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Kim S, Chae H, Lee EB, Lee G, Park SC, Kang J. Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Pour-On Ivermectin Formulations in Korean Hanwoo Cattle. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 38275313 PMCID: PMC10812518 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a bioequivalence study of applying three pour-on ivermectin formulations at a dose of 1 mg/kg on the back of Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo). To conduct bioequivalence testing, the pharmacokinetics of three groups (control Innovator, test Generic A, and test Generic B) of five clinically healthy Korean Hanwoo cattle (average weight 500 kg) were studied. After topical application to the skin, blood samples were drawn at the indicated times. These blood samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The time required to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax), the maximum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the curve (AUClast) of each pharmacokinetic parameter were compared for bioequivalence. The results showed that the control had a Tmax of 41 ± 1.24 h, a Cmax of 0.11 ± 0.01 μg/mL, and an AUClast of 9.33 ± 0 h*μg/mL). The comparator Generic A had a Tmax of 40 ± 1.14 h, a Cmax of 0.10 ± 0.01 (μg/mL, and an AUClast of 9.41 ± 0.57 h*μg/mL, while Generic B had a Tmax of 40 ± 2.21 h, a Cmax of 0.10 ± 0.01 μg/mL, and an AUClast of 9 h*μg/mL. The values of the bioequivalence indicators Cmax, Tmax, and AUC were all within the range of 80% to 120%, confirming that all three tested formulations were bioequivalent. In conclusion, the study showed that the two generic products were bioequivalent to the original product in Hanwoo cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (E.-B.L.); (G.L.)
| | - HyunYoung Chae
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea;
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (E.-B.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Gayeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (E.-B.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (E.-B.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Jeongwoo Kang
- Animal Disease Diagnosis Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea;
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Suárez G, Castells D, Imperiale F, Fagiolino P, Canton C, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Therapeutic advantages of the combined use of closantel and moxidectin in lambs parasitized with resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:28-36. [PMID: 37579583 PMCID: PMC10448036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The serious widespread development of nematode resistance has motivated the use of combined anthelmintic formulations. However, the advantages/disadvantages of the combined use of anthelmintics require further scientific characterization. The goals of the current trial were a) to characterize the pharmacokinetics of closantel (CLO) and moxidectin (MXD) administered both subcutaneously (sc) and orally either separately or co-administered (CLO + MXD) to lambs; b) to compare the nematodicidal activity of both molecules given individually or co-administered to lambs infected with resistant nematodes. Seventy (70) Corriedale lambs naturally infected with multiple resistant gastrointestinal nematodes were involved in the pharmacokinetic and efficacy trials. The animals were allocated into six groups (n = 10) and treated with either CLO, MXD, or with the CLO + MXD combined formulation by both the oral and sc routes. Additionally, an untreated control group (n = 10) was included for the efficacy trial. The efficacy was estimated by the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Higher systemic exposure of both CLO and MXD was observed after the sc compared to the oral administration in lambs. The combined administration of CLO + MXD did not markedly alter their disposition kinetics. At 13 days post-treatment, the administration of both molecules as a single active principle reached efficacy levels ranging between 80% (MXDoral), 84% (CLOoral), 85% (CLOsc), and 92% (MXDsc). The combined oral and sc treatments reached 99% efficacy. No adverse effects were observed after the combined treatment of CLO + MXD, and their co-administration did not show any adverse pharmacokinetic interaction. The combined effect of CLO + MXD successfully restored the maximum efficacy levels, which were not reached by the individual active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Suárez
- Unidad de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Departamento de Clínicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Daniel Castells
- Área de Investigación del Secretariado de la Lana, Florida, Uruguay
| | - Fernanda Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, (7000) Tandil, Argentina.
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Canton C, Canton L, Lifschitz A, Paula Dominguez M, Alvarez L, Ceballos L, Mate L, Lanusse C, Ballent M. Monepantel-based anthelmintic combinations to optimize parasite control in cattle. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:441-449. [PMID: 36963744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Improvement in the use of existing anthelmintics is a high priority need for the pharmaco-parasitology research field, considering the magnitude and severity of anthelmintic resistance as an important issue in livestock production. In the work described here, monepantel (MNP) was given alone or co-administered with either macrocyclic lactone (ML) or benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics to calves naturally infected with ML- and BZ-resistant gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes on two different commercial cattle farms. Both pharmacokinetic (PK) and efficacy assessments were performed. On Farm A, male calves (n = 15 per group) were treated with either MNP orally (2.5 mg/kg), IVM s.c. (0.2 mg/kg), ricobendazole (RBZ) s.c. (3.75 mg/kg) or remained untreated. On Farm B, eight groups (n = 15) of male calves received treatment with either: MNP, abamectin (ABM, oral, 0.2 mg/kg), RBZ (s.c., 3.75 mg/kg), albendazole (ABZ, oral, 5 mg/kg), MNP+ABM, MNP+RBZ, MNP+ABZ (all at the above-mentioned routes and doses) or remained untreated. Seven animals from each treated group (Farm B) were randomly selected to perform the PK study. MNP and its metabolite monepantel sulphone (MNPSO2) were the main analytes recovered in plasma after HPLC analysis. The combined treatments resulted in decreased systemic exposures to MNP parent drug compared with that observed after treatment with MNP alone (P < 0.05). However, the systemic availability of the main MNP metabolite (MNPSO2) was unaffected by co-administration with either ABM, RBZ or ABZ. Efficacies of 98% (Farm A) and 99% (Farm B) demonstrated the high efficacy of MNP given alone (P < 0.05) against GI nematodes resistant to ML and BZ in cattle. While the ML (IVM, ABM) failed to control Haemonchus spp., Cooperia spp. and Ostertagia spp., MNP achieved 99% to 100% efficacy against those nematode species on both commercial farms. However, MNP alone failed to control Oesophagostomum spp. (60% efficacy) on Farm A. The co-administered treatments MNP+ABZ and MNP+RBZ reached a 100% reduction against all GI nematode genera. In conclusion, the oral treatment with MNP should be considered to deal with resistant nematode parasites in cattle. The use of MNP in combination with BZ compounds could be a valid strategy to extend its lifespan for use in cattle as well as to reverse its poor activity against Oesophagostomum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Lucila Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Paula Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Mate
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CONICET-CICPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Seva J, Sanes JM, Bueno JM, De Jódar C, Soler M, Bayón A, Párraga‐Ros E. Congenital bilateral clinical anophthalmia and brachygnathia superior in a fighting bull calf. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7159. [PMID: 37215960 PMCID: PMC10196413 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes a case of a 20-day-old male fighting bull with bilateral clinical anophthalmia and brachygnathia superior whose dam was 12.5 years old and was mistakenly dewormed with ivermectin intramuscularly in the first third of gestation in a livestock farm. A macroscopic examination of the carcass was performed, with a special focus on the ocular components. Eyeball remains were found in both orbits and a histopathological examination was performed on them. Antibodies by serological study against bovine herpes virus-1, respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus for both the cow and the calf were not detected. The calf had small orbits and inside them a white and brown mass of soft consistency. Microscopically, abundant muscular and adipose tissue was observed, alongside nervous structures and vestiges of ocular structures with stratified epithelium and abundant connective tissue with glands. No evidence that this congenital bilateral anophthalmia had infectious or hereditary origin was found. By contrast, the malformation could be related to the treatment with ivermectin during the first month of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Seva
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - José Manuel Sanes
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Juan Manuel Bueno
- Optics Laboratory, Center for Research in Optics and NanophysicsUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Carlos De Jódar
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Marta Soler
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Alejandro Bayón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
| | - Ester Párraga‐Ros
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversity of MurciaMurciaSpain
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Lorente CJ, Mesa L, Montalto L, Gutiérrez MF, Miró MV, Lifschitz A. Ivermectin bioaccumulation and transfer through developmental stages in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138106. [PMID: 36780993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM), one of the most widely used antiparasitics in livestock, could enters into the aquatic environment because the treated animal metabolizes only a small percentage of what is administered and the rest is eliminated through the feces, largely as a parent drug, imposing a risk to aquatic organisms. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the effect of IVM spiked in cattle dung on the survival and emergence of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), and to (2) evaluate the accumulation of this drug in the different developmental stages of this taxon. Larvae were exposed to two IVM concentrations (T1: 1000 ng g-1 and T2: 500 ng g-1) for 9 days. At days 3, 6 and 9 survival and adult emergence were recorded and samples of larvae, pupae, pupal exuviae and adults were taken to analyze the IVM accumulation. At these concentrations, a reduction in survival and adult emergence of C. pipiens was recorded. In addition, the IVM accumulation was observed in all samples analyzed, decreasing it throughout the development of this taxon (larvae > pupae > adults). Although a large proportion of the drug was lost during the metamorphosis, being mainly eliminated through pupal exuviae during molting, this process is not enough to eliminate it completely. Thus, part of the drug was transferred to the adult stage and remains available to the aquatic and terrestrial food webs. These results show that IVM represents a risk to aquatic invertebrates and their predators, which deserves further studies, especially in the context of their bioaccumulation and biomagnification through the aquatic and terrestrial trophic webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Jazmín Lorente
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Mesa
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luciana Montalto
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina; Escuela Superior de Sanidad "Ramón Carrillo", Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CP 3000 Santa Fe, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, CP 7000 Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, CP 7000 Tandil, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li G, Cao X, Liao J, Wei Y. Pharmacokinetics of tenvermectin in swine, a novel antiparasitic drug candidate-comparison with ivermectin. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1211-1216. [PMID: 36772910 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenvermectin (TVM) is a novel 16-membered macrolide compound isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of genetically engineered Streptomyces avermitilis strain MHJ1011. TVM and ivermectin were administered at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg body weight through a single subcutaneous injection route followed by plasma collectiom and analysis at different time intervals. Plasma concentrations of TVM and IVM were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using the non-compartmental method with WinNonlin™ 6.4 software. TVM is rapidly absorbed after administration with peak plasma concentrations (Cmax , 9.78 ± 2.34 ng/ml) obtained within 6-22 h. AUC0-last was 586.86 h·ng/ml ± 121.24 h·ng/ml. The mean elimination half-life of TVM (T1/2λz ) was 97.99 h ± 46.41 h. The T1/2λz of IVM was 146.59 h ± 22.26 h in the study. The present study showed that subcutaneous administration of TVM at 0.3 mg/kg body weight (BW) in swine is absorbed more rapidly than IVM in swine. Compared to the pharmacokinetic characteristics of IVM, there was little difference in the half-life of TVM among different individuals. The data will contribute to refining the formulation and dosage regime for TVM administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Liao
- Department of Research and Development, Shisenhai (Hangzhou) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Davidson RK, Fæste CK, Uhlig S, Tukun FL, Lian H, Solvang HA, Thorvaldsen R, Folkow LP, Sánchez Romano J, Kilvær MV, Holmgren KE, Nymo IH. Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting subcutaneous eprinomectin injection in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) - A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 97:104041. [PMID: 36535586 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are exposed to the pathogenic parasitic nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi during grazing. The severity of disease is dose-dependent. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment is needed to improve animal health and reindeer herding sustainability. Herds are traditionally only gathered once during the summer, requiring a drug with a persistent effect. In this study we investigated the suitability of long-acting eprinomectin, given as a single subcutaneous injection at 1 mg/kg bodyweight in adult reindeer and calves. Plasma and faeces concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Plasma concentrations remained above the presumed effect level of 2 ng/mL for 80 days, demonstrating the drug's potential. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to other species using allometric scaling. Calves and adults had slightly different profiles. No viable faecal nematode eggs were detected during treatment. Eprinomectin was measurable in the reindeer faeces up to 100 days, which is of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Davidson
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Feng-Ling Tukun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Toxinology Research Group, Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Lian
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hans Arne Solvang
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Renate Thorvaldsen
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars P Folkow
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Karin Elisabeth Holmgren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Helena Nymo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Food Safety and Animal Health Research Group, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway; UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Hall LE, Reilly B, Blackie N. Surveying UK sheep farmers' vaccination techniques and the impact of vaccination training. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1798. [PMID: 35860912 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are commonly used in sheep farming. However, compliance with vaccination protocols and subsequent suboptimal vaccination techniques are concerns in the industry. METHODS An online survey containing 31 questions encompassing vaccination storage, technique and training was distributed to UK sheep farmers. Respondents were asked to mark on a sheep diagram where they would administer intramuscular (IM), intradermal, and subcutaneous (SC) vaccines. RESULTS Of 370 respondents, only 26.1% identified the correct location for SC, 38.0% for intradermal, and 7.7% for IM vaccination. Almost half (45.5%) stored their vaccines in a fridge specific to veterinary medicines, only 33.9% used a temperature logger, and 6.4% checked their fridge temperature daily. Almost half (45.5%) kept their vaccines 48 hours or longer after broaching, and 11.1% kept them until the next time. Significantly more respondents who had received training correctly identified the location for IM vaccination (p < 0.01). However, training had no significant influence on the the correct identification of the other vaccination sites, vaccine storage or administration. CONCLUSION Suboptimal vaccination techniques are not due to unwillingness to learn; 83.8% responded that they would consider taking a course to improve their use. However, the majority (73.9%) were unaware of the training courses available. Therefore, the industry needs to respond and promote courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hall
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Beth Reilly
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Nicola Blackie
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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9
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Sarli M, Miró MV, Rossner MV, Nava S, Lifschitz A. Successive treatments with ivermectin (3.15%) to control the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in cattle: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101848. [PMID: 34656045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, the potential accumulation in the body of treated animals and the efficacy of ivermectin long-acting formulation (3.15%) against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a scheme of three successive treatments. Fifteen 12-month-old heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided into two groups (G). Cattle from GI (n = 10) were subjected to three treatments with ivermectin 3.15% (IVOMEC GOLD®, Merial Argentina S.A.) at a rate of 1 mL/50 kg on days 0, 35, and 70. Cattle from GII (n = 5) were not treated. From day 1 to 202 post-treatment blood samples were taken to measure ivermectin concentrations by HPLC and female ticks (4.5-8 mm) were counted to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. The level of tick resistance to ivermectin was evaluated before and after finishing the scheme of successive treatments by larval immersion test (LIT) bioassay from engorged females collected from GI. The area under the concentration vs. time curves (AUC0-35d) obtained post-second treatment was 1.51 ± 0.39-fold higher than those observed post-first treatment (P<0.05). The mean plasma concentrations of ivermectin 3.15% at 20 days after the first, second and third treatment were 17.0, 27.5 and 37.8 ng/mL, respectively (P<0.01). The elimination half-life of ivermectin post-third treatment was significantly longer than that was previously reported after a single dose (P<0.01). Values of therapeutic efficacy percentage reached 75.6% post-first treatment and between 95.9 and 100% after the second treatment. Ticks evaluated by LIT showed a significant increase in lethal concentrations after treatments. Although the efficacy level was high, the successive treatments with long-acting ivermectin formulation generate a significant accumulation of drug in plasma and could increase the levels of resistance to this drug in the tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez (INTA E.E.A. Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Hamel D, Kvaternick V, Kellermann M, Visser M, Mayr S, Fankhauser B, Rehbein S. Pour-on administration of eprinomectin to lactating dairy goats: Pharmacokinetics and anthelmintic efficacy. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:952-960. [PMID: 34542908 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactation is discussed as a physiological covariate which may influence the exposure characteristics of systemically acting drugs including macrocyclic lactones and potentially alter their pharmacological response. This study characterizes for the first time in the same study, the plasma profile and therapeutic anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin 5 mg/ml solution (EPRINEX® Multi, Boehringer Ingelheim) administered as a pour-on at 1 mg per kg body weight to lactating dairy goats. The study was conducted in compliance with VICH GCP and anthelmintic efficacy evaluation guidelines and included 20 goats harboring induced adult gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infections. The goats were blocked on pre-treatment body weight and randomly allocated either to remain untreated (control) or to be eprinomectin-treated. Plasma samples to determine the plasma disposition kinetics of eprinomectin (B1a component) were obtained at intervals up to 14 days following treatment when the animals were necropsied for parasite enumeration and identification. Basic pharmacokinetic parameters of eprinomectin determined in the ten eprinomectin-treated goats were as follows: AUClast , 23.8 ± 9.7 day*ng/ml and Cmax , 5.35 ± 2.27 ng/ml; individual maximum plasma concentrations were observed from 8 to 48 h after treatment (median Tmax , 0.5 days). Topical eprinomectin treatment efficacy, based on significant (p < .01) worm burden reductions in eprinomectin-treated animals relative to untreated controls, was ≥97% to 100% against adult Dictyocaulus filaria, Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta(pinnata/trifurcata), Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus battus, and Oesophagostomum venulosum. Both pharmacokinetic parameters and anthelmintic activity in lactating dairy goats were similar to those observed in parasitized young growing and adult female non-lactating dairy goats treated with eprinomectin administered as a pour-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Hamel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | - Michael Kellermann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin Visser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
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11
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Wang B, Zhang N, Gong P, Li J, Wang X, Li X, Wang F, Cai K, Zhang X. In vitro assays on the susceptibility of four species of nematophagous fungi to anthelmintics and chemical fungicides/antifungal drug. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:124-131. [PMID: 33590540 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using nematophagous fungi for the biological control of animal parasitic nematodes will become one of the most promising strategies in the search for alternative chemical drugs. The purpose of this study was to check the in vitro activity of four anthelmintics, four chemical fungicides and two antifungal drugs on the spore germination of nematophagous fungi: Duddingtonia flagrans (SF170), Arthrobotrys oligospora (447), Arthrobotrys superba (435) and Arthrobotrys sp. (PS011). A modified 24-well cell culture plate assay was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of nematophagous fungi against drugs tested by calculating the effective middle concentrations (EC50 ) of each tested drug to inhibit the germination of fungal spores. EC50 ranged between 0·7 and 47·2 μg ml-1 for fenbendazole, thiabendazole and ivermectin, except levamisole (546·5-4057·8 μg ml-1 ). EC50 of tested fungicides was 0·6-2·3 μg ml-1 for carbendazim, 55·9-247·4 μg ml-1 for metalaxyl, 24·4-45·2 μg ml-1 for difenoconazole, and 555·9-1438·3 μg ml-1 for pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB). EC50 of two antifungal drugs was 0·03-3·4 μg ml-1 for amphotericin B and 0·3-10·9 μg ml-1 for ketoconazole. The results showed that 10 tested drugs, except for levamisole and PCNB, had in vitro inhibitory effects on nematophagous fungi. The chlamydospores of D. flagrans had the highest sensitivity to nine tested drugs, except for ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - N Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - P Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - J Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - F Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - K Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Luque S, Lloberas M, Cardozo P, Virkel G, Farias C, Viviani P, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Lifschitz A. Combined moxidectin-levamisole treatment against multidrug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes: A four-year efficacy monitoring in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109362. [PMID: 33524780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nematicide combinations may be a valid strategy to achieve effective nematode control in the presence of drug resistance. The goal of the current trial was to evaluate the pharmaco-parasitological performance of the moxidectin (MOX) and levamisole (LEV) combination after four years of continuous use in lambs naturally parasitized with multi-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. At the beginning of the trial, 40 lambs were divided into four groups (n = 10), which were untreated (control) or subcutaneously treated with MOX (0.2 mg/kg), LEV (8 mg/kg) or with the combination MOX + LEV (administered separately at 0.2 and 8 mg/kg, respectively). Blood samples were collected at different times post-treatment and LEV and MOX plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC. The clinical efficacy of the continuous use of MOX + LEV combination was assessed with the controlled efficacy test (CET), performed at the beginning and end of the study, and with the faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test, performed over the four-year study period. No significant adverse pharmacokinetic changes were observed either for MOX or LEV after their co-administration to infected lambs. The CET (first year) showed efficacies of 84.3 % (Haemonchus contortus), 100 % (Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei), and 97.4 % (T. colubriformis). After the repetitive use of the combined treatment for four years, those efficacies remained high (100 %) and only decreased to 58 % against T. colubriformis. The evaluation of the FECR over the study period showed fluctuations in the performance of the combined administration. The initial FECR (2014) was 99 % (MOX), 85 % (LEV) and 100 % (MOX + LEV). The co-administration of MOX + LEV during the four-year experimental period resulted in a significantly higher anthelmintic effect (87 %) than that of MOX (42 %) or LEV (69 %) given alone. The combined use of MOX + LEV to control resistant gastrointestinal nematodes appears to be a valid strategy under specific management conditions. A high initial therapeutic response to the combination would be a relevant feature for the success of this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luque
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Lloberas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, Argentina
| | - P Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, Argentina
| | - G Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - C Farias
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - P Viviani
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - L Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
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13
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Myers MJ, Howard KD, Kawalek JC. Pharmacokinetic comparison of six anthelmintics in sheep, goats, and cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:58-67. [PMID: 32740952 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was initiated to determine whether a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) approach could be used to expand the pool of approved anthelmintics for minor ruminant species. Accordingly, the PK profiles of six anthelmintics (levamisole, albendazole, fenbendazole, moxidectin, doramectin, and ivermectin) in sheep, goats, and cattle were determined. The PK values determined for each anthelmintic included Tmax , Tlast , Cmax , AUC, AUC/dose, and Cmax /dose. The results of this study demonstrate that a comparative PK approach does not show commonality in the way these six anthelmintics are individually processed by these three ruminants. While some drugs demonstrated identical PK profiles between sheep and goats, none of these drugs demonstrated PK profiles in sheep and goats comparable to the PK profiles found in cattle. The results from this study suggest drug approval across these three ruminants is not a viable concept. However, the resulting PK profiles for each combination of drug and ruminant species represents a new dataset that can be used to support the US FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine's Minor Use/Minor Species indexing process for drug approvals in minor species such as sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Myers
- Office of Research, Division of Applied Veterinary Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Karyn D Howard
- Office of Research, Division of Applied Veterinary Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Joseph C Kawalek
- Office of Research, Division of Applied Veterinary Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Laurel, MD, USA
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14
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Ballent M, Canton C, Dominguez P, Bernat G, Lanusse C, Virkel G, Lifschitz A. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment of the ivermectin and abamectin nematodicidal interaction in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2019; 279:109010. [PMID: 32035291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a context of nematodicidal resistance, anthelmintic combinations have emerged as a reliable pharmacological strategy to control gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing systems of livestock production. The current work evaluated the potential drug-drug interactions following the coadministration of two macrocyclic lactones (ML) ivermectin (IVM) and abamectin (ABM) to parasitized cattle using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) approach. The kinetic behavior of both compounds administered either separately or coadministered was assessed and the therapeutic response of the combination was evaluated under different resistance scenarios. In the pharmacological trial, calves received a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of IVM (100 μg/Kg); a single s.c. injection of ABM (100 μg/Kg) or IVM + ABM (50 μg/Kg each) administered in different injection sites to reach a final ML dose of 100 μg/Kg (Farm 1). Plasma samples were taken from those animals up to 20 days post-treatment. IVM and ABM plasma concentrations were quantified by HPLC. A parasitological trial was carried out in three farms with different status of nematodes resistance to IVM. Experimental animals received IVM (200 μg/Kg), ABM (200 μg/Kg) or IVM + ABM (100 μg/Kg each) in Farm 2, and IVM + ABM (200 μg/Kg each) in Farms 3 and 4. The anthelmintic efficacy was determined by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). PK analysis showed similar trends for IVM kinetic behavior after coadministration with ABM. Conversely, the ABM elimination half-life was prolonged and the systemic exposure during the elimination phase was increased in the presence of IVM. Although IVM alone failed to control Cooperia spp., the combination IVM + ABM was the only treatment that achieved an efficacy higher than 95% against resistant Cooperia spp. in all farms. In fact, when Cooperia spp. was the main genus within the nematode population and Haemonchus spp. was susceptible or slightly resistant to ML (Farms 2 and 4), the total FECR for the combination IVM + ABM was higher than 90%. Instead, when the predominant nematode genus was a highly resistant Haemonchus spp. (Farm 3), the total FECR after the combined treatment was as low as the single treatments. Therefore, the rational use of these pharmacological tools should be mainly based on the knowledge of the epidemiology and the nematode susceptibility status in each cattle farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
| | - C Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - P Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Bernat
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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15
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Rostang A, Devos J, Chartier C. Review of the Eprinomectin effective doses required for dairy goats: Where do we go from here? Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:108992. [PMID: 31835054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM) has been recently granted a marketing authorisation in the European Union for use in goats, with a zero-day milk withdrawal period. Considering the high prevalence of benzimidazole resistance worldwide and the economic implications of managing milk residues, EPM may today be considered the main (or even the only) affordable treatment option, at least in dairy goats in the EU. However, the chosen dose (1 mg/kg) seems to be suboptimal, especially for lactating goats, and the chosen route of administration (Pour-on) highly subject to inter-individual variability. Considering the scarcity of anthelmintic resources, such a dosage regimen might threat the sustainability of this crucial drug in goat milk production and needs to be urgently discussed and reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rostang
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 'Interactions Cellules Environnement', 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Jacques Devos
- French SNGTV Parasitology Committee (National Society of Veterinary Technical Groups), 42360 Panissières, France
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16
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Meredith HR, Furuya-Kanamori L, Yakob L. Optimising systemic insecticide use to improve malaria control. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001776. [PMID: 31798988 PMCID: PMC6861066 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual sprays have significantly reduced the burden of malaria. However, several hurdles remain before elimination can be achieved: mosquito vectors have developed resistance to public health insecticides, including pyrethroids, and have altered their biting behaviour to avoid these indoor control tools. Systemic insecticides, drugs applied directly to blood hosts to kill mosquitoes that take a blood meal, offer a promising vector control option. To date, most studies focus on repurposing ivermectin, a drug used extensively to treat river blindness. There is concern that overdependence on a single drug will inevitably repeat past experiences with the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors. Diversifying the arsenal of systemic insecticides used for mass drug administration would improve this strategy’s sustainability. Methods Here, a review was conducted to identify systemic insecticide candidates and consolidate their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. The impact of alternative integrated vector control options and different dosing regimens on malaria transmission reduction are illustrated through mathematical model simulation. Results The review identified drugs from four classes commonly used in livestock and companion animals: avermectins, milbemycins, isoxazolines and spinosyns. Simulations predicted that isoxazolines and spinosyns are promising candidates for mass drug administration, as they were predicted to need less frequent application than avermectins and milbemycins to maintain mosquitocidal blood concentrations. Conclusions These findings will provide a guide for investigating and applying different systemic insecticides to achieve more effective and sustainable control of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Meredith
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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17
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Sharun K, Shyamkumar TS, Aneesha VA, Dhama K, Pawde AM, Pal A. Current therapeutic applications and pharmacokinetic modulations of ivermectin. Vet World 2019; 12:1204-1211. [PMID: 31641298 PMCID: PMC6755388 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1204-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin is considered to be a wonder drug due to its broad-spectrum antiparasitic activity against both ectoparasites and endoparasites (under class of endectocide) and has multiple applications in both veterinary and human medicine. In particular, ivermectin is commonly used in the treatment of different kinds of infections and infestations. By altering the vehicles used in the formulations, the pharmacokinetic properties of different ivermectin preparations can be altered. Since its development, various vehicles have been evaluated to assess the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic systemic concentrations of ivermectin in different species. A subcutaneous route of administration is preferred over a topical or an oral route for ivermectin due to superior bioavailability. Different formulations of ivermectin have been developed over the years, such as stabilized aqueous formulations, osmotic pumps, controlled release capsules, silicone carriers, zein microspheres, biodegradable microparticulate drug delivery systems, lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, sustained-release ivermectin varnish, sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid dispersion suspension, and biodegradable subcutaneous implants. However, several reports of ivermectin resistance have been identified in different parts of the world over the past few years. Continuous use of suboptimal formulations or sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations may predispose an individual to resistance toward ivermectin. The current research trend is focused toward the need for developing ivermectin formulations that are stable, effective, and safe and that reduce the number of doses required for complete clinical cure in different parasitic diseases. Therefore, single-dose long-acting preparations of ivermectin that provide effective therapeutic drug concentrations need to be developed and commercialized, which may revolutionize drug therapy and prophylaxis against various parasitic diseases in the near future. The present review highlights the current advances in pharmacokinetic modulation of ivermectin formulations and their potent therapeutic applications, issues related to emergence of ivermectin resistance, and future trends of ivermectin usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T. S. Shyamkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V. A. Aneesha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Motiram Pawde
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Nava S, Rossner MV, Ballent M, Mangold AJ, Lanusse C, Lifschitz A. Relationship between pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (3.15%) and its efficacy to control the infestation with the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2019; 268:81-86. [PMID: 30981310 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the variation in plasma concentration of ivermectin 3.15% over time and its efficacy against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. In addition, a trial was conducted to infer if the application of successive treatments with ivermectin 3.15% could affect its accumulation in cattle. A noticeable variation of ivermectin plasma concentration was observed among the treated heifers. However, these differences did not have a significant effect onthe therapeutic efficacy of the treatment at the end of the trial. No significant differences were observed in the levels of tick infestations between heifers of the treated group; moreover, no significant correlation was detected between the plasma AUC0-21 of ivermectin 3.15% and the cumulative number of ticks of each heifer. Levels of therapeutic efficacy higher than 80% were observed only from day 7 post-treatment, when levels of ivermectin concentration were higher than 8 ng/ml. The lowest values of therapeutic efficacy were observed during the first and the second days post-treatment, when plasma concentrations of ivermectin 3.15% were lower than 8 ng/ml. Viable engorged females were collected from the heifers belonging to the treated group from days 1-5 post-treatment. There was a significant accumulation of the drug after the second dose of ivermectin 3.15%. Ivermectin concentrations in fat biopsies were 366 ng/g (51 days after the first treatment), 275 ng/g (51 days after the second treatment) and 15 ng/g (64 days after the second treatment). These results suggest that applications of successive treatments with ivermectin 3.15% might increase its accumulation in cattle tissues, extending the withdrawal period indicated for the commercial formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela(INTA EEA Rafaela) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María V Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez(INTA EEA Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Atilio J Mangold
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela(INTA EEA Rafaela) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET), Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
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Ballent M, Maté ML, Dominguez P, Virkel G, Albérich M, Lespine A, Lanusse C, Lifschitz AL. Assessment of the long-acting ivermectin formulation in sheep: Further insight into potential pharmacokinetic interactions. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:189-196. [PMID: 30520071 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic of ivermectin (IVM) after the administration of a long-acting (LA) formulation to sheep and its impact on potential drug-drug interactions. The work included the evaluation of the comparative plasma profiles of IVM administered at a single therapeutic dose (200 μg/kg) and as LA formulation at 630 μg/kg. Additionally, IVM was measured in different gastrointestinal tissues at 15 days posttreatment with both IVM formulations. The impact of the long-lasting and enhanced IVM exposure on the disposition kinetics of abamectin (ABM) was also assessed. Plasma (IVM and ABM) and gastrointestinal (IVM) concentrations were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescent detection. In plasma, the calculated Cmax and AUC0-t values of the IVM-LA formulation were 1.47- and 3.35-fold higher compared with IVM 1% formulation, respectively. The T1/2ab and Tmax collected after administration of the LA formulation were 2- and 3.5-fold longer than those observed after administration of IVM 1% formulation, respectively. Significantly higher IVM concentrations were measured in the intestine mucosal tissues and luminal contents with the LA formulation, and in the liver, the increase was 7-fold higher than conventional formulation. There was no drug interaction between IVM and ABM after the single administration of ABM at 15 days post-administration of the IVM LA formulation. The characterization of the kinetic behavior of the LA formulation to sheep and its potential influence on drug-drug interactions is a further contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Paula Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Melanie Albérich
- INTHERES, Innovation Therapeutic and Resistance, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, Innovation Therapeutic and Resistance, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrian Luis Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), (CONICET-CICPBA-UNCPBA) Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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20
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Xiao H, Peng H, Zhao T, Kong J, Xue J, Wang J, Lin Y, Zhang S, Cao X. The pharmacokinetics of moxidectin following intravenous and topical administration to swine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 42:111-115. [PMID: 30393987 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of moxidectin (MXD) after intravenous and pour-on (topical) administration were studied in sixteen pigs at a single dose of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg BW (body weight), respectively. Blood samples were collected at pretreatment time (0 hr) over 40 days. The plasma kinetics were analyzed by WinNonlin 6.3 software through a noncompartmental model. For intravenous administration (n = 8), the elimination half-life (λZ ), the apparent volume of distribution (Vz ), and clearance (Cl) were 10.29 ± 1.90 days, 89.575 ± 29.856 L/kg, and 5.699 ± 2.374 L/kg, respectively. For pour-on administration (n = 8), the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax ), time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ), and λZ were 7.49 ng/ml, 1.72, and 6.20 days, respectively. MXD had a considerably low absolute pour-on bioavailability of 9.2%, but the mean residence time (MRT) for pour-on administration 10.88 ± 1.75 days was longer than 8.99 ± 2.48 days for intravenous administration. These results showed that MXD was absorbed via skin rapidly and eliminated slowly. The obtained data might contribute to refine the dosage regime for topical MXD administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Peng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Kong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yalong Lin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Chemical Hazards (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues and Illegal Additives, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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21
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Failure of ivermectin efficacy against Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle: Integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of two commercial formulations. Vet Parasitol 2018; 263:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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A sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of ivermectin in human, mouse and monkey plasma: clinical validation. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1841-1852. [PMID: 30325218 PMCID: PMC6562765 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method was validated for quantitation of ivermectin (IVM) in plasma. Method: The IVM was extracted from plasma using solid-phase extraction with C-18 cartridges. Separation of analytes was achieved on an ACE C18 column with isocratic elution using 0.1% acetic acid and methanol: acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as mobile phase. The IVM was quantitated using electrospray ionization operating in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results: The MS/MS response was linear over the concentration range from 0.1-1000 ng/ml. The method for human plasma was validated as per US FDA guidelines. The LC-MS/MS method is sensitive, reproducible, has easy sample preparation and is suitable for IVM quantitation in clinical samples.
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23
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Lu M, Cai Y, Yang S, Wan Q, Pan B. A single subcutaneous administration of a sustained-release ivermectin suspension eliminates Psoroptes cuniculi infection in a rabbit farm. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:2000-2004. [PMID: 30058406 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1506474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoroptes cuniculi mites are the most common ear parasites infesting breeding female rabbits. The suffering rabbits show cutaneous signs of the infestation in the ears and are prone to secondary infections. OBJECTIVES This trial was conducted to eliminate P. cuniculi in farm rabbits with a sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid dispersion suspension (IVM-SD) suspension, and studied the stability of the formulation. ANIMALS There were 986 breeding female Hyplus rabbits naturally infected with P. cuniculi. METHODS All rabbits infected with P. cuniculi were subcutaneously administered with a single dose of IVM-SD suspension at 2 mg/kg body weight. Twenty-seven rabbits with severe infections were observed daily and examined on days 0 and 14 to score the lesions and count mites in crusts. RESULTS Fourteen days after the treatment no live mites were detected, demonstrating 100% therapeutic efficacy. The mean lesion scores decreased from 4.33 to 0.11 in the left ears and from 4.22 to 0.22 in the right ears. No reinfection occurred within 60 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS A single subcutaneous administration of the IVM-SD suspension at 2 mg/kg was effective in eliminating P. cuniculi infection in the rabbit farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy , Pharmaceutical College of Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan Province , China
| | - Yunpeng Cai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Shizhuang Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Wan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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24
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Cruz MDBA, Fernandes MÂM, Monteiro ALG, Teles JA, Anadón A, Reyes FGR. Tissue residue depletion of moxidectin in lambs (Ovis aries) following subcutaneous administration. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1278-1285. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1465207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ângela M. Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center (LAPOC), Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alda Lúcia G. Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center (LAPOC), Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana A. Teles
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix G. R. Reyes
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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25
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Canton C, Canton L, Domínguez MP, Moreno L, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Ceballos L. Field trial assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics and efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematode populations in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:43-49. [PMID: 29887029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour and anthelmintic efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematodes following subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of ivermectin (IVM) to cattle. Six commercial farms were involved: Farms 1 and 2 (IVM-susceptible nematode population) and Farms 3, 4, 5 and 6 (IVM-resistant nematode population). On each farm, forty-five calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15): untreated control, IVM SC administration, and IVM oral administration (both at 0.2 mg/kg). PK assessment (plasma and faeces) was performed on Farm 1. Efficacy was determined by Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test. IVM systemic availability upon SC administration (421 ± 70.3 ng·d/mL) was higher (P < 0.05) compared to the oral treatment (132 ± 31.3 ng·d/mL). However, higher (P < 0.05) faecal IVM concentrations were observed following oral treatment (9896 ± 1931 ng·d/mL) compared to SC administration (4760 ± 924 ng·d/mL). Similar (91-93%) IVM efficacy was observed on Farms 1 and 2 by both routes. Efficacy against resistant nematodes was slightly higher on Farms 3 and 4 after the oral (63 and 82%, respectively) compared to the SC (36 and 68%, respectively) treatment. However, there was complete therapeutic failure (0% efficacy) on Farm 5 and a very low response on Farm 6 (40 and 41% for SC and oral administration, respectively). Although larger faecal concentrations following IVM oral administration may increase drug exposure of GI adult worms, this does not always improve efficacy against resistant nematodes. The potential therapeutic advantages of oral treatments should be cautiously assessed, especially in presence of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Lucila Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Paula Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Moreno
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
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26
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Del Bianchi A Cruz M, Fernandes MAM, de C Braga PA, Monteiro ALG, Daniel D, Reyes FGR. Moxidectin residues in lamb tissues: Development and validation of analytical method by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:390-396. [PMID: 29241059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development and validation of a throughput method for the quantitation of moxidectin residues in lamb target tissues (muscle, kidney, liver and fat) was conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). To achieve higher recovery of the analyte from the matrices, a modified QuEChERS method was used for sample preparation. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD column with a mobile phase comprising 5mM ammonium formate solution +0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile +0.1% formic acid (B) in a linear gradient program. Method validation was performed based on the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and VICH GL49. To quantify the analyte, matrix-matched analytical curves were constructed with spiked blank tissues, with a limit of quantitation of 5ngg-1 and limit of detection of 1.5ngg-1 for all matrices. The linearity, decision limit, detection capability accuracy, and inter- and intra-day repeatability of the method are reported. The method was successfully applied to incurred lamb tissue samples (muscle, liver, kidney and fat) in a concentration range from 5 to 200μgkg-1, which demonstrated its suitability for monitoring moxidectin residues in lamb tissues in health surveillance programs, as well as for pharmacokinetics and residue depletion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Del Bianchi A Cruz
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A M Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center (LAPOC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia A de C Braga
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alda L G Monteiro
- Department of Animal Science, Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center (LAPOC), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Daniel
- Agilent Technologies Brasil, Alameda Araguaia 1142, (Alphaville Industrial), CEP 06455-000, Barueri, SP, Brazil
| | - Felix G R Reyes
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Fernandes MAM, Gilaverte S, Bianchi MD, da Silva CJA, Molento MB, Reyes FGR, Monteiro ALG. Moxidectin residues in tissues of lambs submitted to three endoparasite control programs. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:406-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Iezzi S, Purslow P, Sara C, Lanusse C, Lifschitz A. Relationship between ivermectin concentrations at the injection site, muscle and fat of steers treated with traditional and long-acting preparations. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:319-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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The route of administration drastically affects ivermectin activity against small strongyles in horses. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Pérez-Cogollo LC, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Reyes-Novelo E, Delfín-González H, Muñoz-Rodríguez D. Survival and reproduction of Onthophagus landolti (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) exposed to ivermectin residues in cattle dung. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:118-125. [PMID: 27608521 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two bioassays were conducted in parallel to assess the effects of cattle treated with either 1% ivermectin (IVM) or 3.15% IVM (dosed at 0.2 and 0.63 mg kg-1, respectively) on reproduction and survival of Onthophagus landolti Harold. Adult beetles were exposed 10 days to faeces of treated cattle starting at: one day before treatment (controls), 3, 6, 14, 28 and 35 days post-treatment. Adult survival of O. landolti was not affected by either of the two treatments. Faecal residues of 1% IVM almost completely suppressed fecundity of beetles at 3, 6 and 14 days post-treatment (dPT), and reduced fecundity of O. landolti at 28 dPT ( 38.3%), relative to controls. Meanwhile, IVM residues after treatment with 3.15% IVM almost completely suppressed fecundity of beetles at 3, 6, 14 and 28 dPT, and reduced fecundity of O. landolti at 35 dPT (80.9%), relative to controls. Larval survival was significantly reduced only at 3 dPT with 1% IVM. Meanwhile, treatment with 3.15% IVM significantly reduced larval survival at 6, 14 and 28 dPT. Larval mortality was recorded only in L-I and L-II instars. Moreover, in both bioassays, most of the L-I and L-II specimens that survived showed signs of toxicity. In conclusion, residual IVM in cattle faeces after treatment with injectable IVM has a detrimental effect on the fecundity of adult O. landolti up to 4 weeks post-treatment and on the subsequent larval survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Pérez-Cogollo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil. C.P. 97100,Yucatán,México
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil. C.P. 97100,Yucatán,México
| | - E Reyes-Novelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr Hideyo Noguchi".Av. Itzaes No. 490 × 59 Col. Centro. C.P. 97000,Yucatán,México
| | - H Delfín-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,Km. 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil. C.P. 97100,Yucatán,México
| | - D Muñoz-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química,Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán,Periférico Norte Km. 33.5,Tablaje catastral 13615,Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn. C.P. 97203,Yucatán,México
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Canton C, Ceballos L, Fiel C, Moreno L, Domingo Yagüez P, Bernat G, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Resistant nematodes in cattle: Pharmaco-therapeutic assessment of the ivermectin- ricobendazole combination. Vet Parasitol 2017; 234:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pollock J, Bedenice D, Jennings SH, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics of an extended-release formulation of eprinomectin in healthy adult alpacas and its use in alpacas confirmed with mange. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:192-199. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Pollock
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts Universtity; North Grafton MA USA
| | - D. Bedenice
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts Universtity; North Grafton MA USA
| | - S. H. Jennings
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts Universtity; North Grafton MA USA
| | - M. G. Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; St Raleigh NC USA
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Magalhães VS, Cid YP, Ferreira TP, Medeiros DMV, de S O Batista LC, Correia TR, Albert ALM, Scott FB. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ivermectin following oral administration in dogs against experimental infection of Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:167-171. [PMID: 27692320 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of pets in home the human-animal relationship is increasingly close and care about control disease growing. Ivermectin (IVM) is frequently used because its proven safety. IVM is recommended for the treatment of demodectic scabies and prevention of heartworm in dogs, but informally is extremely used to control of Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The aim of this study is evaluate the use of IVM in dogs, by the oral route at 0.6μg/kg dose, against experimental infection of these parasites using the construction of the plasma concentration curve and efficacy study. A IVM quantification method in canine plasma using HPLC-FL was developed and validated based on RE n°899/03 ANVISA. The samples collected during the efficacy test was analyzed by this validated method and prove Cmax of 350ng/mL at 4h (tmax) and AUC of 8411ng/h/mL. Spite of formulation have shown good absorption, the highest efficiency values found for Rhipcephalus sanguineus and Ctenocephalides felis felis were very low, 35% and 67% respectively, demonstrating this not be the most appropriate treatment for the control of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S Magalhães
- Animal Parasitology Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Yara P Cid
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais P Ferreira
- Animal Parasitology Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deborah M V Medeiros
- Chemical Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian C de S O Batista
- Animal Parasitology Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thais R Correia
- Animal Parasitology Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - André L M Albert
- National Institute for Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Av. Brazil, 4365, 21040-900 Manguinhos, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio B Scott
- Animal Parasitology Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km. 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Eprinomectin accumulation in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment. Vet Parasitol 2016; 215:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Study of an injectable in situ forming gel for sustained-release of Ivermectin in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 85:271-6. [PMID: 26708436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop an in situ forming gel based on SAIB-PLA composite matrix depot for sustained release of Ivermectin. The burst release and cumulative release were significantly reduced with the increased content of solvents and the minimum burst release and cumulative release were found in formulations with NMP. With the addition of PLA in the NMP based gel, burst release and cumulative release were reduced. When concentration of IVM raised from 1% to 2% and 4%, cumulative release was 2.4-2.9 and 3.1-3.7 times that of 1%. The optimal prescription displayed a slow in vitro release rate with 10.46% burst release and 80% cumulative release in 80 days. Pharmacokinetic results indicate that the effective blood concentration of the gel could be maintained up to 110-120 days, t1/2λz of the gels was (24.37 ± 1.71) days and MRT was (32.86 ± 0.91) days.
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Lloberas M, Alvarez L, Entrocasso C, Ballent M, Virkel G, Luque S, Lanusse C, Lifschitz A. Comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of single and double intraruminal doses of ivermectin and moxidectin in nematode-infected lambs. N Z Vet J 2015; 63:227-34. [PMID: 25689407 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2015.1015645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the pharmacokinetics, distribution and efficacy (pharmacodynamic response) of intraruminal ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) administered at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg to naturally nematode-infected lambs, and to determine the ex vivo accumulation of these anthelmintics by Haemonchus contortus. METHODS Romney Marsh lambs, naturally infected with IVM-resistant H. contortus, were allocated to treatment groups based on faecal nematode egg counts. They received 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg IVM or MXD (n=10 per group), or no treatment (Control; n=6), on Day 0. Samples from four animals from each treatment group, including abomasal parasites, were obtained on Day 1. Plasma samples were also collected from Day 0 to 14, and a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a controlled efficacy trial were carried out on Day 14. Concentrations of IVM and MXD in plasma, in abomasal and intestinal tissues and in H. contortus were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, the ex vivo drug accumulation of IVM and MXD by H. contortus was determined. RESULTS Peak plasma concentrations and the area under the concentration vs. time curve for both IVM and MXD were higher for 0.4 than 0.2 mg/kg treatments (p<0.05), but there were no differences for other parameters. Concentrations of IVM and MXD in the gastrointestinal target tissues and in H. contortus were higher compared to those measured in plasma. Concentrations of both drugs in H. contortus were correlated with those observed in the abomasal content (r=0.86; p<0.0001). The exposure of H. contortus to IVM and MXD was related to the administered dose. Mean FECRT and efficacy for removal of adult H. contortus was 0% for IVM at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg. For MXD, FECRT were >95% for both treatments, and efficacy against H. contortus was 85.1% and 98.1% for 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. The ex vivo accumulation of IVM and MXD in H. contortus was directly related to the drug concentration present in the environment and was influenced by the duration of exposure. CONCLUSION Administration of IVM and MXD at 0.4 compared with 0.2 mg/kg accounted for enhanced drug exposure in the target tissues, as well as higher drug concentrations within resistant nematodes. The current work is a further contribution to the evaluation of the relationship between drug efficacy and basic pharmacological issues in the presence of resistant parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lloberas
- a Laboratorio de Parasitología , EEA INTA Balcarce , Balcarce , Argentina
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Alvarez L, Suarez G, Ceballos L, Moreno L, Canton C, Lifschitz A, Maté L, Ballent M, Virkel G, Lanusse C. Integrated assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics, efficacy against resistant Haemonchus contortus and P-glycoprotein expression in lambs treated at three different dosage levels. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:53-63. [PMID: 25841863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The main goals of the current work were: (a) to assess the ivermectin (IVM) systemic exposure and plasma disposition kinetics after its administration at the recommended dose, x5 and x10 doses to lambs, (b) to compare the clinical efficacy of the same IVM dosages in lambs infected with an IVM-resistant isolate of Haemonchus contortus, and (c) to assess the expression of the transporter protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in H. contortus recovered at 14 days after administration of the IVM dose regimens. There were two separated trials where IVM was administered either subcutaneously (SC, Experiment I) or intraruminally (IR, Experiment II). Each experiment involved twenty-four (24) lambs artificially infected with a highly resistant H. contortus isolate. Animals were allocated into 4 groups (n=6) and treated with IVM at either 0.2 (IVM x1), 1 (IVM x5) or 2mg/kg (IVM x10). Plasma samples were collected up to 12 days post-treatment and analysed by HPLC. An untreated-control Group was included to assess the comparative anthelmintic efficacy of the different treatments. The level of expression of Pgp in H. contortus specimens obtained from lambs both untreated and IR treated with the different IVM doses was quantified by real time PCR. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare the statistical significance of the results (P<0.05). After the SC treatment, the IVM plasma area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-LOQ) increased from 41.9 (IVM SCx1) up to 221 (IVM SCx5) and 287 (IVM SCx10)ng.day/mL and after the IR treatment from 20.8 (IVM IRx1) up to 121 (IVM IRx5) and 323 (IVM IRx10)ng.day/mL. Dose-adjusted AUC0-LOQ and Cmax were similar among doses, demonstrating dose proportionality for IVM after both SC and IR administration at the three different doses. The efficacies against resistant H. contortus after the SC treatment were 42% (IVM SC1), 75% (IVM SCx5) and 75% (IVM SCx10). However, the IR IVM treatment reached clinical efficacies ranging from 48% (IVM IRx1) up to 96% (IVM IRx5) and 98% (IVM IRx10). None of the IR IVM treatments increased the expression of P-gp in adult H. contortus at 14 days post-treatment compared to samples collected from the untreated control group. An enhanced parasite exposure of the drug at the abomasum may explain the improved efficacy against this recalcitrant H. contortus isolate observed only after the IR administration at 5- and 10-fold the IVM therapeutic dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Gonzalo Suarez
- Área Farmacología, Facultad Veterinaria, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Moreno
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Maté
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Oksanen A, Åsbakk K, Raekallio M, Nieminen M. The relative plasma availabilities of ivermectin in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) following subcutaneous and two different oral formulation applications. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:76. [PMID: 25421461 PMCID: PMC4255658 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overwintering (breeding) reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are commonly treated with ivermectin against parasitic infestations once yearly in autumn-winter roundups. The only preparations registered to reindeer are those for subcutaneous injection. However, also oral extra-label ivermectin administration is used. Twenty-six, 8-month-old reindeer calves were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 (n = 9) received oral ivermectin mixture (Ivomec® vet mixt. 0.8 mg/ml, oral ovine liquid drench formulation), Group 2 (n = 9) oral ivermectin paste (Ivomec® vet 18.7 mg/g equine paste), and Group 3 (n = 8) subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (Ivomec® 10 mg/ml vet inj.), each group at a dose of 200 μg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at treatment and at days 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 16 post treatment. Plasma concentrations of ivermectin were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Results The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached by 2 days after each treatment. The Cmax and Area Under Curve (AUC) differed significantly between the groups: Cmax was 30.2 ± 3.9, 14.9 ± 5.7 and 63.1 ± 13.1 ng/ml, and AUC∞ was 2881 ± 462, 1299 ± 342 and 6718 ± 1620 ng*h/ml for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (mean ± standard deviation). Conclusions The differences in plasma concentrations of ivermectin are concomitant with earlier observed differences in antiparasitic efficacy, which discounts the use of the equine paste in reindeer in favour of the oral ovine liquid drench formulation, or preferably, the reindeer-registered subcutaneous injection formulation.
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Cresswell E, Brennan ML, Barkema HW, Wapenaar W. A questionnaire-based survey on the uptake and use of cattle vaccines in the UK. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000042. [PMID: 26392877 PMCID: PMC4562447 DOI: 10.1136/vropen-2014-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination is a widely used strategy for disease control in cattle in the UK and abroad. However, there has been limited research describing the uptake and use of cattle vaccines on UK farms. Aim To describe the current uptake and usage of cattle vaccines in the UK. Design A questionnaire, available in paper and online format, was distributed to cattle farmers by convenience sampling. Participants All UK cattle farmers were eligible to participate in the study. Results Eighty-six per cent of respondents (n=229/266) had vaccinated their cattle in the past year. Diseases most commonly vaccinated against were Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, Leptospirosis and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis. Vaccination compliance was limited in certain areas, for example only 48 per cent of respondents stated that they administered the second dose in the primary course within the recommended timeframe, and 14 per cent of respondents stated that they vaccinated earlier than the youngest recommended age. Although outside the scope of this study, further work is needed to establish the extent of inadequate compliance and the effect this has on vaccine efficacy. The role of the veterinarian was highlighted as the main supplier of vaccines and preferred source of vaccination information. Respondents preferred to receive recommendations regarding vaccination by face-to-face communication with the veterinarian. Conclusions The results provide a description of the current uptake and usage of cattle vaccines in the UK. Uptake is generally high but there are areas of usage of vaccines which could be improved upon. The veterinarian plays a key role as supplier of vaccines and a source of information for the majority of farmers. Although outside the scope of this study, further work is needed to establish the extent of inadequate compliance and the effect this has on vaccine efficacy. Although the respondents in this study represent a biased population of farmers, the findings indicate areas for future investigation in order to improve vaccination strategies in cattle in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cresswell
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - M L Brennan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health , University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - W Wapenaar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
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Ivermectin exposure leads to up-regulation of detoxification genes in vitro and in vivo in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:428-35. [PMID: 24998875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The biodisposition of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin in host and parasite is decisive for its efficacy and strongly depends on the efflux by ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters and on its biotransformation by cytochromes P450. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the ivermectin ability in modulating the expression of the most important genes involved in drug detoxification. Gene expression of ABC transporters and cytochromes was evaluated by RT-qPCR in murine hepatic and intestinal cell lines exposed to increasing ivermectin doses, and in liver and intestine of mice orally administered with single or repeated therapeutic doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg). Plasma, brain, liver and intestinal concentrations of ivermectin and its main metabolite were measured by HPLC in ivermectin-treated mice. In hepatocyte cell line, ivermectin up-regulated expression of Abcb1a, Abcb1b, Abcc2, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10; while Abcb1a, Abcb1b, Abcg2, Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 levels were induced in intestinal cell line. In mice, repeated administration of ivermectin induced the expression of Abcb1a, Abcc2, Cyp1a1 and Cyp2b10 in intestine while only Cyp3a11 was induced in liver. Compared with single administration, repeated ivermectin administration lowered plasma, liver and intestine drug concentration, while increasing main metabolite content in plasma and intestine. These findings can be regarded as a warning that repeated ivermectin exposure is able to induce detoxification systems in mammals that may lead to subtherapeutic drug concentration. This may also be an important consideration in the assessment of drug-drug interaction and toxicity for other ABC transporters and CYP450s substrates.
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Suarez G, Alvarez L, Castells D, Moreno L, Fagiolino P, Lanusse C. Evaluation of pharmacological interactions after administration of a levamisole, albendazole and ivermectin triple combination in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Areskog M, Sollenberg S, Engström A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Höglund J. A controlled study on gastrointestinal nematodes from two Swedish cattle farms showing field evidence of ivermectin resistance. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:13. [PMID: 24401545 PMCID: PMC3892011 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is an increasing problem for the ruminant livestock sector worldwide. However, the extent of the problem is still relatively unknown, especially for parasitic nematodes of cattle. The effect of ivermectin (IVM) (Ivomec inj.®, Merial) was investigated in Swedish isolates of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations showing signs of AR in the field to further characterise the AR status by a range of in vivo and in vitro methods. METHODS Three groups, each of 11 calves, were infected with an equal mixture of third stage larvae (L3) of Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. Group A was inoculated with an IVM-susceptible laboratory isolate and groups B and C with isolates originating from 'resistant' cattle farms. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored from 0 to 45 days post infection (d.p.i.), and L3 were harvested continuously for larval migration inhibition testing (LMIT) and species-specific PCR (ITS2). At 31 d.p.i., one calf from each group was necropsied and adult worms were recovered pre-treatment. At 35 d.p.i., calves from all groups were injected with IVM at the recommended dose (0.2 mg/kg bodyweight). At 45 d.p.i., another two animals from each group were sacrificed and established gastrointestinal worms were collected and counted. RESULTS A few animals in all three groups were still excreting eggs (50-150 per g faeces) 10 days post IVM injection. However, there was no significant difference in the FEC reductions in groups A (95%; 95% CI 81-99), B (98%; 92-100) and C (99%; 97-100) between 35 and 44 d.p.i. Furthermore, LMIT showed no significant difference between the three groups. Approximately 100 adult O. ostertagi were found in the abomasum of one calf (group B), whereas low to moderate numbers (400-12 200) of C. oncophora remained in the small intestine of the calves in all three groups at 45 d.p.i. PCR on L3 harvested from faecal samples up to 10 days post treatment showed a ratio of 100% C. oncophora in the calves inoculated with isolates A and B, whereas C also had 8% O. ostertagi. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this experiment showed that the animals were successfully treated according to the Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) standard (≥ 95% reduction). However, several adult worms of the dose-limiting species C. oncophora demonstrably survived the IVM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Areskog
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Sofia Sollenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Annie Engström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
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Reduced efficacy of moxidectin and abamectin in young red deer (Cervus elaphus) after 20 years of moxidectin pour-on use on a New Zealand deer farm. Vet Parasitol 2014; 199:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Suárez G, Alvarez L, Castells D, Correa O, Fagiolino P, Lanusse C. Relative bioavailability and comparative clinical efficacy of different ivermectin oral formulations in lambs. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:27. [PMID: 23398629 PMCID: PMC3599275 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several oral ivermectin (IVM) formulations for use in sheep are available in the pharmaceutical veterinary market in different countries. All of them are indicated at the same dose rate to treat the gastrointestinal nematodes. However, there is a lack of information on the relative systemic exposure (plasma bioavailability) and clinical efficacy among oral formulations routinely used in sheep. The main goal of the work reported here was to perform a pharmaco-parasitological assessment of three different IVM oral formulations in lambs infected with multiple resistant gastrointestinal nematodes. The comparative drug systemic exposure (IVM plasma concentrations) and nematodicidal efficacies (clinical efficacy) in lambs were determined for a reference (RF) and two different test (T1, T2) IVM oral formulations. One hundred and fifty six (n= 156) healthy Corriedale lambs, naturally infected with multiple resistant gastrointestinal nematodes were allocated into four experimental groups (n=39). Animals in each group received treatment (200 μg/kg) with either the RF, one of the test IVM formulations or were kept as untreated control. Blood samples were collected over 15 days post-treatment (n=8). The IVM plasma concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The faecal nematode egg count reduction test (FECRT) (n=39) and evaluation of the clinical efficacy were performed at day 14 post-treatment (n=6), where a predominance of IVM highly resistant nematodes was observed. Results and conclusions Neither the overall kinetic behaviour nor the IVM systemic exposure differed among all the tested oral formulations. Equivalent efficacy results were obtained for the different preparations, with an evident therapeutic failure to control Haemonchus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta, which correlates with a high degree of nematode resistance to IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Suárez
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Lloberas M, Alvarez L, Entrocasso C, Virkel G, Ballent M, Mate L, Lanusse C, Lifschitz A. Comparative tissue pharmacokinetics and efficacy of moxidectin, abamectin and ivermectin in lambs infected with resistant nematodes: Impact of drug treatments on parasite P-glycoprotein expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 3:20-7. [PMID: 24533290 PMCID: PMC3862411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The high level of resistance to the macrocyclic lactones has encouraged the search for strategies to optimize their potential as antiparasitic agents. There is a need for pharmaco-parasitological studies addressing the kinetic-dynamic differences between various macrocyclic lactones under standardized in vivo conditions. The current work evaluated the relationship among systemic drug exposure, target tissue availabilities and the pattern of drug accumulation within resistant Haemonchus contortus for moxidectin, abamectin and ivermectin. Drug concentrations in plasma, target tissues and parasites were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, the efficacy of the three molecules was evaluated in lambs infected with resistant nematodes by classical parasitological methods. Furthermore, the comparative determination of the level of expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp2) in H. contortus recovered from lambs treated with each drug was performed by real time PCR. A longer persistence of moxidectin (P < 0.05) concentrations in plasma was observed. The concentrations of the three compounds in the mucosal tissue and digestive contents were significant higher than those measured in plasma. Drug concentrations were in a range between 452 ng/g (0.5 day post-treatment) and 32 ng/g (2 days post-treatment) in the gastrointestinal (GI) contents (abomasal and intestinal). Concentrations of the three compounds in H. contortus were in a similar range to those observed in the abomasal contents (positive correlation P = 0.0002). Lower moxidectin concentrations were recovered within adult H. contortus compared to abamectin and ivermectin at day 2 post-treatment. However, the efficacy against H. contortus was 20.1% (ivermectin), 39.7% (abamectin) and 89.6% (moxidectin). Only the ivermectin treatment induced an enhancement on the expression of P-gp2 in the recovered adult H. contortus, reaching higher values at 12 and 24 h post-administration compared to control (untreated) worms. This comparative pharmacological evaluation of three of the most used macrocyclic lactones compounds provides new insights into the action of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lloberas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, Balcarce 7620, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Entrocasso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Balcarce, Balcarce 7620, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Virkel
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Mariana Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Mate
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrian Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Characterisation of macrocyclic lactone resistance in two field-derived isolates of Cooperia oncophora. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:454-60. [PMID: 22884912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anthelmintic sensitivity of two field-derived isolates (designated FI001 and FI004) of cattle nematodes from beef farms in Scotland were investigated in a controlled efficacy test (CET). Efficacies of ivermectin pour-on (IVM-PO), IVM injectable (IVM-INJ) and moxidectin pour-on (MOX-PO) formulations were assessed. In each group, five helminth-naïve calves were infected experimentally with 50,000 third stage larvae from either isolate and administered with anthelmintic at the manufacturers' recommended dose rate 28 days later. For each isolate, nematode burdens were compared between treatment and control groups to determine efficacy. Nematode species composition, based on data derived from the untreated control groups' burden estimations, were 39 and 14% Cooperia oncophora and 61 and 86% Ostertagia ostertagi for isolates FI001 and FI004, respectively. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in C. oncophora was confirmed for both FI001 and FI004 isolates. Efficacies (as determined by nematode burden analysis) of 4, 21 and 31% for FI001, and 10, 1 and 74% for FI004, were obtained for IVM-INJ, IVM-PO and MOX-PO, respectively. Efficacy based on faecal egg count reduction at seven days post anthelmintic administration were 8, 99 and 100% for FI001, and 37, 20 and 100% for FI004 for IVM-INJ, IVM-PO and MOX-PO, respectively. In summary, this study details two macrocyclic lactone resistant isolates of C. oncophora obtained from cattle from two distinct geographical locales in the UK.
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Tang S, chen L, Guo Z, Hu X, He J, Wang G, Zhao T, Xiao X. Pharmacokinetics of a new ivermectin/praziquantel oil suspension after intramuscular administration in pigs. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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ŽELE D, TAVČAR-KALCHER G, KOBAL S, VENGUŠT G, VENGUŠT A, GRABNAR I. Plasma pharmacokinetics of abamectin in fallow deer (Cervus dama dama) following subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:455-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim D, Yamagishi N, Abe I, Furuhama K, Devkota B, Ohashi S. Effects of an oleaginous calcitriol on changes in plasma calcitriol, calcium and bone metabolic markers in dairy cows. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:185-91. [PMID: 20877152 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of calcitriol dissolved in an oleaginous vehicle (calcitriol-OLE) on changes in plasma calcitriol, calcium and bone metabolic markers in nonpregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows. Five cows were treated intramuscularly or subcutaneously with calcitriol-OLE and oleaginous vehicle alone using a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Additionally, cows were also treated intravenously with calcitriol dissolved in an aqueous vehicle (calcitriol-AQU) for comparison. The plasma calcitriol concentrations after intramuscular and subcutaneous calcitriol-OLE administrations peaked at 24 and 12 hr, respectively, remained significantly elevated until day 3, returned to the respective control levels on day 5 and decreased significantly on day 7. In cows given intravenous calcitriol-AQU, the calcitriol levels decreased with linearity on day 1. The plasma calcium levels rose from 12 hr post-dose and peaked on day 2 for both preparations and in all three administration routes. Significantly increased calcium levels continued until day 5 in the intramuscular and intravenous routes and day 7 in the subcutaneous route. The plasma osteocalcin concentrations significantly increased from day 3 for calcitriol-OLE and from day 5 for calcitriol-AQU, whereas the bone resorption markers, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b and hydroxyproline, decreased during this time. These results suggest that either intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of calcitriol-OLE extends and maintains supraphysiological calcitriol levels in the plasma and prolongs hypercalcemia. Moreover, exogenous calcitriol in normocalcemic cows increases the plasma osteocalcin concentration and decreases the plasma levels of bone resorption markers probably due to hypercalcemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil Kim
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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