Individual faecal egg counts and pooled larval cultures were done 10 days after anthelmintic treatment. Naive lambs were infected with larvae obtained from control and fenbendazole treated groups and were necropsied 35 days after infection for worm recovery. Faecal egg count reductions (FERC) were calculated for fenbendazole and levamisole and, when less than 95 per 100, were considered as indicative of anthelmintic resistance. An in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) was conducted with thiabendazole on eggs isolated from pooled faeces of fenbendazole treated goats in nine farms. Faecal egg count reductions indicated the occurrence of benzimidazole resistance in 15 out of 18 farms. Among these farms, nine had EHT values above 0.1 microg thiabendazole ml(-1) confirming the benzimidazole resistance status. Levamisole resistance was detected in two farms through FECR. Based on necropsy results, the prevalence of benzimidazole resistance was higher in Trichostrongylus colubriformis, medium in Haemonchus contortus and lower in Teladorsagia circumcincta. In nine farms the benzimidazole resistance was monospecific whereas multispecific resistance was found in the six remaining farms. A negative relationship was found between FECR for fenbendazole and the average number of anthelmintic treatments given per year on the farm. Despite extensive management including a low number of treatments, the prevalence of benzimidazole resistance was very high suggesting that the repeated and sometimes exclusive use of benzimidazole drugs, even at low frequency, is probably the main cause in developing nematode resistance in dairy goat herds. The importance of other factors such as under-dosing or buying animals already carrying resistant nematodes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chartier
- AFFSA Site de Niort, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches caprines, Niort, France.
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Humbert JF, Cabaret J, Elard L, Leignel V, Silvestre A. Molecular approaches to studying benzimidazole resistance in trichostrongylid nematode parasites of small ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2001; 101:405-14. [PMID: 11707309 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular techniques are of growing importance in the study of anthelmintic resistance in trichostrongylid worm populations. A knowledge of the genetic determinants of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance has made it possible to construct a molecular tool for genotyping individual worms, in respect of mutation of the beta-tubulin gene responsible for BZ resistance. This tool offers new possibilities in the diagnosis of BZ resistance, and also in the study of anthelmintic use and other breeding management factors that can affect the selection of BZ-resistant alleles in worm populations. New molecular methods have also made it possible to study the origin and diversity of BZ-resistant alleles in trichostrongylid populations. The results demonstrate the value of a multidisciplinary approach to the study of anthelmintic resistance, combining molecular, ecological and epidemiological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Humbert
- INRA, Station d'Hydrobiologie Lacustre, BP 511, 74203 Thonon Cedex, France.
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Swarnkar CP, Sanyal PK, Singh D, Khan FA, Bhagwan PS. Anthelmintic resistance on an organized sheep farm in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2001; 33:305-12. [PMID: 11474864 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010536019210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring anthelmintic resistance in strongyle nematodes by the faecal egg count reduction test and a commercial larval development assay on an organized sheep farm in the semi-arid area of Rajasthan revealed the emergence of resistance to benzimidazoles and rafoxanide and a potential risk of the development of levamisole/tetramisole resistance. A benzimidazole/levamisole combination, avermectins and closantel were each found to be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Swarnkar
- Division of Animal Health, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
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