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Cloutier F, Roumaud P, Ayoub-Charette S, Chowdhury S, Martin LJ. The intake of an extract from seeds of Tamarindus indica L. modulates the endocrine function of adult male mice under a high fat diet. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03310. [PMID: 32051875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TBP is a natural product from Tamarindus indica L. seeds used as a natural remedy in India. This product is an antioxidant and may have beneficial effects on endocrine and metabolic functions. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. In males, testosterone is synthesized by Leydig cells from the testis. With aging and obesity, testis function declines, leading to decreased testosterone synthesis. The aim of the current research is to determine how TBP improves testosterone production in male mice under a high fat diet leading to hypoandrogenic condition. Using C2C12 myoblast cells, we have found that TBP increased mitochondrial mass and oxygen respiration, as well as the production of the IGF-1 hormone. In addition, treatment of TM3 Leydig cells with TBP resulted in increased testosterone production. In mice under a high fat diet, TBP lowered blood glucose level and corticosterone production and improved total testosterone production after five weeks of treatment. In addition, testicular expressions of genes encoding the mitochondrial transporter of cholesterol (Star) and steroidogenic enzymes (Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3) were increased by TBP. Hence, TBP may prevent the detrimental effects of long-term consumption of a high fat diet and may have health benefits on the endocrine function.
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Lobina C, Carai MAM, Loi B, Gessa GL, Riva A, Cabri W, Petrangolini G, Morazzoni P, Colombo G. Protective effect of Panax ginseng in cisplatin-induced cachexia in rats. Future Oncol 2015; 10:1203-14. [PMID: 24947261 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the protective effect of a standardized extract of Panax ginseng on multiple cisplatin-induced 'sickness behaviors' (model of cancer-induced cachexia) in rats. MATERIALS & METHODS Cisplatin was administered twice weekly (1-2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) for 5 consecutive weeks. Panax ginseng extract (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg, intragastric) was administered daily over the 5-week period of cisplatin exposure. Malaise, bodyweight and temperature, pain sensitivity, and endurance running were recorded at baseline and at 5 weekly intervals. RESULTS Treatment with cisplatin produced severe signs of malaise, marked loss of bodyweight, hypothermia, hyperalgesia and reduction in running time. Treatment with Panax ginseng extract completely prevented all cisplatin-induced alterations. CONCLUSION These data indicate that treatment with Panax ginseng extract exerted a protective effect in a rat model of cachexia and suggest that Panax ginseng extract may be a therapeutic promising tool for supportive care in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lobina
- Giancarlo Colombo Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Section of Cagliari, S.S. 554, km. 4,500 I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Fatahi Z, Zeighamy Alamdary S, Khodagholi F, Zareh Shahamati S, Razavi Y, Haghparast A. Effect of physical stress on the alteration of mesolimbic system apoptotic factors in conditioned place preference paradigm. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang R, Zhou J, Li M, Ma H, Qiu J, Luo X, Jia Z. Ameliorating effect and potential mechanism of Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides on the impaired glucose metabolism in chronic stress rats fed with high-fat diet. Phytomedicine 2014; 21:607-614. [PMID: 24380735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides (ROS) ameliorate the impaired glucose metabolism and the potential mechanism in chronic stress rats fed with high-fat diet. The rats were fed by a high-fat diet and simultaneously stimulated by chronic stress over 5 weeks. Body weight, fasting plasma glucose, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), plasma lipids, gluconeogenesis test (GGT), glycogen content, and corticosterone, insulin and leptin levels were measured. The results showed that ROS administration (100, 200 mg/kg, i.g.) for 5 weeks exerted the effects of increasing the organ weights of thymus and spleen, lowering the fasting plasma glucose level, improving impaired glucose tolerance, increasing the contents of liver and muscle glycogen, decreasing the gluconeogenesis ability, plasma-free fatty acid's level, as well as plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in chronic stress and high-fat fed rats, especially in the group of 200mg/kg; while the plasma corticosterone level was decreased, and plasma leptin level was increased. These results suggest that ROS exert an ameliorating effect of impaired glucose metabolism in chronic stress rats fed with high-fat diet, and the potential mechanism may be mediated through rebuilding the glucose homeostasis in the neuroendocrine immuno-modulation (NIM) network through multilinks and multitargets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haigang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, China.
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Kim HJ, Cho CW, Hwang JT, Son N, Choi JH, Shim GS, Han CK. LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis of serum and livers from red ginseng-fed rats. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:371-8. [PMID: 24198664 PMCID: PMC3818965 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum and liver metabolites in rats fed red ginseng (RG) were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass data were analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between control and RG groups and identify metabolites contributing to this discrimination. The RG group was clearly separated from the control group on PLS-DA scores plot for serum samples, but not liver samples. The major metabolites contributing to the discrimination included lipid metabolites (lysophosphatidylcholine, acyl-carnitine, and sphingosine), isoleucine, nicotinamide, and corticosterone in the serum; the blood levels of all but isoleucine were reduced by RG administration. Not all metabolites were positively correlated with the health benefits of RG. However, the blood levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, which stimulate various diseases, and long-chain acylcarnitines and corticosterone, which activate the stress response, were reduced by RG, suggesting long-term RG might relieve stress and prevent physiological and biological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Metabolism and Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 463-746, Korea ; Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, Institue of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Hasegawa E, Nakagawa S, Miyate Y, Takahashi K, Ohta S, Tachikawa E, Yamato S. Inhibitory effect of protopanaxatriol ginseng metabolite M4 on the production of corticosteroids in ACTH-stimulated bovine adrenal fasciculata cells. Life Sci 2013; 92:687-93. [PMID: 23376775 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the pharmacological effects of saponins isolated from ginseng root and their metabolites, which occur by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties connecting the aglycone of saponins in the digestive tract, on the production of corticosteroids in bovine adrenal fasciculata cells in vitro. MAIN METHODS The levels of corticosteroids produced from adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated bovine adrenal fasciculata cells were determined under the presence or absence of ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) and their metabolites using fluorometry, gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, and sweeping-micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. KEY FINDINGS An end metabolite of the protopanaxatriol saponins in ginseng, 20(s)-protopanaxatriol (M4), strongly reduced ACTH-stimulated cortisol production. M4 significantly inhibited the production of cortisol induced by different stimuli, alamethicin, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, forskolin, and 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol, a membrane-permeable cholesterol. However, it did not affect the production of cortisol by either pregnenolone, a precursor of cortisol synthesis, or cyclic AMP. Furthermore, M4 significantly inhibited the production of pregnenolone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone in a dose-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE Results strongly suggest that protopanaxatriol saponins in ginseng are prodrugs metabolized in the digestive tract so that the end metabolite, M4, produces inhibitory activity of corticosteroid production in the adrenal fasciculata cells in vivo. The results also suggest that M4 inhibits the conversion from cholesterol to pregnenolone because the production of pregnenolone was reduced.
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Kerros C, Brood I, Sola B, Jauzac P, Allouche S. Reduction of cell proliferation and potentiation of Fas-induced apoptosis by the selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist U50 488 in the multiple myeloma LP-1 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 220:69-78. [PMID: 20163878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As opioid receptors modulate proliferation and apoptosis of immune cells, we hypothesized that they could reduce malignant haematopoietic cells. After screening, we selected the human multiple myeloma LP-1 cells which express mu- (MOP-) and kappa-opioid receptors (KOP-R). U50 488 produces a modest but significant decrease in viability associated with an arrest in the G0/G1 phase, but not antagonized by NorBNI and not associated with modulation of p21(Cip1), p27(Kip1) or p53 expression. In contrast, no effect was observed with dynorphin, U69 593 and morphine. In conclusion, the anti-proliferative effects of U50 488 are not mediated by KOP-R in the LP-1 cells.
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Abstract
Morphine has received intensive research interest for a long time. However, until recently, the protective versus destructive roles of morphine in the neuronal system have not been studied. There is evidence suggesting that morphine induces apoptotic cell death in neuronal and glial cells, whereas controversial studies support a neuroprotective role for morphine. The exact mechanisms for both protective and destructive pathways are not clear and are still under investigation. Improved understanding of morphine neuroprotection and neurotoxicity will be helpful to control morphine side effects in medical applications and to identify new targets for potential therapies and prevention strategies to opioid addiction. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(6):561-570, 2008. DOI:
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China,
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Dong Z, Han H, Wang M, Xu L, Hao W, Cao J. Morphine conditioned place preference depends on glucocorticoid receptors in both hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. Hippocampus 2006; 16:809-13. [PMID: 16897719 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Learned association between drugs of abuse and context is essential for the formation of drug conditioned place preference (CPP), which is believed to engage many brain regions including hippocampus and nucleus accumbens (NAc). The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we examined whether glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of hippocampus and NAc influenced the formation of morphine CPP in Sprague Dawley rats. We found that systemic or intrahippocampal infused DMSO vehicle (DMSO 20% in saline) 30 min before daily morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) conditioning did not affect the formation of morphine CPP. In contrast, systemic administration (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or intrahippocampal infusion (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 20 microg per side) of the GR antagonist RU38486 blocked or impaired the formation of CPP in a dose-dependent manner, respectively. Furthermore, intra-NAc infused RU38486 (10 microg per side) but not DMSO vehicle also prevented the formation of CPP. These results demonstrate that both the GRs of hippocampus and NAc are necessary for the formation of morphine CPP, suggesting a neural network function of the GRs in forming the opiate-associated memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Opioids are powerful analgesics but also drugs of abuse. Because opioid addicts are susceptible to certain infections, opioids have been suspected to suppress the immune response. This was supported by the finding that various immune-competent cells express opioid receptors and undergo apoptosis when treated with opioid alkaloids. Recent evidence suggests that opioids may also effect neuronal survival and proliferation or migrating properties of tumor cells. A multitude of signaling pathways has been suggested to be involved in these extra-analgesic effects of opioids. Growth-promoting effects were found to be mediated through Akt and Erk signaling cascades. Death-promoting effects have been ascribed to inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB, increase of Fas expression, p53 stabilization, cytokine and chemokine release, and activation of nitric oxide synthase, p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase. Some of the observed effects were inhibited with opioid receptor antagonists or pertussis toxin; others were unaffected. It is still unclear whether these properties are mediated through typical opioid receptor activation and inhibitory G-protein-signaling. The present review tries to unravel controversial findings and provides a hypothesis that may help to integrate diverse results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Tegeder
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
Saponins are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides, common in a large number of plants and plant products that are important in human and animal nutrition. Several biological effects have been ascribed to saponins. Extensive research has been carried out into the membrane-permeabilising, immunostimulant, hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic properties of saponins and they have also been found to significantly affect growth, feed intake and reproduction in animals. These structurally diverse compounds have also been observed to kill protozoans and molluscs, to be antioxidants, to impair the digestion of protein and the uptake of vitamins and minerals in the gut, to cause hypoglycaemia, and to act as antifungal and antiviral agents. These compounds can thus affect animals in a host of different ways both positive and negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Francis
- Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition, Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim (480), D 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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