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Caspani G, Sebők V, Sultana N, Swann JR, Bailey A. Metabolic phenotyping of opioid and psychostimulant addiction: A novel approach for biomarker discovery and biochemical understanding of the disorder. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:1578-1606. [PMID: 33817774 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress in characterising the pharmacological profile of drugs of abuse, their precise biochemical impact remains unclear. The metabolome reflects the multifaceted biochemical processes occurring within a biological system. This includes those encoded in the genome but also those arising from environmental/exogenous exposures and interactions between the two. Using metabolomics, the biochemical derangements associated with substance abuse can be determined as the individual transitions from recreational drug to chronic use (dependence). By understanding the biomolecular perturbations along this time course and how they vary across individuals, metabolomics can elucidate biochemical mechanisms of the addiction cycle (dependence/withdrawal/relapse) and predict prognosis (recovery/relapse). In this review, we summarise human and animal metabolomic studies in the field of opioid and psychostimulant addiction. We highlight the importance of metabolomics as a powerful approach for biomarker discovery and its potential to guide personalised pharmacotherapeutic strategies for addiction targeted towards the individual's metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Caspani
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Viktoria Sebők
- Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nowshin Sultana
- Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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Von Seggern M, Szarowicz C, Swanson M, Cavotta S, Pike ST, Lamberts JT. Purine molecules in Parkinson's disease: Analytical techniques and clinical implications. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104793. [PMID: 32650026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects patients over the age of 65. PD is characterized by loss of neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. Once PD is clinically diagnosed by the observation of motor dysfunction, the disease is already in its advance stages. Consequently, there is a major push to identify clinical biomarkers that are useful for the earlier detection of PD. Using untargeted metabolomics, several research groups have identified purine molecules, and specifically urate, as important biomarkers related to PD. This review will summarize recent findings in the field of purine metabolomics and biomarker identification for PD, including in the areas of PD pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. In addition, this article will summarize and examine the primary research techniques that are employed to quantify purine molecules in both experimental systems and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlye Szarowicz
- College of Arts & Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA; Shimadzu Core Laboratory for Academic and Research Excellence, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Matthew Swanson
- College of Arts & Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA; Shimadzu Core Laboratory for Academic and Research Excellence, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Samantha Cavotta
- College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Schuyler T Pike
- College of Arts & Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA; Shimadzu Core Laboratory for Academic and Research Excellence, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
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3
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Bonomo R, Cavaletti G, Skene DJ. Metabolomics markers in Neurology: current knowledge and future perspectives for therapeutic targeting. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:725-738. [PMID: 32538242 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1782746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is an emerging approach providing new insights into the metabolic changes and underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors present an overview of the current knowledge of metabolic profiling (metabolomics) to provide critical insight on the role of biochemical markers and metabolic alterations in neurological diseases. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of characteristic metabolic alterations in neurological disorders is crucial for a better understanding of their pathogenesis, and for identifying potential biomarkers and drug targets. Nevertheless, discrepancies in diagnostic criteria, sample handling protocols, and analytical methods still affect the generalizability of current study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bonomo
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza, Italy.,Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Monza, Italy
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
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Integrated use of LC/MS/MS and LC/Q-TOF/MS targeted metabolomics with automated label-free microscopy for quantification of purine metabolites in cultured mammalian cells. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:17-25. [PMID: 30604179 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine metabolites have been implicated as clinically relevant biomarkers of worsening or improving Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. However, the identification of purine molecules as biomarkers in PD has largely been determined using non-targeted metabolomics analysis. The primary goal of this study was to develop an economical targeted metabolomics approach for the routine detection of purine molecules in biological samples. Specifically, this project utilized LC/MS/MS and LC/QTOF/MS to accurately quantify levels of six purine molecules in samples from cultured N2a murine neuroblastoma cells. The targeted metabolomics workflow was integrated with automated label-free digital microscopy, which enabled normalization of purine concentration per unit cell in the absence of fluorescent dyes. The established method offered significantly enhanced selectivity compared to previously published procedures. In addition, this study demonstrates that a simple, quantitative targeted metabolomics approach can be developed to identify and quantify purine metabolites in biological samples. We envision that this method could be broadly applicable to quantification of purine metabolites from other complex biological samples, such as cerebrospinal fluid or blood.
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Massari CM, López-Cano M, Núñez F, Fernández-Dueñas V, Tasca CI, Ciruela F. Antiparkinsonian Efficacy of Guanosine in Rodent Models of Movement Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:700. [PMID: 29046640 PMCID: PMC5632808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) is a guanine-based purine nucleoside with important trophic functions and promising neuroprotective properties. Although the neuroprotective effects of GUO have been corroborated in cellular models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), its efficacy as an antiparkinsonian agent has not been fully explored in PD animal models. Accordingly, we evaluated the effectiveness of GUO in reversing motor impairments in several rodent movement disorder models, including catalepsy, tremor, and hemiparkinsonism. Our results showed that orally administered GUO antagonized reserpine-mediated catalepsy, reduced reserpine-induced tremulous jaw movements, and potentiated the number of contralateral rotations induced by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in unilaterally 6-hydroxidopamine-lesioned rats. In addition, at 5 and 7.5 mg/kg, GUO inhibited L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rats chronically treated with a pro-dopaminergic agent. Overall, we describe the therapeutic potential of GUO, which may be effective not only for reversing parkinsonian motor impairments but also for reducing dyskinesia induced by treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M Massari
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marc López-Cano
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabiana Núñez
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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LeWitt PA, Li J, Lu M, Guo L, Auinger P. Metabolomic biomarkers as strong correlates of Parkinson disease progression. Neurology 2017; 88:862-869. [PMID: 28179471 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a Parkinson disease (PD)-specific biochemical signature might be found in the total body metabolic milieu or in the CSF compartment, especially since this disorder has systemic manifestations beyond the progressive loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. METHODS Our goal was to discover biomarkers of PD progression. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography linked to gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, we measured concentrations of small-molecule (≤1.5 kDa) constituents of plasma and CSF from 49 unmedicated, mildly affected patients with PD (mean age 61.4 years; mean duration of PD 11.4 months). Specimens were collected twice (baseline and final) at intervals up to 24 months. During this time, mean Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) parts 2 + 3 scores increased 47% (from 28.8 to 42.2). Measured compounds underwent unbiased univariate and multivariate analyses, including fitting data into multiple linear regression with variable selection using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). RESULTS Of 575 identified plasma and 383 CSF biochemicals, LASSO led to selection of 15 baseline plasma constituents with high positive correlation (0.87, p = 2.2e-16) to baseline-to-final change in UPDRS parts 2 + 3 scores. Three of the compounds had xanthine structures, and 4 were either medium- or long-chain fatty acids. For the 15 LASSO-selected biomarkers, pathway enrichment software found no overrepresentation among metabolic pathways. CSF concentrations of the dopamine metabolite homovanillate showed little change between baseline and final collections and minimal correlation with worsening UPDRS parts 2 + 3 scores (0.29, p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic profiling of plasma yielded strong prediction of PD progression and offered biomarkers that may provide new insights into PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A LeWitt
- From the Departments of Neurology (P.A.L.) and Public Health Science (J.L., M.L.), Henry Ford Health System; Wayne State University School of Medicine (P.A.L.), Detroit MI; Metabolon, Inc (L.G.), Durham, NC; and Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (P.A.), University of Rochester, NY.
| | - Jia Li
- From the Departments of Neurology (P.A.L.) and Public Health Science (J.L., M.L.), Henry Ford Health System; Wayne State University School of Medicine (P.A.L.), Detroit MI; Metabolon, Inc (L.G.), Durham, NC; and Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (P.A.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Mei Lu
- From the Departments of Neurology (P.A.L.) and Public Health Science (J.L., M.L.), Henry Ford Health System; Wayne State University School of Medicine (P.A.L.), Detroit MI; Metabolon, Inc (L.G.), Durham, NC; and Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (P.A.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Lining Guo
- From the Departments of Neurology (P.A.L.) and Public Health Science (J.L., M.L.), Henry Ford Health System; Wayne State University School of Medicine (P.A.L.), Detroit MI; Metabolon, Inc (L.G.), Durham, NC; and Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (P.A.), University of Rochester, NY
| | - Peggy Auinger
- From the Departments of Neurology (P.A.L.) and Public Health Science (J.L., M.L.), Henry Ford Health System; Wayne State University School of Medicine (P.A.L.), Detroit MI; Metabolon, Inc (L.G.), Durham, NC; and Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics (P.A.), University of Rochester, NY
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7
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Abstract
Though the search for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) began more than 40 years ago, the most promising results are relatively recent. Disease-specific indicators have been sought among the hundreds of proteins and other biochemicals found in CSF (which is contiguous with the extracellular fluid compartment of the brain). Initially, research focused on the selective neurotransmitter disturbance in PD. While investigations of dopamine metabolism (as reflected by its major metabolite, homovanillic acid [HVA]) have been relatively uninformative, we found that indexing HVA concentration to that of the purine metabolite xanthine permits differentiation of PD specimens from healthy controls (p < 0.0016) [Brain Research 2011;1408:88-97]. In another recent biomarker study, we utilized ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography linked to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for metabolomic analysis [Movement Disorders 2011;26(Suppl 2):S193]. Using t-tests to differentiate PD and control groups at p < 0.02, we found changes in compounds not known to be related to the neurodegenerative process (4 increased in CSF concentration and 8 decreased). Other recent investigations have reported distinctive biomarker findings in proteins and other biochemicals. The ultimate goal is for CSF biomarkers also found in peripheral biospecimens, aiding in diagnostic screening applications and providing further clues as to the etiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Michigan 48322, USA.
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8
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LeWitt P, Schultz L, Auinger P, Lu M. CSF xanthine, homovanillic acid, and their ratio as biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2011; 1408:88-97. [PMID: 21784416 PMCID: PMC4120020 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diminished nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission is a biochemical hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Despite this, a reliable trait biomarker of sporadic Parkinson's disease has not emerged from measurements of cerebrospinal fluid dopamine metabolites. Previous studies have highlighted strong neurochemical relationships between dopamine and various purine compounds. In this study, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid (the major catabolite of dopamine) and the purine compound xanthine for a comparison of 217 unmedicated Parkinson's disease subjects and 26 healthy controls. These compounds were highly correlated for both the Parkinson's disease subjects (r=0.68) and for controls (r=0.73; both groups, p<0.001). While neither homovanillic acid nor xanthine concentrations differentiated Parkinson's disease from controls, their ratio did. For controls, the mean [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] quotient was 13.1±5.5 as compared to the Parkinson's disease value of 17.4±6.7 at an initial lumbar CSF collection (p=0.0017), and 19.7±8.7 (p<0.001) at a second CSF collection up to 24 months later. The [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] ratio in the Parkinson's disease subjects differed as a function of disease severity, as measured by the sum of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Activities of Daily Living and Motor Exam ratings. The [xanthine]/[homovanillic acid] ratio also increased between the first and second CSF collections, suggesting that this quotient provides both a state and trait biomarker of Parkinson's disease. These observations add to other neurochemical evidence that links purine metabolism to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- The Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Lonni Schultz
- Department of Biostatistics, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Peggy Auinger
- The Department of Neurology, Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 1351 Mount Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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9
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Oses JP, Batassini C, Pochmann D, Böhmer AE, Vuaden FC, Silvestrin RB, Oliveira A, Bonan CD, Bogo MR, Souza DO, Portela LVC, Sarkis JJDF, Mello e Souza T. The hydrolysis of striatal adenine- and guanine-based purines in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:215-22. [PMID: 21046237 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and a striatal dopamine decrease. Striatal extracellular adenosine and ATP modulate the dopaminergic neurotransmission whereas guanosine has a protective role in the brain. Therefore, the regulation of their levels by enzymatic activity may be relevant to the clinical feature of PD. Here it was evaluated the extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis from striatal slices 4 weeks after a unilateral infusion with 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle. This infusion increased ADP, AMP, and GTP hydrolysis by 15, 25, and 41%, respectively, and decreased GDP hydrolysis by 60%. There was no change in NTPDases1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 5'-nucleotidase transcription. Dopamine depletion changes nucleotide hydrolysis and, therefore, alters the regulation of striatal nucleotide levels. These changes observed in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals may contribute to the symptoms observed in the model and provide evidence to indicate that extracellular purine hydrolysis is a key factor in understanding PD, giving hints for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Oses
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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10
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Mannelli P, Patkar A, Rozen S, Matson W, Krishnan R, Kaddurah- Daouk R. Opioid use affects antioxidant activity and purine metabolism: preliminary results. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:666-75. [PMID: 19760630 PMCID: PMC3183957 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More must be learned about metabolic and biochemical alterations that contribute to the development and expression of drug dependence. Experimental opioid administration influences mechanisms and indices of oxidative stress, such as antioxidant compounds and purine metabolism. We examined perturbations of neurotransmitter-related pathways in opioid dependence (OD). METHODS In this preliminary study, we used a targeted metabolomics platform to explore whether biochemical changes were associated with OD by comparing OD individuals (n = 14) and non-drug users (n = 10). RESULTS OD patients undergoing short-term methadone detoxification showed altered oxidation-reduction activity, as confirmed by higher plasma levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and increased GSH/GSSG ratio. OD individuals had also altered purine metabolism, showing increased concentration of guanine and xanthosine, with decreased guanosine, hypoxanthine and hypoxanthine/xanthine and xanthine/xanthosine ratios. Other drug use in addition to opioids was associated with partly different biochemical changes. CONCLUSIONS This is a preliminary investigation using metabolomics and showing multiple peripheral alterations of metabolic pathways in OD. Further studies should explore the metabolic profile of conditions of opioid abuse, withdrawal and long-term abstinence in relation to agonist and antagonist treatment and investigate biochemical signatures of opioid substances and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mannelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2218 Elder Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Ashwin Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve Rozen
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wayne Matson
- Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ranga Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rima Kaddurah- Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence to: R. K. Daouk, Center for Pharmacometabolomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Tel: 919-684-2611. Fax: (919) 681-7668.
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Su C, Elfeki N, Ballerini P, D'Alimonte I, Bau C, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Gabriele J, Jiang S. Guanosine improves motor behavior, reduces apoptosis, and stimulates neurogenesis in rats with parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:617-25. [PMID: 18816792 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) caused by an abnormal rate of apoptosis. Endogenous stem cells in the adult mammalian brain indicate an innate potential for regeneration and possible resource for neuroregeneration in PD. We previously showed that guanosine prevents apoptosis even when administered 48 hr after the toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)). Here, we induced parkinsonism in rats with a proteasome inhibitor. Guanosine treatment reduced apoptosis, increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic neurons and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the SNc, increased cellular proliferation in the SNc and subventricular zone, and ameliorated symptoms. Proliferating cells in the subventricular zone were nestin-positive adult neural progenitor/stem cells. Fibroblast growth factor-2-expressing cells were also increased by guanosine. Thus, guanosine protected cells from apoptosis and stimulated "intrinsic" adult progenitor/stem cells to become dopaminergic neurons in rats with proteasome inhibitor-induced PD. The cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying these effects may open new avenues for development of novel therapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixin Su
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery, Neurobiology), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Rathbone M, Pilutti L, Caciagli F, Jiang S. Neurotrophic effects of extracellular guanosine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:666-72. [PMID: 18600524 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802143913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes release guanosine extracellularly, that exerts trophic effects. In CNS, extracellular guanosine (GUO) stimulates mitosis, synthesis of trophic factors, and cell differentiation, including neuritogenesis, is neuroprotective, and reduces apoptosis due to several stimuli. Specific receptor-like binding sites for eGUO in the nervous system may mediate its effects through both MAP kinase and PI3-kinase signalling pathways. Extracellular guanine (eGUA) also exerts several effects; the trophic effects of eGUO are likely regulated by conversion of eGUO to eGUA by a membrane located purine nucleoside phosphorylase (ecto-PNP) and by conversion of eGUA to xanthine by guanine deaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rathbone
- Department of Medicine-Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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13
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Jiang S, Bendjelloul F, Ballerini P, D'Alimonte I, Nargi E, Jiang C, Huang X, Rathbone MP. Guanosine reduces apoptosis and inflammation associated with restoration of function in rats with acute spinal cord injury. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:411-21. [PMID: 18404454 PMCID: PMC2072916 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in progressive waves of secondary injuries, cascades of noxious pathological mechanisms that substantially exacerbate the primary injury and the resultant permanent functional deficits. Secondary injuries are associated with inflammation, excessive cytokine release, and cell apoptosis. The purine nucleoside guanosine has significant trophic effects and is neuroprotective, antiapoptotic in vitro, and stimulates nerve regeneration. Therefore, we determined whether systemic administration of guanosine could protect rats from some of the secondary effects of spinal cord injury, thereby reducing neurological deficits. Systemic administration of guanosine (8 mg/kg per day, i.p.) for 14 consecutive days, starting 4 h after moderate spinal cord injury in rats, significantly improved not only motor and sensory functions, but also recovery of bladder function. These improvements were associated with reduction in the inflammatory response to injury, reduction of apoptotic cell death, increased sparing of axons, and preservation of myelin. Our data indicate that the therapeutic action of guanosine probably results from reducing inflammation resulting in the protection of axons, oligodendrocytes, and neurons and from inhibiting apoptotic cell death. These data raise the intriguing possibility that guanosine may also be able to reduce secondary pathological events and thus improve functional outcome after traumatic spinal cord injury in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucui Jiang
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, 4N71B, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8N 3Z5, ON, Canada,
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14
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Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Souza DO. Proposal of a guanine-based purinergic system in the mammalian central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:401-16. [PMID: 17884172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-based purines have been traditionally studied as modulators of intracellular processes, mainly G-protein activity. However, they also exert several extracellular effects not related to G proteins, including modulation of glutamatergic activity, trophic effects on neural cells, and behavioral effects. In this article, the putative roles of guanine-based purines on the nervous system are reviewed, and we propose a specific guanine-based purinergic system in addition to the well-characterized adenine-based purinergic system. Current evidence suggest that guanine-based purines modulate glutamatergic parameters, such as glutamate uptake by astrocytes and synaptic vesicles, seizures induced by glutamatergic agents, response to ischemia and excitotoxicity, and are able to affect learning, memory and anxiety. Additionally, guanine-based purines have important trophic functions affecting the development, structure, or maintenance of neural cells. Although studies addressing the mechanism of action (receptors and second messenger systems) of guanine-based purines are still insufficient, these findings point to the guanine-based purines (nucleotides and guanosine) as potential new targets for neuroprotection and neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P Schmidt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Rathbone MP, Middlemiss PJ, Crocker CE, Glasky MS, Juurlink BH, Ramirez JJ, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P, Caciagli F. AIT-082 as a potential neuroprotective and regenerative agent in stroke and central nervous system injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 8:1255-62. [PMID: 15992149 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.8.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic purine 4-[[3-(1,6 dihydro-6-oxo-9-purin-9-yl)-1-oxypropyl] amino] benzoic acid (AIT-082, Neotrofin, leteprinim potassium) possesses several biological properties of note: it stimulates outgrowth of neurites from PC12 cells and neurones, stimulates synthesis and/or release of neurotrophic factors from astrocytes, enhances nerve fibre regeneration in vivo and enhances of memory in animals and humans. AIT-082 also protects against glutamate neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, which has led to successful tests of AIT-082 in animal models of acute central nervous system injury. In such cases, AIT-082 probably functions by both acutely reducing glutamate excitotoxicity and, over a longer period, by enhancing neuronal sprouting and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rathbone
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 2S1, Canada.
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16
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Loeffler DA, Camp DM, Juneau PL, Harel E, LeWitt PA. Purine-induced alterations of dopamine metabolism in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Brain Res Bull 2000; 52:553-8. [PMID: 10974496 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies with cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with Parkinson's disease suggest that purine abnormalities may be present in this disorder. The effects of purines on dopamine metabolism have not been characterized, though adenosine is known to inhibit dopaminergic neurotransmission. In this study, dopamine, its precursor 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and its degradation products 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells following 24-h incubation with 5, 50, and 500 microM adenosine, adenine, guanosine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. Incubation with adenosine increased DOPA, DOPAC, and HVA, while adenine treatment decreased DOPA. Guanosine (500 microM) decreased DOPA, dopamine, and DOPAC, while lower concentrations increased DOPAC and HVA. Incubation with guanine decreased dopamine, and xanthine decreased dopamine and DOPAC. Hypoxanthine and uric acid exerted minimal effects. These results indicate that purines exert a variety of effects on dopamine metabolism. The influence of purine metabolism on the dopaminergic deficit in the Parkinsonian brain merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Loeffler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Dobolyi A, Reichart A, Szikra T, Nyitrai G, Kékesi KA, Juhász G. Sustained depolarisation induces changes in the extracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in the rat thalamus. Neurochem Int 2000; 37:71-9. [PMID: 10781847 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ATP and adenosine are well-known neuroactive compounds. Other nucleotides and nucleosides may also be involved in different brain functions. This paper reports on extracellular concentrations of nucleobases and nucleosides (uracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyuridine, inosine, guanosine, thymidine, adenosine) in response to sustained depolarisation, using in vivo brain microdialysis technique in the rat thalamus. High-potassium solution, the glutamate agonist kainate, and the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase blocker ouabain were applied in the perfusate of microdialysis probes and induced release of various purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. All three types of depolarisation increased the level of hypoxanthine, uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine. The levels of measured deoxynucleosides (2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyuridine and thymidine) decreased or did not change, depending on the type of depolarisation. Kainate-induced changes were TTX insensitive, and ouabain-induced changes for inosine, guanosine, 2'-deoxycytidine and 2'-deoxyuridine were TTX sensitive. In contrast, TTX application without depolarisation decreased the extracellular concentrations of hypoxanthine, uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine. Our data suggest that various nucleosides may be released from cells exposed to excessive activity and, thus, support several different lines of research concerning the regulatory roles of nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dobolyi
- Research Group of Neurobiology MTA-ELTE, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Loeffler DA, LeWitt PA, Juneau PL, Camp DM, Arnold LA, Hyland K. Time-dependent effects of levodopa on regional brain dopamine metabolism and lipid peroxidation. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47:663-7. [PMID: 10078623 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease has been suggested to contribute to disease progression through free radical generation. We compared the time course of levodopa-induced dopamine metabolism, and the resulting oxidative stress, between rat brain regions with varying dopaminergic innervation. At 1, 4, 8, and 12 h after levodopa administration (100 mg/kg), dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were measured in striatum and ventral midbrain, regions containing marked dopaminergic innervation, and in prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, which possess little dopaminergic innervation. Malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was measured in additional animals. The return of dopamine and its metabolites to control concentrations tended to be slower (by 3-8 h) in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex than in dopaminergic regions. Malondialdehyde concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) in ventral midbrain 8 h posttreatment, but increased in cerebellum 12 h posttreatment. We concluded that levodopa increases dopamine metabolism in nondopaminergic as well as dopaminergic regions, with delayed clearance of dopamine and its metabolites in nondopaminergic regions. The slower return of dopamine to control levels in nondopaminergic regions may be relevant to some of the side effects of levodopa. No support was found for the hypothesis that levodopa treatment induces oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Loeffler
- Clinical Neuroscience Program, Sinai Hospital, Detroit, MI 48235, USA
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