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Xiao X, Rui Y, Jin Y, Chen M. Relationship of Sleep Disorder with Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases: An Updated Review. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:568-582. [PMID: 38108952 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders affect many people worldwide and can accompany neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Sleep may be altered before the clinical manifestations of some of these diseases appear. Moreover, some sleep disorders affect the physiological organization and function of the brain by influencing gene expression, accelerating the accumulation of abnormal proteins, interfering with the clearance of abnormal proteins, or altering the levels of related hormones and neurotransmitters, which can cause or may be associated with the development of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms of these effects are unclear. This review mainly focuses on the relationship between and mechanisms of action of sleep in Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety, as well as the relationships between sleep and Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This summary of current research hotspots may provide researchers with better clues and ideas to develop treatment solutions for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases associated with sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yimin Rui
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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2
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Liu Q, Luo X, Liang Z, Qin D, Xu M, Wang M, Guo W. Coordination between circadian neural circuit and intracellular molecular clock ensures rhythmic activation of adult neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318030121. [PMID: 38346182 PMCID: PMC10895264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock throughout the day organizes the activity of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult hippocampus temporally. However, it is still unclear whether and how circadian signals from the niches contribute to daily rhythmic variation of NSC activation. Here, we show that norepinephrinergic (NEergic) projections from the locus coeruleus (LC), a brain arousal system, innervate into adult DG, where daily rhythmic release of norepinephrine (NE) from the LC NEergic neurons controlled circadian variation of NSC activation through β3-adrenoceptors. Disrupted circadian rhythmicity by acute sleep deprivation leads to transient NSC overactivation and NSC pool exhaustion over time, which is effectively ameliorated by the inhibition of the LC NEergic neuronal activity or β3-adrenoceptors-mediated signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that NE/β3-adrenoceptors-mediated signaling regulates NSC activation through molecular clock BMAL1. Therefore, our study unravels that adult NSCs precisely coordinate circadian neural circuit and intrinsic molecular circadian clock to adapt their cellular behavior across the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xing Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Dezhe Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Weixiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100093, China
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3
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Vaseghi S, Mostafavijabbari A, Alizadeh MS, Ghaffarzadegan R, Kholghi G, Zarrindast MR. Intricate role of sleep deprivation in modulating depression: focusing on BDNF, VEGF, serotonin, cortisol, and TNF-α. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:195-219. [PMID: 36399239 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we aimed to discuss intricate roles of SD in modulating depression in preclinical and clinical studies. Decades of research have shown the inconsistent effects of SD on depression, focusing on SD duration. However, inconsistent role of SD seems to be more complicated, and SD duration cannot be the only one factor. Regarding this issue, we chose some important factors involved in the effects of SD on cognitive functions and mood including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), serotonin, cortisol, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). It was concluded that SD has a wide-range of inconsistent effects on BDNF, VEGF, serotonin, and cortisol levels. It was noted that BDNF diurnal rhythm is significantly involved in the modulatory role of SD in depression. Furthermore, the important role of VEGF in blood-brain barrier permeability which is involved in modulating depression was discussed. It was also noted that there is a negative correlation between cortisol and BDNF that modulates depression. Eventually, it was concluded that TNF-α regulates sleep/wake cycle and is involved in the vulnerability to cognitive and behavioral impairments following SD. TNF-α also increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier which is accompanied by depressive behavior. In sum, it was suggested that future studies should focus on these mechanisms/factors to better investigate the reasons behind intricate roles of SD in modulating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad-Sadegh Alizadeh
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghaffarzadegan
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Demichelis OP, Grainger SA, McKay KT, Bourdaniotis XE, Churchill EG, Henry JD. Sleep, stress and aggression: Meta-analyses investigating associations and causality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104732. [PMID: 35714756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that sleep is associated with increased subjective stress and aggression, but important questions remain about the typical magnitude of these relationships, as well as their potential moderators. We therefore conducted the first meta-analysis of this literature. Across 340 associational and experimental studies, significant associations were identified between sleep with both subjective stress (r = 0.307, p < .001) and aggression (r = 0.258, p < .001) in individuals from the general population, as well as between sleep with subjective stress (r = 0.425, p < .001) in individuals with sleep disorders. Experimental sleep restriction also led to increased subjective stress (g = 0.403, p = .017) and aggression (g = 0.330, p = .042). These findings suggest that poorer sleep is associated with - and leads to - heightened levels of subjective stress and aggression. These findings, and their implications, are discussed in relation to neurobiological literature, which highlights the complex interplay between metabolic activity in the brain, hormonal changes, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia P Demichelis
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sarah A Grainger
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate T McKay
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xanthia E Bourdaniotis
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily G Churchill
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The Queensland Multidisciplinary Initiative for Neurocognitive Disorders, Brisbane, Australia
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Effect of Modified Yukmijihwang-Tang on Sleep Quality in the Rat. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:277-286. [PMID: 35735604 PMCID: PMC9221690 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plants have been used in Korean medicine for treating insomnia. However, scientific evidence for their sedative activity has not been fully investigated. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the sedative effects of the extracts of medicinal plants, including Yukmijihwang-tang and its various modified forms through the 5-HT2c receptor binding assay, and to further confirm its sleep-promoting effects and the underlying neural mechanism in rats utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serotonin (5-HT) in the brain. The water extracts of modified Yukmijihwang-tang (YmP) displayed binding affinity to the 5-HT2C receptor (IC50 value of 199.9 µg/mL). YmP (50 mg/kg) administration decreased wake time and increased REM and NREM sleep based on EEG data in rats. Additionally, treatment with YmP significantly increased the 5-HT level in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the sedative effect of YmP can be attributed to the activation of the central serotonergic systems, as evidenced by the high affinity of binding of the 5-HT2C receptor and increased 5-HT levels in the brain of the rat. This study suggests that YmP can be a new material as a sleep inducer in natural products.
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Acute sleep deprivation upregulates serotonin 2A receptors in the frontal cortex of mice via the immediate early gene Egr3. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1599-1610. [PMID: 35001075 PMCID: PMC9210263 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) mediate the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelic drugs and are a key target of the leading class of medications used to treat psychotic disorders. These findings suggest that dysfunction of 5-HT2ARs may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia, a mental illness characterized by perceptual and cognitive disturbances. Indeed, numerous studies have found that 5-HT2ARs are reduced in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms that regulate 5-HT2AR expression remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a physiologic environmental stimulus, sleep deprivation, significantly upregulates 5-HT2AR levels in the mouse frontal cortex in as little as 6-8 h (for mRNA and protein, respectively). This induction requires the activity-dependent immediate early gene transcription factor early growth response 3 (Egr3) as it does not occur in Egr3 deficient (-/-) mice. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that EGR3 protein binds to the promoter of Htr2a, the gene that encodes the 5-HT2AR, in the frontal cortex in vivo, and drives expression of in vitro reporter constructs via two EGR3 binding sites in the Htr2a promoter. These results suggest that EGR3 directly regulates Htr2a expression, and 5-HT2AR levels, in the frontal cortex in response to physiologic stimuli. Analysis of publicly available post-mortem gene expression data revealed that both EGR3 and HTR2A mRNA are reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Together these findings suggest a mechanism by which environmental stimuli alter levels of a brain receptor that may mediate the symptoms, and treatment, of mental illness.
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Circadian Rhythms in Mood Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:153-168. [PMID: 34773231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered behavioral rhythms are a fundamental diagnostic feature of mood disorders. Patients report worse subjective sleep and objective measures confirm this, implicating a role for circadian rhythm disruptions in mood disorder pathophysiology. Molecular clock gene mutations are associated with increased risk of mood disorder diagnosis and/or severity of symptoms, and mouse models of clock gene mutations have abnormal mood-related behaviors. The mechanism by which circadian rhythms contribute to mood disorders remains unknown, however, circadian rhythms regulate and are regulated by various biological systems that are abnormal in mood disorders and this interaction is theorized to be a key component of mood disorder pathophysiology. A growing body of evidence has begun defining how the interaction of circadian and neurotransmitter systems influences mood and behavior, including the role of current antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Additionally, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis interacts with both circadian and monoaminergic systems and may facilitate the contribution of environmental stressors to mood disorder pathophysiology. The central role of circadian rhythms in mood disorders has led to the development of chronotherapeutics, which are treatments designed specifically to target circadian rhythm regulators, such as sleep, light, and melatonin, to produce an antidepressant response.
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Vaseghi S, Arjmandi-Rad S, Eskandari M, Ebrahimnejad M, Kholghi G, Zarrindast MR. Modulating role of serotonergic signaling in sleep and memory. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 74:1-26. [PMID: 34743316 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter with various receptors and wide-range effects on physiological processes and cognitive functions including sleep, learning, and memory. In this review study, we aimed to discuss the role of serotonergic receptors in modulating sleep-wake cycle, and learning and memory function. Furthermore, we mentioned to sleep deprivation, its effects on memory function, and the potential interaction with serotonin. Although there are thousands of research articles focusing on the relationship between sleep and serotonin; however, the pattern of serotonergic function in sleep deprivation is inconsistent and it seems that serotonin has not a certain role in the effects of sleep deprivation on memory function. Also, we found that the injection type of serotonergic agents (systemic or local), the doses of these drugs (dose-dependent effects), and up- or down-regulation of serotonergic receptors during training with various memory tasks are important issues that can be involved in the effects of serotonergic signaling on sleep-wake cycle, memory function, and sleep deprivation-induced memory impairments. This comprehensive review was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases in June and July 2021, by searching keywords sleep, sleep deprivation, memory, and serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Shirin Arjmandi-Rad
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Eskandari
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Haarsma J, Harmer CJ, Tamm S. A continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants. Brain Neurosci Adv 2021; 5:23982128211007772. [PMID: 34017922 PMCID: PMC8114748 DOI: 10.1177/23982128211007772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, classical psychedelics and sleep deprivation are associated with rapid effects on depression. Interestingly, these interventions also have common psychotomimetic actions, mirroring aspects of psychosis such as an altered sense of self, perceptual distortions and distorted thinking. This raises the question whether these interventions might be acute antidepressants through the same mechanisms that underlie some of their psychotomimetic effects. That is, perhaps some symptoms of depression can be understood as occupying the opposite end of a spectrum where elements of psychosis can be found on the other side. This review aims at reviewing the evidence underlying a proposed continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants, suggesting that a range of psychotomimetic interventions are also acute antidepressants as well as trying to explain these common features in a hierarchical predictive coding framework, where we hypothesise that these interventions share a common mechanism by increasing the flexibility of prior expectations. Neurobiological mechanisms at play and the role of different neuromodulatory systems affected by these interventions and their role in controlling the precision of prior expectations and new sensory evidence will be reviewed. The proposed hypothesis will also be discussed in relation to other existing theories of antidepressants. We also suggest a number of novel experiments to test the hypothesis and highlight research areas that could provide further insights, in the hope to better understand the acute antidepressant properties of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Haarsma
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eacret D, Veasey SC, Blendy JA. Bidirectional Relationship between Opioids and Disrupted Sleep: Putative Mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:445-453. [PMID: 32198209 PMCID: PMC7562980 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of Americans suffer from opiate use disorder, and over 100 die every day from opioid overdoses. Opioid use often progresses into a vicious cycle of abuse and withdrawal, resulting in very high rates of relapse. Although the physical and psychologic symptoms of opiate withdrawal are well-documented, sleep disturbances caused by chronic opioid exposure and withdrawal are less well-understood. These substances can significantly disrupt sleep acutely and in the long term. Yet poor sleep may influence opiate use, suggesting a bidirectional feed-forward interaction between poor sleep and opioid use. The neurobiology of how opioids affect sleep and how disrupted sleep affects opioid use is not well-understood. Here, we will summarize what is known about the effects of opioids on electroencephalographic sleep in humans and in animal models. We then discuss the neurobiology interface between reward-related brain regions that mediate arousal and wakefulness as well as the effect of opioids in sleep-related brain regions and neurotransmitter systems. Finally, we summarize what is known of the mechanisms underlying opioid exposure and sleep. A critical review of such studies, as well as recommendations of studies that evaluate the impact of manipulating sleep during withdrawal, will further our understanding of the cyclical feedback between sleep and opioid use. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We review recent studies on the mechanisms linking opioids and sleep. Opioids affect sleep, and sleep affects opioid use; however, the biology underlying this relationship is not understood. This review compiles recent studies in this area that fill this gap in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eacret
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (D.E., J.A.B.) and Medicine (S.C.V.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - S C Veasey
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (D.E., J.A.B.) and Medicine (S.C.V.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J A Blendy
- Departments of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics (D.E., J.A.B.) and Medicine (S.C.V.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Melloni EMT, Poletti S, Dallaspezia S, Bollettini I, Vai B, Barbini B, Zanardi R, Colombo C, Benedetti F. Changes of white matter microstructure after successful treatment of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:1049-1056. [PMID: 32663931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures suggest a widespread alteration of white matter (WM) microstructure in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The chronotherapeutic combination of repeated total sleep deprivation and morning light therapy (TSD+LT) can acutely reverse depressive symptoms in approximately 60% of patients, and it has been confirmed as a model antidepressant treatment to investigate the neurobiological correlates of rapid antidepressant response. METHODS We tested if changes in DTI measures of WM microstructure could parallel antidepressant response in a sample of 44 patients with a major depressive episode in course of BD, treated with chronoterapeutics for one week. We used both a tract-wise and a voxel-wise approach for the whole-brain extraction of DTI measures of WM microstructure: axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA). RESULTS Compared to baseline level, at one-week follow up we observed a significant increase in average FA measures paralleled by a significant decrease in MD measures of several WM tracts including cingulum, corpus callosum, corona radiata, cortico-spinal tract, internal capsule, fornix and uncinate fasciculus. The degree of change was associated to clinical response. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show changes of individual DTI measures of WM microstructure in response to antidepressant treatment in BD. Our results add new evidence to warrant a role for chronotherapeutics as a first-line treatment for bipolar depression and contribute identifying generalizable neuroimaging-based biomarkers of antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M T Melloni
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Dallaspezia
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Bollettini
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Vai
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Fondazione Centro San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Barbini
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Zanardi
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombo
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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12
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Matsui T, Soya M, Soya H. Endurance and Brain Glycogen: A Clue Toward Understanding Central Fatigue. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:331-346. [PMID: 31667814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen stored in astrocytes produces lactate as a neuronal energy source transported by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to maintain neuronal functions, such as hippocampus-regulated memory formation. Although exercise activates brain neurons, the role of astrocytic glycogen in the brain during exercise remains unknown. Since muscle glycogen fuels active muscles during exercise, we hypothesized that astrocytic glycogen plays an energetic role in the brain during exercise to maintain endurance capacity through lactate transport. To explore this hypothesis, we have used a rat model of prolonged exercise, microwave irradiation for the accurate detection of brain glycogen, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, and inhibitors of glycogenolysis (1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol; DAB) and lactate transport (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate; 4-CIN). During prolonged exhaustive exercise, muscle glycogen was depleted and brain glycogen decreased when associated with decreased blood glucose levels and increased serotonergic activity known as central fatigue factors, suggesting brain glycogen decrease as an integrative factor for central fatigue. Prolonged exhaustive exercise also increased MCT2 protein in the brain, which takes up lactate in neurons, just as muscle MCTs are increased. Metabolomics revealed that brain but not muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was maintained with lactate and other glycogenolytic and glycolytic sources. Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of DAB suppressed brain lactate production and decreased hippocampal ATP levels at exhaustion. An icv injection of 4-CIN also decreased hippocampal ATP, resulting in lower endurance capacity. Our findings provide direct evidence that astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate fuels the brain to maintain endurance capacity during exhaustive exercise. Brain ATP levels maintained by glycogen might serve as a possible defense mechanism for neurons in the exhausted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Mariko Soya
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Pittaras E, Callebert J, Dorey R, Chennaoui M, Granon S, Rabat A. Mouse Gambling Task reveals differential effects of acute sleep debt on decision-making and associated neurochemical changes. Sleep 2019; 41:5126120. [PMID: 30304537 PMCID: PMC6231521 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss is associated with sleepiness, sustained attention, and memory deficits. However, vulnerability of higher cognitive processes (i.e. decision making) to sleep debt is less understood. Therefore, a major challenge is to understand why and how higher cognitive processes are affected by sleep debt. We had established in mice correlations between individual decision-making strategies, prefrontal activity, and regional monoaminergic levels. Now, we show that acute sleep debt (ASD) disturbs decision-making processes and provokes brain regional modifications of serotonin and dopamine that could explain why ASD promotes inflexible and more risk-prone behaviors. Finally, we highlight, for the first time, that in a large group of healthy inbred mice some of them are more sensitive to ASD by showing inflexible behavior and decision-making deficits. We were also able to predict mice that would be the most vulnerable to ASD depending of their behavior before ASD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Pittaras
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.,Equipe 'Neurobiologie de la prise de décision', Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Orsay, France.,Equipe d'accueil VIgilance FAtigue et SOMmeil (VIFASOM) EA 7330 - Université Paris 5 Descartes, Paris, France.,Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Dorey
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.,Equipe d'accueil VIgilance FAtigue et SOMmeil (VIFASOM) EA 7330 - Université Paris 5 Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.,Equipe d'accueil VIgilance FAtigue et SOMmeil (VIFASOM) EA 7330 - Université Paris 5 Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Granon
- Equipe 'Neurobiologie de la prise de décision', Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Rabat
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.,Equipe d'accueil VIgilance FAtigue et SOMmeil (VIFASOM) EA 7330 - Université Paris 5 Descartes, Paris, France
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14
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Mendoza J. Circadian insights into the biology of depression: Symptoms, treatments and animal models. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112186. [PMID: 31473283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In depression, symptoms range from loss of motivation and energy to suicidal thoughts. Moreover, in depression alterations might be also observed in the sleep-wake cycle and in the daily rhythms of hormonal (e.g., cortisol, melatonin) secretion. Both, the sleep-wake cycle and hormonal rhythms, are regulated by the internal biological clock within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Therefore, a dysregulation of the internal mechanism of the SCN might lead in the disturbance of temporal physiology and depression. Hence, circadian symptoms in mood disorders can be used as important biomarkers for the prevention and treatment of depression. Disruptions of daily rhythms in physiology and behavior are also observed in animal models of depression, giving thus an important tool of research for the understanding of the circadian mechanisms implicated in mood disorders. This review discusses the alterations of daily rhythms in depression, and how circadian perturbations might lead in mood changes and depressive-like behavior in humans and rodents respectively. The use of animal models with circadian disturbances and depressive-like behaviors will help to understand the central timing mechanisms underlying depression, and how treating the biological clock(s) it may be possible to improve mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR-3212 University of Strasbourg, 8 allée du Général Rouvillois, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Wirz-Justice A, Benedetti F. Perspectives in affective disorders: Clocks and sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:346-365. [PMID: 30702783 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are often characterised by alterations in circadian rhythms, sleep disturbances and seasonal exacerbation. Conversely, chronobiological treatments utilise zeitgebers for circadian rhythms such as light to improve mood and stabilise sleep, and manipulations of sleep timing and duration as rapid antidepressant modalities. Although sleep deprivation ("wake therapy") can act within hours, and its mood-elevating effects be maintained by regular morning light administration/medication/earlier sleep, it has not entered the regular guidelines for treating affective disorders as a first-line treatment. The hindrances to using chronotherapeutics may lie in their lack of patentability, few sponsors to carry out large multi-centre trials, non-reimbursement by medical insurance and their perceived difficulty or exotic "alternative" nature. Future use can be promoted by new technology (single-sample phase measurements, phone apps, movement and sleep trackers) that provides ambulatory documentation over long periods and feedback to therapist and patient. Light combinations with cognitive behavioural therapy and sleep hygiene practice may speed up and also maintain response. The urgent need for new antidepressants should hopefully lead to reconsideration and implementation of these non-pharmacological methods, as well as further clinical trials. We review the putative neurochemical mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation and light therapy, and current knowledge linking clocks and sleep with affective disorders: neurotransmitter switching, stress and cortico-limbic reactivity, clock genes, cortical neuroplasticity, connectomics and neuroinflammation. Despite the complexity of multi-system mechanisms, more insight will lead to fine tuning and better application of circadian and sleep-related treatments of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.,Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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16
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Brain Microdialysate Monoamines in Relation to Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Sleep Deprivation - a Systematic Review, Network Meta-analysis, and New Primary Data. J Circadian Rhythms 2019; 17:1. [PMID: 30671123 PMCID: PMC6337052 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the monoaminergic system, e.g. by sleep deprivation (SD), seems to promote certain diseases. Assessment of monoamine levels over the circadian cycle, during different sleep stages and during SD is instrumental to understand the molecular dynamics during and after SD. To provide a complete overview of all available evidence, we performed a systematic review. A comprehensive search was performed for microdialysis and certain monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline), certain monoamine metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) and a precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)) in PubMed and EMBASE. After screening of the search results by two independent reviewers, 94 publications were included. All results were tabulated and described qualitatively. Network-meta analyses (NMAs) were performed to compare noradrenaline and serotonin concentrations between sleep stages. We further present experimental monoamine data from the medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC). Monoamine levels varied with brain region and circadian cycle. During sleep, monoamine levels generally decreased compared to wake. These qualitative observations were supported by the NMAs: noradrenaline and serotonin levels decreased from wakefulness to slow wave sleep and decreased further during Rapid Eye Movement sleep. In contrast, monoamine levels generally increased during SD, and sometimes remained high even during subsequent recovery. Decreases during or after SD were only reported for serotonin. In our experiment, SD did not affect any of the mPFC monoamine levels. Concluding, monoamine levels vary over the light-dark cycle and between sleep stages. SD modifies the patterns, with effects sometimes lasting beyond the SD period.
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17
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Siddique SA, Tamilselvan T, Vishnupriya M, Balamurugan E. Evaluation of Neurotransmitter Alterations in Four Distinct Brain Regions After Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation (REMSD) Induced Mania-Like Behaviour in Swiss Albino Mice. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1171-1181. [PMID: 29671235 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in contributing to the pathology of mood disorders, including those of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) alters most of the neurotransmitters, which may have adverse behavioural changes and other health consequences like mania and other psychiatric disorders. The exact role of REMSD altered neurotransmitter levels and the manner in which emerging consequences lead to mania-like behaviour is poorly understood. Thus, we sought to verify the levels of neurotransmitter changes after 48, 72 and 96 h of REMSD induced mania-like behaviour in mice. We performed modified multiple platform (MMP) method of depriving the REM sleep and one group maintained as a control. To measure the hyperactivity through locomotion, exploration and behavioural despair, we performed the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). Quantitative determinations of DA, 5-HT, NE and GABA concentrations in four distinct brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and pons) were determined by the spectrofluorimetric method. These experiments showed higher locomotion and increased swimming, struggling/climbing and decreased mobility among REMSD animals as well as disrupted concentrations of the majority of the studied neurotransmitters during REMSD. Our study indicated that REMSD results in mania-like behaviour in mice and associated disruption to neurotransmitter levels, although the exact mechanisms by which these take place remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful Alom Siddique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India
| | - Thangavel Tamilselvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India
| | - Manikkannan Vishnupriya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India
| | - Elumalai Balamurugan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamilnadu, 608 002, India.
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18
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Abu-Samak MS, Mohammad BA, Abu-Taha MI, Hasoun LZ, Awwad SH. Associations Between Sleep Deprivation and Salivary Testosterone Levels in Male University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Mens Health 2017; 12:411-419. [PMID: 29025356 PMCID: PMC5818117 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317735412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a common health problem that is growing rapidly worldwide and it is associated with short- and long-term impacts on health. The aim of this study was to detect potential predictors of salivary testosterone (sT) association with sleep deprivation in Arab male university students. In this prospective cohort study, 77 university male students in the age range of 18 to 26 years were divided into two groups, sleep-deprived (SD) participants and non-sleep-deprived (NSD) participants. Sleep deprivation was defined as sleeping less than 5 hr per night. Blood samples and sT were collected from fasting participants to measure serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, leptin, serotonin, sT, and body mass index (BMI) values. The multiple linear correlation model of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), BMI, and serotonin was positively correlated with sT (r = .977, p < .05) in the SD group. No correlations were identified with sT in the NSD group. In the SD study group, the multiple linear regression model of HDL-C, BMI, and serotonin was significantly influenced by sT (R² = .955, p < .05). These predictors together explained approximately 96% of the variance in sT levels in the SD study group. No predictive variables for sT were reported in the NSD group. Results indirectly confirmed the presence of a positive association between sT and sleep deprivation in young men. This association is mediated by three factors, HDL-C, BMI, and serum serotonin, which are collectively considered as part of a significant physiological adaptation to sleep deprivation in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beisan Ali Mohammad
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - May Ibrahim Abu-Taha
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Luai Zidan Hasoun
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shady Helmi Awwad
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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19
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Lee HJ, Lee SY, Jang D, Chung SY, Shim I. Sedative Effect of Sophora flavescens and Matrine. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:390-395. [PMID: 28190318 PMCID: PMC5499617 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the sedative effects of Sophora flavescens (SF) and its bioactive compound, matrine through performing locomotor activity test and the electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in the rat. The underlying neural mechanism of their beneficial effects was determined by assessing c-Fos immunoreactivity and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain utilizing immunohistochemical method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that SF and matrine administration had an effect on normalization of caffeine-induced hyperactivity and promoting a shift toward non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. c-Fos-immunoreactivity and 5-HT level in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), a sleep promoting region, were increased in the both SF and matrine-injected groups. In conclusion, SF and its bioactive compound, matrine alleviated caffeine-induced hyperactivity and promoted NREM sleep by activating VLPO neurons and modulating serotonergic transmission. It is suggested that SF might be a useful natural alternatives for hypnotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyuk Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Chung
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Republic of Korea
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20
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Astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate fuels the brain during exhaustive exercise to maintain endurance capacity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6358-6363. [PMID: 28515312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702739114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain glycogen stored in astrocytes provides lactate as an energy source to neurons through monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to maintain neuronal functions such as hippocampus-regulated memory formation. Although prolonged exhaustive exercise decreases brain glycogen, the role of this decrease and lactate transport in the exercising brain remains less clear. Because muscle glycogen fuels exercising muscles, we hypothesized that astrocytic glycogen plays an energetic role in the prolonged-exercising brain to maintain endurance capacity through lactate transport. To test this hypothesis, we used a rat model of exhaustive exercise and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to observe comprehensive energetics of the brain (cortex and hippocampus) and muscle (plantaris). At exhaustion, muscle glycogen was depleted but brain glycogen was only decreased. The levels of MCT2, which takes up lactate in neurons, increased in the brain, as did muscle MCTs. Metabolomics revealed that brain, but not muscle, ATP was maintained with lactate and other glycogenolytic/glycolytic sources. Intracerebroventricular injection of the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol did not affect peripheral glycemic conditions but suppressed brain lactate production and decreased hippocampal ATP levels at exhaustion. An MCT2 inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamate, triggered a similar response that resulted in lower endurance capacity. These findings provide direct evidence for the energetic role of astrocytic glycogen-derived lactate in the exhaustive-exercising brain, implicating the significance of brain glycogen level in endurance capacity. Glycogen-maintained ATP in the brain is a possible defense mechanism for neurons in the exhausted brain.
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Bellesi M, Tononi G, Cirelli C, Serra PA. Region-Specific Dissociation between Cortical Noradrenaline Levels and the Sleep/Wake Cycle. Sleep 2016; 39:143-54. [PMID: 26237776 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The activity of the noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus (LC) is high in wake and low in sleep. LC promotes arousal and EEG activation, as well as attention, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. These functions rely on prefrontal cortex and are impaired by sleep deprivation, but the extent to which LC activity changes during wake remains unclear. Moreover, it is unknown whether noradrenergic neurons can sustain elevated firing during extended wake. Recent studies show that relative to LC neurons targeting primary motor cortex (M1), those projecting to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have higher spontaneous firing rates and are more excitable. These results suggest that noradrenaline (NA) levels should be higher in mPFC than M1, and that during prolonged wake LC cells targeting mPFC may fatigue more, but direct evidence is lacking. METHODS We performed in vivo microdialysis experiments in adult (9-10 weeks old) C57BL/6 mice implanted for chronic electroencephalographic recordings. Cortical NA levels were measured during spontaneous sleep and wake (n = 8 mice), and in the course of sleep deprivation (n = 6). RESULTS We found that absolute NA levels are higher in mPFC than in M1. Moreover, in both areas they decline during sleep and increase during wake, but these changes are faster in M1 than mPFC. Finally, by the end of sleep deprivation NA levels decline only in mPFC. CONCLUSIONS Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons targeting prefrontal cortex may fatigue more markedly, or earlier, than other LC cells, suggesting one of the mechanisms underlying the cognitive impairment and the increased sleep presure associated with sleep deprivation. COMMENTARY A commentary on this article appears in this issue on page 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellesi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
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22
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Synaptic plasticity model of therapeutic sleep deprivation in major depression. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 30:53-62. [PMID: 26803484 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic sleep deprivation (SD) is a rapid acting treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Within hours, SD leads to a dramatic decrease in depressive symptoms in 50-60% of patients with MDD. Scientifically, therapeutic SD presents a unique paradigm to study the neurobiology of MDD. Yet, up to now, the neurobiological basis of the antidepressant effect, which is most likely different from today's first-line treatments, is not sufficiently understood. This article puts the idea forward that sleep/wake-dependent shifts in synaptic plasticity, i.e., the neural basis of adaptive network function and behavior, represent a critical mechanism of therapeutic SD in MDD. Particularly, this article centers on two major hypotheses of MDD and sleep, the synaptic plasticity hypothesis of MDD and the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis of sleep-wake regulation, and on how they can be integrated into a novel synaptic plasticity model of therapeutic SD in MDD. As a major component, the model proposes that therapeutic SD, by homeostatically enhancing cortical synaptic strength, shifts the initially deficient inducibility of associative synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) in patients with MDD in a more favorable window of associative plasticity. Research on the molecular effects of SD in animals and humans, including observations in the neurotrophic, adenosinergic, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic system, provides some support for the hypothesis of associative synaptic plasticity facilitation after therapeutic SD in MDD. The model proposes a novel framework for a mechanism of action of therapeutic SD that can be further tested in humans based on non-invasive indices and in animals based on direct studies of synaptic plasticity. Further determining the mechanisms of action of SD might contribute to the development of novel fast acting treatments for MDD, one of the major health problems worldwide.
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Tang Q, Li G, Wang A, Liu T, Feng S, Guo Z, Chen H, He B, McClure MA, Ou J, Xing G, Mu Q. A systematic review for the antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:282. [PMID: 26573324 PMCID: PMC4647580 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been commonly used to treat depression. Recent studies suggest that co-therapy with rTMS and SD may produce better therapeutic effects than either therapy alone. Therefore, this study was to review the current findings to determine if rTMS can augment the therapeutic effects of SD on depression. METHODS Embase, JSTOR, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for clinical studies published between January 1985 and March 2015 using the search term "rTMS/repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation AND sleep deprivation AND depress*". Only randomized and sham-controlled trials (RCTs) involving the combined use of rTMS and SD in depression patients were included in this systematic review. The scores of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression were extracted as primary outcome measures. RESULTS Three RCTs with 72 patients that met the inclusion criteria were included for the systematic review. One of the trials reported skewed data and was described alone. The other two studies, which involved 30 patients in the experimental group (SD + active rTMS) and 22 patients in the control group (SD + sham rTMS), reported normally distributed data. The primary outcome measures showed different results among the three publications: two of which showed great difference between the experimental and the control subjects, and the other one showed non-significant antidepressant effect of rTMS on SD. In addition, two of the included studies reported secondary outcome measures with Clinical Global Impression Rating Scale and a self-reported well-being scale which presented good improvement for the depressive patients in the experiment group when compared with the control. The follow-up assessments in two studies indicated maintained results with the immediate measurements. CONCLUSIONS From this study, an overview of the publications concerning the combined use of rTMS and SD is presented, which provides a direction for future research of therapies for depression. More studies are needed to confirm whether there is an augmentative antidepressant effect of rTMS on SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anguo Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shenggang Feng
- Department of Nephrology, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Huaping Chen
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin He
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Morgan A. McClure
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000 Sichuan China
| | - Jun Ou
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xing
- Lotus Biotech.com LLC., John Hopkins University-MCC, 9601 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Qiwen Mu
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Institute of Rehabilitation and Development of Brain Function, North Sichuan Medical University Nanchong Central Hospital, 97 South Renmin Road, Shunqing District, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China. .,Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Garden North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100080, China.
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Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is the most widely documented rapid-onset antidepressant therapy, targeting the broadly defined depressive syndrome. Although SD responses are transient, its effects can be sustained by concomitant medications (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and lithium) and circadian-related interventions (e.g., bright light and sleep phase advance). Thus, considering its safety, this technique can now be considered among the first-line antidepressant treatment strategies for patients affected by mood disorders. SD is a complex intervention and it should be considered multi-target in nature. Thus, the mechanisms explaining its antidepressant effect can be looked for on many levels, involving not only monoaminergic mechanisms but also sleep homeostatic and circadian mechanisms, glutamatergic mechanisms and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallaspezia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy,
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25
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Zubedat S, Freed Y, Eshed Y, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Ritter A, Nachmani M, Harush R, Aga-Mizrachi S, Avital A. Plant-derived nanoparticle treatment with cocc 30c ameliorates attention and motor abilities in sleep-deprived rats. Neuroscience 2013; 253:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Chronotherapeutics refers to treatments based on the principles of circadian rhythm organization and sleep physiology, which control the exposure to environmental stimuli that act on biological rhythms, in order to achieve therapeutic effects in the treatment of psychiatric conditions. It includes manipulations of the sleep-wake cycle such as sleep deprivation and sleep phase advance, and controlled exposure to light and dark. The antidepressant effects of chronotherapeutics are evident in difficult-to-treat conditions such as bipolar depression, which has been associated with extremely low success rates of antidepressant drugs in naturalistic settings and with stable antidepressant response to chronotherapeutics in more than half of the patients. Recent advances in the study of the effects of chronotherapeutics on neurotransmitter systems, and on the biological clock machinery, allow us to pinpoint its mechanism of action and to transform it from a neglected or “orphan” treatment to a powerful clinical instrument in everyday psychiatric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benedetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Elmenhorst D, Kroll T, Matusch A, Bauer A. Sleep deprivation increases cerebral serotonin 2A receptor binding in humans. Sleep 2012. [PMID: 23204604 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Serotonin and its cerebral receptors play an important role in sleep-wake regulation. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of 24-h total sleep deprivation on the apparent serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT(2A)R) binding capacity in the human brain to test the hypothesis that sleep deprivation induces global molecular alterations in the cortical serotonergic receptor system. DESIGN Volunteers were tested twice with the subtype-selective radiotracer [(18)F]altanserin and positron emission tomography (PET) for imaging of 5-HT(2A)Rs at baseline and after 24 h of sleep deprivation. [(18)F]Altanserin binding potentials were analyzed in 13 neocortical regions of interest. The efficacy of sleep deprivation was assessed by questionnaires, waking electroencephalography, and cognitive performance measurements. SETTING Sleep laboratory and neuroimaging center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Eighteen healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Sleep deprivation. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A total of 24 hours of sleep deprivation led to a 9.6% increase of [(18)F]altanserin binding on neocortical 5-HT(2A) receptors. Significant region-specific increases were found in the medial inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and anterior cingulate, parietal, sensomotoric, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single night of total sleep deprivation causes significant increases of 5-HT(2A)R binding potentials in a variety of cortical regions although the increase declines as sleep deprivation continued. It provides in vivo evidence that total sleep deprivation induces adaptive processes in the serotonergic system of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Forschungszentrum Jüulich, Jüulich, Germany.
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Huang LZ, Wei L, Zhao HF, Huang BK, Rahman K, Qin LP. The effect of Eleutheroside E on behavioral alterations in murine sleep deprivation stress model. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 658:150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Junek A, Rusak B, Semba K. Short-term sleep deprivation may alter the dynamics of hippocampal cell proliferation in adult rats. Neuroscience 2010; 170:1140-52. [PMID: 20727388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (>48 h) sleep deprivation (SD) reduces adult rat hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, yet reported effects of short-term (<24 h) SD are inconsistent. We systematically assessed the effects of various durations of SD on adult rat hippocampal cell proliferation. Rats were sleep-deprived for 6, 12, 24, 36 or 48 h and injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 2 h before the end of SD. Immunolabeling for BrdU in the hippocampal subgranular zone increased significantly after 12 h SD but tended to decrease after 48 h SD relative to respective Controls. Surprisingly, SD did not alter immunolabeling for Ki67 protein (Ki67) or proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), two intrinsic cell proliferation markers. SD did not affect BrdU or Ki67 labeling in the subventricular zone, nor did it affect serum corticosterone levels. Because immunoreactivity for Ki67 and PCNA can identify cells in all phases of the ∼25 h cell cycle in adult rat hippocampus, whereas BrdU labels only cells in S-phase (∼9.5 h), this discrepancy suggests that 12 h SD might have affected cell cycle dynamics. A separate group of rats were injected with BrdU 10 h before the end of 12 h SD, which would allow some time for labeled cells to divide; the results were consistent with an acceleration of the timing of hippocampal progenitor cell division during 12 h SD. These results suggest that short-term (12 h) SD transiently produces more hippocampal progenitor cells via cell cycle acceleration, and confirm the importance of using multiple cell cycle markers or BrdU injection paradigms to assess potential changes in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Junek
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1X5, Canada
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Is sleep in animals affected by prior waking experiences? Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMethods to assess changes in the mental state of animals in response to their environment can be used to provide information to enhance animal welfare. One of the most profound changes of mental state observable in mammals is the change between wakefulness and sleep. Sleeping mammals have characteristics that are similar to one another and are measurable, such as specific behaviours, changes in responsiveness to external stimuli and changes in electrophysiology and neurochemistry. Although sleep is a ubiquitous behaviour in the life of mammals, there has been relatively little research on this topic in domesticated animals. All animals are motivated to sleep and this motivation increases after a prolonged period of wakefulness. In humans, sleep can be affected by what has occurred in the prior period of wakefulness and this has also been demonstrated in some non-human mammals. An important aspect of human sleep medicine is the association between stress and subsequent sleep disturbances. Studying changes in amount, bout length, distribution or type of sleep after exposure to potentially stressful events, could help us understand how animals respond to changes in their environment. It is possible that different types of stressors could affect sleep characteristics in different ways and that monitoring and identifying these changes could be useful in providing an additional way of identifying management procedures that have the potential to affect welfare. Sleep measurement is a potentially valuable tool in studies to assess animal welfare.
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Abushov BM. Morphofunctional Analysis of the Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on the CNS in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 40:403-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-010-9271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Longordo F, Kopp C, Lüthi A. Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1810-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Psychiatric chronotherapeutics is the controlled exposure to environmental stimuli that act on biological rhythms in order to achieve therapeutic effects in the treatment of psychiatric conditions. In recent years some techniques (mainly light therapy and sleep deprivation) have passed the experimental developmental phase and reached the status of powerful and affordable clinical interventions for everyday clinical treatment of depressed patients. These techniques target the same brain neurotransmitter systems and the same brain areas as do antidepressant drugs, and should be administered under careful medical supervision. Their effects are rapid and transient, but can be stabilised by combining techniques among themselves or together with common drug treatments. Antidepressant chronotherapeutics target the broadly defined depressive syndrome, with response and relapse rates similar to those obtained with antidepressant drugs, and good results are obtained even in difficult-to-treat conditions such as bipolar depression. Chronotherapeutics offer a benign alternative to more radical treatments of depression for the treatment of severe depression in psychiatric wards, but with the advantage of rapidity of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benedetti
- Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Roman V, Hagewoud R, Luiten PGM, Meerlo P. Differential effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation and stress on serotonin-1A and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor sensitivity. J Sleep Res 2006; 15:386-94. [PMID: 17118095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted sleep and stress are often linked to each other, and considered as predisposing factors for psychopathologies such as depression. The depressed brain is associated with reduced serotonergic and enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission. In an earlier study, we showed that chronic sleep restriction by forced locomotion caused a gradual decrease in postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptor sensitivity, whilst chronic forced activity alone, with sufficient sleep time, did not affect receptor sensitivity. The first aim of the present study was to examine whether the sleep loss-induced change in receptor sensitivity is mediated by adrenal stress hormones. The results show that the serotonin-1A receptor desensitization is independent of adrenal hormones as it still occurs in adrenalectomized rats. The second aim of the study was to establish the effects of sleep restriction on cholinergic muscarinic receptor sensitivity. While sleep restriction affected muscarinic receptor sensitivity only slightly, forced activity significantly hypersensitized the muscarinic receptors. This hypersensitization is because of the stressful nature of the forced activity protocol as it did not occur in adrenalectomized rats. Taken together, these data confirm that sleep restriction may desensitize the serotonin-1A receptor system. This is not a generalized effect as sleep restriction did not affect the sensitivity of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor system, but the latter was hypersensitized by stress. Thus, chronic stress and sleep loss may, partly via different pathways, change the brain into a direction as it is seen in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Roman
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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Alfaro-Rodríguez A, González-Piña R, González-Maciel A, Arch-Tirado E. Serotonin and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid contents in dorsal raphe and suprachiasmatic nuclei in normal, malnourished and rehabilitated rats under 24 h of sleep deprivation. Brain Res 2006; 1110:95-101. [PMID: 16876773 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been discussed that serotonin (5-HT) could be involved in the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) and/or malnutrition (M) on the sleep-wake cycle. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the M, SD and its interaction on 5-HT and 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) contents in the dorsal raphe (DR) and the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), two sleep-wake cycle regulators. Forty-eight puppets rats were obtained from mothers fed with low or normal casein diet. They were allocated in 3 groups (n=16 each): prenatal/postnatal casein malnutrition (6/6%), prenatal casein malnutrition/nutritional casein rehabilitation (6/25%) and prenatal/postnatal casein well-nourished state (25/25%). When rats were 60 days old, 24 animals were exposed to sleep deprivation by means of forced locomotion during 24 h. The remaining 24 were kept under normal conditions of sleep-wake cycle. Then, all animals were sacrificed by decapitation. DR and SCN were dissected and processed to determine the 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents by means of HPLC. It was observed that 6/6% rats showed a 5-HT increase (DR p<0.011; SCN p<0.019) as well as in SD (DR p<0.0008; SCN p<0.0009) with respect to 25/25% rats. No differences were found in 6/25% rats. Therefore, 5-HIAA decreased significantly in both nuclei in all the groups, notably in M+SD animals (DR p<0.001; SCN p<0.001). We conclude that the sleep-wake cycle disruptions produced by chronic M and SD are mediated in part by a synergistic effect on 5-HT in the DR-SCN pathway, perhaps due to a delay in the development of such brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, SSA, México.
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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Grassi Zucconi G, Cipriani S, Balgkouranidou I, Scattoni R. 'One night' sleep deprivation stimulates hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:375-81. [PMID: 16624668 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus can be up- or downregulated in response to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Among these, dysregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. In addition, in animal models of depression, a variety of antidepressant treatments reverse that condition by increasing neurogenesis. As one night sleep deprivation is known to improve mood in depressed patients for at least 1 day, we investigated whether a comparable treatment may affect hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. Accordingly, rats were sleep-deprived by gentle handling for 12 h during their physiological period of rest, and were injected with bromodeoxyuridine 4 h and 2 h before the end of sleep deprivation. They were then perfused immediately thereafter, or after 15 days and 30 days. We found that 12 h sleep deprivation significantly increased cell proliferation and the total number of surviving cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus soon after sleep deprivation, as well as 15 days and 30 days later, in comparison to control rats allowed to sleep. No changes were instead found in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, indicating that 12 h sleep deprivation selectively triggers neurogenic signals to the hippocampus. The present data include acute sleep deprivation among the conditions which upregulate hippocampal neurogenesis and raise the possibility that such response could be implicated in the beneficial effects elicited in depressed patients by one night sleep deprivation. Thus, the findings could contribute to the understanding of the intriguing relationship between depression and neurogenesis in the adult brain.
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Hipólide DC, Moreira KM, Barlow KBL, Wilson AA, Nobrega JN, Tufik S. Distinct effects of sleep deprivation on binding to norepinephrine and serotonin transporters in rat brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:297-303. [PMID: 15694238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that the antidepressant activity of sleep deprivation may be due to an enhancement of serotonergic and/or noradrenergic neurotransmission in brain. In the present study we examined the possibility that such changes may occur at the level of the norepinephrine (NET) and serotonin (SERT) and transporters. Rats were deprived of sleep for 96 h using the modified multiple platform method and then sacrificed for autoradiographic assessments of NET and SERT binding throughout the brain. [3H]Nisoxetine binding to the NE transporter was generally decreased in 44 of 45 areas examined, with significant reductions occurring in the anterior cingulate cortex (-16%), endopiriform n. (-18%), anterior olfactory n. (-19%), glomerular layer of olfactory bulb (-18%), ventral pallidum (-14%), medial preoptic area (-16%), retrochiasmatic/arcuate hypothalamus (-18%), anteromedial thalamic n. (-15%), and rostral raphe (-17%). In contrast, SERT binding measured with [11C]DASB showed no clear directional trends in 61 brain areas examined, but was significantly reduced in subdivisions of the anterior olfactory nucleus (-22%) and substantia nigra (-18%). Thus, sleep deprivation induced widespread decreases in NET binding, and fewer and well-localized decreases in SERT binding. Significant down-regulation in one brain region, the anterior olfactory nucleus, was observed in the case of both transporters. These results suggest that mechanisms involved in the antidepressant action of sleep deprivation may involve generalized NET down-regulation as well as decreased SERT binding in specific areas. Insofar as these changes may be associated with increased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in the synapse, they suggest that sleep deprivation may share some basic mechanisms of action with several current antidepressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora C Hipólide
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
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Lopez-Rodriguez F, Kim J, Poland RE. Total sleep deprivation decreases immobility in the forced-swim test. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:1105-11. [PMID: 14970835 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation can exert antidepressant effects in humans in less than 24 h, making it the fastest acting antidepressant treatment. However, it is rarely used clinically because the effect disappears once the subject goes back to sleep. An understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation should help to develop new rapidly acting antidepressant strategies. In the present report, an animal model of depression (the forced-swim test) was used to determine whether the effects of total sleep deprivation parallel those obtained with antidepressant drugs. Using the disk-over-water method, rats deprived of sleep for 24 h exhibited increased swimming behavior when compared to cage control rats, mimicking the effects of serotonergic antidepressants. After 48 h, sleep-deprived rats exhibited increased swimming when compared to both cage control and stimulus control rats, demonstrating that the effect is due to sleep deprivation per se, and not to extraneous factors inherent in the sleep deprivation protocol (such as stress and movement). We believe that this paradigm can be used to study the neurobiological mechanisms of rapid antidepressant effects induced by sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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