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Separation of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from glycoproteins without the need for derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5453-62. [PMID: 25925863 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation of monosaccharides hydrolyzed from glycoconjugates or complex, aggregate biomaterials, can be achieved by classic analytical methods without a need for derivatizing the monosaccharide subunits. A simple and sensitive method is presented for characterizing underivatized monosaccharides following hydrolysis from N- and O-linked glycoproteins using high-performance liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS). This method is adaptable for characterizing anything from purified glycoproteins to mixtures of glycoforms, for relative or absolute quantification applications, and even for the analysis of complex biomaterials. Use of an amide stationary phase with HILIC chromatography is demonstrated to retain the highly polar, underivatized monosaccharides and to resolve stereoisomers and potentially interfering contaminants. This work illustrates an original approach for characterization of N- and O-linked glycoprotein standards, mixtures, and for complex biological materials such as a total yeast extract.
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Hirakawa T, Nasu K, Kai K, Aoyagi Y, Ishii T, Uemura T, Yano M, Narahara H. Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-binding glycan expression is decreased in endometriomata. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:100. [PMID: 25344456 PMCID: PMC4219044 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of eukaryotic proteins and is known to undergo dynamic changes in a wide range of biological processes. To date, however, the glycan expression profiles in endometriosis are largely unknown. The objective of the study was to identify the panel of glycans that were aberrantly expressed in endometriosis, a hormone-dependent disease. METHODS The glycan expression profiles in primary cultured human endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) were determined by lectin microarray analysis. Distribution of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-binding glycans in ovarian endometriotic cysts and eutopic proliferative phase endometrium were assessed by lectin histochemistry. The expressions of N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases that synthesize WFA-binding glycans were evaluated in ECSCs and NESCs. RESULTS We found that the levels of WFA-binding glycans were decreased in ECSCs. Lectin histochemistry revealed that WFA-binding glycans were decreased only in the stromal components of the ovarian endometriotic cysts, but not in the epithelial components, compared to the eutopic proliferative phase endometrium. The expressions of N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases that synthesize WFA-binding glycans were downregulated in ECSCs. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing lectin microarray analysis and lectin histochemistry, we found that WFA-binding glycans were decreased in endometriosis. The synthetic enzymes of WFA-binding glycans were significantly downregulated in ECSCs. It is suggested that reduced expression of N-glycans with WFA-binding properties on ECSCs is a novel characteristics of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hirakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Support System for Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Kentaro Kai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Yoko Aoyagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Terukazu Ishii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Uemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Mitsutake Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Idaigaoka 1-1, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi Oita, 879-5593 Japan
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Expression of LacdiNAc groups on N-glycans among human tumors is complex. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:981627. [PMID: 25003135 PMCID: PMC4066867 DOI: 10.1155/2014/981627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of proteins and lipids is one of the characteristic features of malignantly transformed cells. The GalNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc or LDN) group at the nonreducing termini of both N- and O-glycans is not generally found in mammalian cells. We previously showed that the expression level of the LacdiNAc group in N-glycans decreases dramatically during the progression of human breast cancer. In contrast, the enhanced expression of the LacdiNAc group has been shown to be associated with the progression of human prostate, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Therefore, the expression of the disaccharide group appears to be dependent on types of tumors. The mechanism of formation of the LacdiNAc group in human tumors and cancer cells has been studied, and two β4-N-acetylgalacto-saminyltransferases (β4GalNAcTs), β4GalNAcT3 and β4GalNAcT4, have been shown to be involved in the biosynthesis of this disaccharide group in a tissue-dependent manner. Transfection of the β4GalNAcT3 gene brought about significant changes in the malignant phenotypes of human neuroblastoma, indicating that this disaccharide group is important for suppressing the tumor growth.
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Hanisch FG, Ragge H, Kalinski T, Meyer F, Kalbacher H, Hoffmann W. Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide. Glycobiology 2012; 23:2-11. [PMID: 22997242 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human stomach, the peptide trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is secreted together with the mucin MUC6 by mucous neck cells (MNCs) and antral gland cells. TFF2 is strongly associated with the gastric mucus and promotes gastric restitution. Here, TFF2 was purified from the human corpus and antrum, respectively, by size-exclusion chromatography, and the N-linked glycan structure at N-15 of the mature peptide was determined. As a hallmark, the unusual monofucosylated N,N'-diacetylhexosediamine (tentatively assigned as GalNAcβ1 → 4GlcNAc, LacdiNAc) modification was detected as the terminal structure of a bi-antennary complex type N-glycan exhibiting also core fucosylation. Replicate analyses did not show microheterogeneities in the fraction of peptide-N-glycosidase F cleaved and permethylated N-glycans when analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). On the glycopeptide level, a minor glycan microheterogeneity was evident in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, demonstrating the presence of underfucosylated species. The tryptic TFF2 N-glycopeptide p34-39 (LSPHNR N-glycosylated with Fuc3Hex3HexNAc6) was identified by both ESI-tandem mass spectrometry and MALDI-post-source decay analysis. Lectin analyses with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin indicated the potential presence of LacdiNAc terminating glycans and revealed minor differences between TFF2 from fundic units, i.e. MNCs, and antral units, i.e. antral gland cells. Strikingly, on the level of the primary structure, there was no indication that the formation of the proposed LacdiNAc structure is cis-controlled by a peptidic determinant related to the published sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, and Central Bioanalytics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Köln, Germany
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Identification and characterization of alkaline serine protease from goat skin surface metagenome. AMB Express 2011; 1:3. [PMID: 21906326 PMCID: PMC3159910 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic DNA isolated from goat skin surface was used to construct plasmid DNA library in Escherichia coli DH10B. Recombinant clones were screened for functional protease activity on skim milk agar plates. Upon screening 70,000 clones, a clone carrying recombinant plasmid pSP1 exhibited protease activity. In vitro transposon mutagenesis and sequencing of the insert DNA in this clone revealed an ORF of 1890 bp encoding a protein with 630 amino acids which showed significant sequence homology to the peptidase S8 and S53 subtilisin kexin sedolisin of Shewanella sp. This ORF was cloned in pET30b and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Although the cloned Alkaline Serine protease (AS-protease) was overexpressed, it was inactive as a result of forming inclusion bodies. After solubilisation, the protease was purified using Ni-NTA chromatography and then refolded properly to retain protease activity. The purified AS-protease with a molecular mass of ~63 kDa required a divalent cation (Co2+ or Mn2+) for its improved activity. The pH and temperature optima for this protease were 10.5 and 42°C respectively.
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Sasaki N, Yoshida H, Fuwa TJ, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Hirabayashi Y, Ishida H, Ueda R, Nishihara S. Drosophila beta 1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-A synthesizes the LacdiNAc structures on several glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:522-7. [PMID: 17239818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The GalNAcbeta1,4GlcNAc (LacdiNAc or LDN) structure is a more common structural feature in invertebrate glycoconjugates when compared with the Galbeta1,4GlcNAc structure. Recently, beta1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta4GalNAcT) was identified in some invertebrates including Drosophila. However, the LDN structure has not been reported in Drosophila, and the biological function of LDN remains to be determined. In this study, we examined acceptor substrate specificity of Drosophila beta4GalNAcTA by using some N- and O-glycans on glycoproteins and neutral glycosphingolipids (GSLs). GalNAc was efficiently transferred toward N-glycans, O-glycans, and the arthro-series GSLs. Moreover, we showed that dbeta4GalNAcTA contributed to the synthesis of the LDN structure in vivo. The dbeta4GalNAcTA mRNA was highly expressed in the developmental and adult neuronal tissues. Thus, these results suggest that dbeta4GalNAcTA acts on the terminal GlcNAc residue of some glycans for the synthesis of LDN, and the LDN structure may play a role in the physiological or neuronal development of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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Palyada K, Threadgill D, Stintzi A. Iron acquisition and regulation in Campylobacter jejuni. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:4714-29. [PMID: 15231804 PMCID: PMC438614 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.14.4714-4729.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron affects the physiology of bacteria in two different ways: as a micronutrient for bacterial growth and as a catalyst for the formation of hydroxyl radicals. In this study, we used DNA microarrays to identify the C. jejuni genes that have their transcript abundance affected by iron availability. The transcript levels of 647 genes were affected after the addition of iron to iron-limited C. jejuni cells. Several classes of affected genes were revealed within 15 min, including immediate-early response genes as well as those specific to iron acquisition and metabolism. In contrast, only 208 genes were differentially expressed during steady-state experiments comparing iron-rich and iron-limited growth conditions. As expected, genes annotated as being involved in either iron acquisition or oxidative stress defense were downregulated during both time course and steady-state experiments, while genes encoding proteins involved in energy metabolism were upregulated. Because the level of protein glycosylation increased with iron limitation, iron may modulate the level of C. jejuni virulence by affecting the degree of protein glycosylation. Since iron homeostasis has been shown to be Fur regulated in C. jejuni, an isogenic fur mutant was used to define the Fur regulon by transcriptome profiling. A total of 53 genes were Fur regulated, including many genes not previously associated with Fur regulation. A putative Fur binding consensus sequence was identified in the promoter region of most iron-repressed and Fur-regulated genes. Interestingly, a fur mutant was found to be significantly affected in its ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of chicks, highlighting the importance of iron homeostasis in vivo. Directed mutagenesis of other genes identified by the microarray analyses allowed the characterization of the ferric enterobactin receptor, previously named CfrA. Chick colonization assays indicated that mutants defective in enterobactin-mediated iron acquisition were unable to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, a mutation in a receptor (Cj0178) for an uncharacterized iron source also resulted in reduced colonization potential. Overall, this work documents the complex response of C. jejuni to iron availability, describes the genetic network between the Fur and iron regulons, and provides insight regarding the role of iron in C. jejuni colonization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Palyada
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Abstract
The characteristics and possible functions of the most abundant proteins associated with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane are reviewed. Under the auspices of the Milk Protein Nomenclature Committee of the ADSA, a revised nomenclature for the major membrane proteins is proposed and discussed in relation to earlier schemes. We recommend that proteins be assigned specific names as they are identified by molecular cloning and sequencing techniques. The practice of identifying proteins according to their Mr, electrophoretic mobility, or staining characteristics should be discontinued, except for uncharacterized proteins. The properties and amino acid sequences of the following proteins are discussed in detail: MUC1, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase, CD36, butyrophilin, adipophilin, periodic acid Schiff 6/7 (PAS 6/7), and fatty acid binding protein. In addition, a compilation of less abundant proteins associated with the bovine milk-fat globule membrane is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Mather
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA.
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Furukawa K, Sato T. Beta-1,4-galactosylation of N-glycans is a complex process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1473:54-66. [PMID: 10580129 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT)-knockout mice die after birth. Although several defects were found transiently in these animals, the primary cause of death is obscure. Not only beta-1,4-linked galactose residues on N-glycans, but also beta-1, 4-GalT activities were found in some of the tissues. Recently, five human genes which encode beta-1,4-GalTs have been cloned, and the possible presence of such novel beta-1,4-GalTs in mice is considered to bring about survival of the mutant animal beyond birth. In order to understand the semi-lethal nature of this animal, it is inevitable to clarify how individual novel beta-1,4-GalTs are involved in the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates based on their acceptor-substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Furukawa
- Department of Biosignal Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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