Matched distal ulnar resection

Performance of the Aptis Distal Radioulnar Joint Implant: A Clinical Case Series Including Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Kinematic Analysis

High complication rates and surgical revision rates following Aptis implant placement have been reported in the literature. This study evaluates the performance of the Aptis implant of twelve patients using four-dimensional kinematic analysis. The (mean) follow-up was 58 months. Wrist motion, grip strength, and kinematic analysis of both arms were used to investigate possible causes of the reported complications. In nine cases (75%), the proximal to distal translation of the distal radius along the ulnar axis in the affected forearm was too little or absent. Significant correlations were found between postoperative extension and translation of the distal radius along the ulnar axis and between the radial deviation and combined error. The four-dimensional kinematic analysis suggests that the current design of the implant could lead to limited restoration of the position of the forearm rotation axis and the translation of the radius along the ulnar axis.

Wrist and Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty: Maximizing Results in Difficult Conditions

Traditional management of wrist arthritis consists of proximal row carpectomy, partial carpal fusions, or, in the event of pancarpal arthritis, total wrist fusion. Although proximal row carpectomy and partial wrist fusions preserve some motion at the wrist while relieving pain symptoms, the quality of results obtained from these procedures is not predictable or optimal in many instances. Management of hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder joints has evolved from arthrodesis to arthroplasty. The wrist joint is following the same pattern of evolution with the advent of reliable designs.

The distal radio ulnar joint: a journey of discovery and invention of the Aptis prosthesis

This article describes the journey the authors took in discovering a new distal radioulnar joint prosthesis. The beginning deals with the problems we can potentially create for patients when we blindly follow the literature without any critical thinking. By challenging the established thinking on the function of the forearm, a new way of looking at the distal radioulnar joint emerged. Through trial, error and a moment of desperation, a new solution was found that allow us to relive pain and improve function for our patients with distal radioulnar joint pathologies.

Two-Year Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Scheker Prosthesis (Aptis) Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent semiconstrained distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on a series of patients who underwent distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty with more than a 23-month follow up. The quantitative outcome variables included the visual analog scale for pain; Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score; Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE); and Mayo wrist score. The range of motion, grip strength, torque, and lifting capacity were measured at final follow up and compared with that of the nonsurgical extremity. Complications related to the prosthesis were assessed.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients (mean age 57 years) were assessed at an average 41-month follow up (23-73 months). Fifteen underwent prior hand, wrist, or elbow procedures. Four patients required 5 reoperations. The postoperative median visual analog scale pain score was 0.6 at rest and 2.1 with activity. The median postoperative DASH score was 26.7, PRWE 41, and Mayo wrist score was 65. Upon comparing the supination torque of the operative and intact sides, the operative side was found to average 87% of the intact side on a work simulator and 77% on the simulator's D-ring. Eight of 20 patients had lysis around the collar of the ulnar component (40%), as detected using radiography. Three of 21 (14%) radial plates were malpositioned, with 2 resulting in a fracture. The overall complication rate was 29%.

CONCLUSIONS

Distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty using the Scheker prosthesis demonstrated good patient pain scores and the restoration of supination strength. The collar lysis resulted in weaker supination and grip strength. Still, the patients experienced mild levels of pain and moderate disability. A moderate complication rate persisted, as reported by other authors. Accurate radial component placement is important.

TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic IV.

Hemiresection Interposition Arthroplasty of the Distal Radioulnar Joint: A Long-term Outcome Study

Background: The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with long-term patient-reported functional, pain, and satisfaction scores in patients who underwent (Bowers) hemiresection interposition technique (HIT) arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). The secondary aims were to determine the complication and reoperation rates. Methods: A retrospective study with long-term follow-up of patients undergoing HIT arthroplasty was performed. Demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics were collected for the 66 included patients. Thirty-one patients completed all surveys, which were the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), our custom-made HIT arthroplasty questionnaire, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, and NRS for satisfaction. The mean interval between surgery and follow-up by means of questionnaires was 8.6 ± 3.4 years. Results: The mean QuickDASH score was 31.0 ± 20.2. The mean score of the HIT arthroplasty questionnaire was 2 ± 2. The median NRS for pain was 1 (interquartile range [IQR], 0-3), and the median NRS for satisfaction was 9 (IQR, 8-10). The complication rate and reoperation rate were 14% and 8%, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, patients expressed satisfaction with HIT arthroplasty, despite a mean QuickDASH score of 31.0. In our cohort, patients with inflammatory arthritis had higher satisfaction and lower pain scores. Patients who had prior trauma, prior surgery, or DRUJ subluxation are generally less satisfied. Men, older patients, and posttraumatic patients had higher long-term pain scores; however, posterior interosseous nerve neurectomy is associated with improved pain scores. Our findings support the use of HIT arthroplasty in patients with inflammatory arthritis.

Long-term results of Sauvé-Kapandji procedure

The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure is an established treatment option for distal radioulnar joint dysfunction. We retrospectively analysed 36 patients following Sauvé-Kapandji procedure between 1997 and 2013. Fifteen patients were available for a follow-up after a mean of 13 years (range 6 to 23). Six patients needed revision surgery because of ulnar stump instability. Radiographs and sonography were performed to quantify the instability of the proximal ulnar stump. These showed a radioulnar convergence of 8 mm without weight and 2 mm while lifting 1 kg. Sonographically, the proximal ulnar stump dislocated by 8 mm to the volar side while applying pressure to the palm, compared with 4 mm on the contralateral side. Sonographically measured ulnar stump instability showed a positive strong correlation with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and Patient-Reported Wrist Evaluations and a negative strong correlation with grip strength and supination torque. Because of the high incidence of revision surgery due to instability of the proximal ulnar stump, we restrict the use of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure only to very selected cases.Level of evidence: IV.

Preliminary Report of Arthroscopically Assisted Sauvé-Kapandji Procedure for Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthritis

Background  The arthroscopically assisted Sauvé-Kapandji (S-K) procedure has been described as a safe and promising technique for distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthrodesis. Our purpose was to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the arthroscopically assisted S-K procedure. Methods  Eight patients underwent an arthroscopically assisted S-K procedure. All patients were diagnosed as DRUJ osteoarthritis (OA), including six primary DRUJ OA, one OA following a distal radius fracture, and one rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthroscopy was performed in neutral forearm rotation with vertical traction. The surface of the DRUJ was debrided through arthroscopy to expose the subchondral surface, and the DRUJ was fixed with a cannulated screw and Kirschner wire (K-wire) with zero or minus ulnar variance in the same posture. Bone graft was not performed. Results  Bone union was achieved at 2 to 3.5 months postoperatively. At an average of 17-month follow-up, the pain intensity on 10-point numerical rating scale (NRS) decreased from 10 preoperatively to 0.4 postoperatively, average range of pronation significantly improved from 77 degrees to 89 degrees, and average grip strength as a percentage of contralateral side improved from 76 to 104%. Conclusion  Satisfactory outcomes were achieved with the arthroscopically assisted S-K procedure. Advantages of this procedure included the ability to achieve union without bone grafting, preservation of the extensor mechanism integrity, and easy reduction of the ulnar head due to its wrist positioning. No major complications were encountered. Disadvantages included its required use of arthroscopic technique and potential contraindication for cases with severe deformity at the sigmoid notch. Level of Evidence  This is a Level IV, therapeutic study.

Distal Radioulnar Joint Osteoarthritis: An Update on Treatment Options

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), the articulation between the sigmoid notch of the radius and the distal ulna, plays a pivotal role in stability and load bearing and allows for pronation and supination of the forearm. Osteoarthritis (OA) of the DRUJ commonly occurs due to distal radius trauma but may also be the result of conditions such as joint instability, septic arthritis, or primary OA. It is initially managed with conservative therapy, but surgery is often considered when nonoperative methods fail. The surgical approaches available to treat this pathology have grown over the years. The procedures have generally favorable outcomes, each with their own unique complications and considerations. This paper comprises a review of the outcomes and complications for the different procedures commonly used to surgically treat DRUJ OA.

Modification of matched distal ulnar resection for distal radio-ulnar joint arthropathy: Analysis of distal instability and radio-ulnar convergence

BACKGROUND

In palliative surgery on the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ), ulnar head resection and the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure are often followed by instability and radio-ulnar convergence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of the DRUJ after modified matched distal ulnar resection performed alone or with partial or complete wrist arthrodesis.

HYPOTHESIS

A modification of matched distal ulnar resection, consisting in reconstruction of the sixth compartment and dorsalisation of the extensor carpi ulnaris, minimises these complications, regardless of the cause and associated procedures.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A single-centre retrospective study was conducted in 46 patients (50 wrists) who underwent modified matched distal ulnar resection. The 50 wrists fell into three groups: total wrist arthrodesis according to Millender, n=21 (TWA group); radius to proximal row arthrodesis, n=17 (RPRA group); and isolated matched distal ulnar resection, n=12 (IMDUR group). Seventy per cent of patients had rheumatoid arthritis. Each patient underwent a clinical and radiographic assessment, with an analysis of radio-ulnar convergence, DRUJ stability, and ulno-carpal impingement, as well as of ulnar translation of the carpus in the IMDUR group.

RESULTS

After the mean follow-up of 8.2±5.4 years, 62% of patients were pain-free, with a mean VAS pain score of 1.3±2.1, and 90% of patients said they would have the procedure again. Clinical and radiographic instability due to excessively proximal resection was noted in 2 (4%) wrists, of which 1 required repeat surgery. Ulno-carpal impingement due to excessively distal resection occurred in 2 (4%) wrists. No significant ulnar translation of the carpus was noted in the IMDUR group (DiBenedetto: 0.011±1.9). Range of motion was similar in the three groups (mean pronation=77±17°; and mean supination=79±8°) (p>0.05). Mean grip strength was 85±35% compared to the other side.

DISCUSSION

Our modification of matched distal ulnar resection minimises the complications specific of other ulnar head resection techniques or of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure, namely, radio-ulnar convergence and DRUJ instability.

LEVEL OF PROOF

IV; retrospective comparative study.

Complications of Semiconstrained Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty

PURPOSE

The Aptis total distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) prosthesis is a semiconstrained implant designed for treatment of DRUJ arthritis and instability. The purpose of this study was to analyze short-term complications of this device.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing semiconstrained DRUJ arthroplasty from 2007 to 2015 at a single institution. Records were analyzed for complications and the need for subsequent surgical procedures.

RESULTS

Two senior hand surgeons at one institution performed 52 semiconstrained DRUJ arthroplasties over 8 years. Nineteen complications necessitating operative management occurred in 15 patients (29%). A total of 26 procedures were undertaken to address these complications. Complications included 4 periprosthetic fractures, 3 infections, 2 instances of aseptic loosening, 2 implant component failures, 1 instance of screw loosening, 3 neuromas requiring neurectomy, 2 instances of finger stiffness necessitating extensor tenolysis, and 2 cases of heterotopic ossification at the DRUJ. Three of the 52 implants were revised (6%) and 2 were explanted (4%); 3 of these (6%) were caused by deep infection.

CONCLUSIONS

There is limited literature on outcomes of the semiconstrained DRUJ prosthesis. Prior studies reported low complication rates, with 0% to 5% revisions. In the current clinical series, 29% of patients required further surgery for complications, the most common reasons for which were periprosthetic fracture and infection.

TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic IV.

The Oblique Metaphyseal Shortening Osteotomy of the Distal Ulna: Surgical Technique and Results of Ten Patients

Background Ulnocarpal abutment is a common condition following distal radius fractures. There are different surgical methods of treatment for this pathology: open and arthroscopic wafer procedure or an ulnar shortening osteotomy. We describe an oblique metaphyseal shortening osteotomy of the distal ulna using two cannulated headless compression screws. We report the results of 10 patients treated with this method. Materials and Methods Out of 17 patients, 10 could be reviewed retrospectively for this study. Patient-rated outcomes were measured using the VAS (visual analogue scale) for pain, PRWHE (patient-rated wrist and hand evaluation) survey, and Quick-DASH (disability of arm, shoulder and hand) survey for functional outcomes. At the review we measured the range of motion (ROM) of the wrist (extension and flexion, ulnar and radial deviation, pronation and supination). Grip strength, pronation, and supination strength of the forearm was measured using a calibrated hydraulic dynamometer. ROM and strength of the affected wrist was compared with ROM and strength of the unaffected wrist. Surgical Procedure Oblique long metaphyseal osteotomy of the distal ulna (from proximal-ulnar to distal-radial), fixed with two cannulated headless compression screws. Results The average postoperative VAS score for pain was 23.71 (standard deviation [SD] of 30.41). The average postoperative PRWHE score was 32.55 (SD of 26.28). The average postoperative Quick-DASH score was 28.65 (SD of 27.21). The majority of patients had a comparable ROM and strength between the operated side and the non-operated side. Conclusion This surgical technique has the advantage of reducing the amount of hardware and to decrease the potential hinder caused by it on medium term. Moreover, the incision remains smaller, and the anatomic metaphyseal localization of the osteotomy potentially allows a better and rapid healing.

Suture Anchor Repair of Ulnar-Sided Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears

Traditional open repair of traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears requires a relatively extensive exposure, and arthroscopic repair, though conceptually simple, can be technically demanding. We describe a mini-open suture anchor technique that, while minimally invasive, is easier to perform than previously described open or arthroscopic techniques. Results achieved using this technique in eight cases compare favourably with those reported for other techniques.

Midterm Results of Semiconstrained Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthroplasty and Analysis of Complications

Range of motion and stability are important outcome parameters to assess function of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), in particular pronation, supination, and weight-lifting capacity. The DRUJ semiconstrained implant developed by Scheker et al is intended to reproduce all the functions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex and the DRUJ. The aim of the study was to investigate the subjective, clinical, and radiographic results in 10 patients after primary implantation of the semiconstrained DRUJ arthroplasty following DRUJ derangement and painful instability, with an average follow-up of 3 years with a special focus on the complications. Standardized preoperative and postoperative evaluation included assessment of pain by a visual analog scale, radiographic examination, range of motion measurements, lifting capacity, and grip strength. The patient-perceived function was investigated using clinical score charts. Compared with the preoperative status, range of motion showed little change, while grip strength, lifting capacity, pain score, and patient-perceived functions improved significantly. One patient developed an ulna stem loosening, while two patients had to be reoperated because of an irritation of the extensor tendons and the superficial radial nerve at the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. In this study, arthroplasty of the DRUJ using the semiconstrained DRUJ arthroplasty was found to result in satisfactory outcome. Level of evidence: Level IV.

The Sauve–Kapandji Procedure and the Darrach Procedure for Distal Radio–Ulnar Joint Dysfunction after Colles’ Fracture

This retrospective study evaluated the results of the Darrach procedure and the Sauve–Kapandji procedure for the treatment of distal radio–ulnar joint derangement following malunion of dorsally displaced, unstable, intraarticular fractures of the distal radius in patients under 50 years of age. Twelve of 18 possible patients in the Sauve–Kapandji group completed the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand survey at a mean of 4 years postoperatively and nine of the 18 returned for a follow-up examination at a mean of 2 years. Twenty-one of 30 possible patients in the Darrach group completed the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand survey at a mean of 6 years postoperatively and 13 of these 30 returned for follow-up examination at a mean of 4 years. The Darrach procedure and the Sauve–Kapandji procedure yielded comparable and unpredictable results with respect to both subjective and objective parameters.

The Radiological Demonstration of Dynamic Ulnar Impingement

The diagnosis of ulnar impingement is often missed because of a low index of clinical suspicion. Furthermore there has been no investigation that will demonstrate it. Most commonly impingement is seen as a complication of surgical procedures involving resection of all or part of the distal ulna, with or without resection or arthrodesis of the distal radioulnar joint. We demonstrate a simple radiological investigation that clearly confirms the diagnosis.

Salvage Procedures for Distal Radioulnar Joint Complications

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) allows forearm rotation and load transmission across the wrist. Post-traumatic and degenerative joint disease of DRUJ may cause pain and disability. Deficiency of the soft tissue or bony supports may result in DRUJ instability. Various techniques have been developed to address arthritis and / or instability of the DRUJ. A comprehensive review of the spectrum of surgical techniques and arthroplasty options is presented. The concepts of these procedures are discussed in detail, with a focus on special points of interest to optimise outcomes and to avoid complications. The salvage of the complications of arthroplasties is also presented in detail.

Artrosis de la articulación radiocubital distal

La articulación radiocubital distal (ARCD) es una de las articulaciones que más ha sido estudiada en los últimos años debido a su relevancia en la funcionalidad de la muñeca y del miembro superior en su conjunto. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de su patología supone un interesante reto para el cirujano de mano, especialmente la degeneración artrósica.

El tratamiento de la artrosis de la ARCD puede ser conservador o quirúrgico. El objetivo del tratamiento conservador es la disminución del dolor y la optimización de la función articular hasta que la cirugía se hace inevitable. Con respecto al tratamiento quirúrgico, se han descrito multitud de procedimientos diferentes que reflejan la variedad del espectro patológico de la ARCD. El mejor conocimiento de la anatomía y la biomecánica de la ARCD y los avances en la tecnología han convertido al reemplazo protésico en la tendencia actual para el tratamiento de la artrosis de la ARCD.

En este artículo, tratamos el diagnóstico y las opciones terapéuticas relativas a la artrosis de esta articulación de la fosa sigmoidea del radio y el cúbito distal basados en nuestra experiencia y en la revisión de la literatura actual.

The biomechanical stability of salvage procedures for distal radioulnar joint arthritis

PURPOSE

To test distal forearm stability after 3 surgical procedures for distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthritis.

METHODS

We tested 11 cadaver limbs with the DRUJ intact, after distal ulna-matched hemiresection, after Darrach distal ulna resection, and after unlinked total DRUJ arthroplasty. We evaluated distal forearm stability in neutral rotation, full pronation, and full supination in unweighted and 1-kg-weighted conditions. We measured dorsal/palmar translation and convergence/divergence of the distal radius relative to the ulna.

RESULTS

Under neutral rotation, whether weighted or unweighted, matched hemiresection and Darrach specimens demonstrated significant radioulnar convergence relative to intact specimens. Weighted and unweighted, DRUJ arthroplasty demonstrated similar radioulnar convergence to intact. Weighted and unweighted, only Darrach specimens showed significant radius-palmar translation compared with intact, hemiresected, and DRUJ arthroplasty. In pronation, no testing scenario, either weighted or unweighted, demonstrated statistically significant radioulnar convergence relative to intact state. In unweighted pronation, palmar translation of the radius was significantly different from the intact state for all surgical scenarios and the Darrach was significantly worse than the other procedures. In weighted pronation, palmar translation of the radius was significantly different from the intact state for all surgical scenarios and the matched hemiresection was significantly better than the other procedures. In supination, weighted and unweighted, Darrach specimens had significant radioulnar convergence relative to intact. Either weighted or unweighted, the hemiresection and arthroplasty groups demonstrated similar radioulnar convergence relative to intact. Unweighted, all scenarios demonstrated similar dorsal translation of the radius. Weighted, the Darrach group showed significant radius-dorsal translation relative to intact specimens.

CONCLUSIONS

For tested procedures, DRUJ arthroplasty overall was biomechanically superior to the other conditions except that we found greater stability in the hemiresected group in weighted pronation.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Knowledge of baseline biomechanical characteristics of DRUJ arthritis procedures will aid surgical decision-making and patient counseling.

Modified Sauvé-Kapandji procedure for rheumatoid wrists: a long-term study with a minimum follow-up of 5 years

OBJECTIVES

We performed a modified Sauvé-Kapandji procedure for treating disorders of distal radioulnar joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This procedure involves resecting the distal part of the ulna, rotating the resected portion by 90° and fixating it with the distal part of the radius for shelf plasty. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical and radiographic outcomes of this procedure with more than 5 years' follow-up.

METHODS

We studied 32 wrists of 27 RA patients with the mean follow-up of 93.1 months after operation. Pain, grip strength and range of motion of the wrist were examined clinically, while two indices for evaluation of ulnar and palmar translation of the carpus, carpal translation index and palmar carpal subluxation ratio were calculated on radiographs.

RESULTS

The wrist pain reduced in all cases. Range of motion increased significantly regarding pronation and supination but decreased significantly regarding flexion. Change in grip power was not significant. No significant differences were recognized between radiographic indices, suggesting carpal alignment was maintained well throughout the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

We think this procedure could be applied for distal radioulnar joint disorders in RA patients with promising clinical as well as radiographic outcomes over a long period.

Long-term results of simple hemiresection arthroplasty in the rheumatoid distal radio-ulnar joint

We retrospectively studied the radiological and clinical results of a simple hemiresection arthroplasty, a modification of previous oblique distal ulnar resections, in 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (68 wrists) over a mean follow-up of 103 (range 60-173) months. Fourteen wrists (20%) became fused at the radiocarpal joint and 28 wrists fused (41%) at the midcarpal joints during follow-up. Severe ulnar translocation of the carpus was observed in two wrists (3%), radio-ulnar convergence in five wrists (7%), as well as a significant decrease of carpal height ratio, without any radiological findings of stylocarpal impingement. Improvements in forearm pronation and supination, and reduction in pain were maintained at the last follow-up. Grip strength was not significantly improved. The Jebsen-Taylor hand function test showed improvements in writing, card turning, and simulated feeding. Fifty-two patients (58 wrists, 85%) were satisfied with the results at the last follow-up. Simple hemiresection arthroplasty showed good long-term results with few complications.

Constrained implant arthroplasty as a secondary procedure at the distal radioulnar joint: early outcomes

PURPOSE

To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes for the Scheker total joint endoprosthesis when used for previously failed surgeries of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).

METHODS

Eight patients with DRUJ derangement with painful instability and 1 patient with DRUJ synostosis received a Scheker DRUJ total joint endoprosthesis between 2006 and 2010. All patients had at least 1 procedure previously performed on the distal ulna (mean, 3.6 procedures). The follow-up time was on average 3.7 years (range, 2-5 y). Standardized preoperative and postoperative assessments included radiographic examination, evaluation of pain by a visual analog scale, and measurements of range of motion and grip strength. We evaluated patient-perceived function with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire.

RESULTS

There was significant improvement in pain and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores. Grip strength was improved but not significantly. Range of motion was not impaired. We encountered no major complications. Radiographic evaluation showed bone resorption at the distal ulna for most patients and at the tip of a screw in 1 patient, but we found no evidence of implant loosening.

CONCLUSIONS

Our short-term results in a limited patient series show that in selected cases, the Scheker total joint endoprosthesis is a safe and efficient treatment option for previously failed surgeries of the DRUJ.

TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic IV.

Implant arthroplasty for treatment of ulnar head resection-related instability

Resection of the ulnar head in cases of debilitating pain owing to arthrosis of the distal radioulnar joint can provide satisfying relief. However, there is mounting evidence that pain with heavier use, instability, and torque-generating weakness in more active individuals may result in less satisfying outcomes. Implant arthroplasty can provide a means to stabilize the radius to the ulna after ulnar head resection, but it requires significant attention to requisite soft tissue stabilization and alignment of the distal radius to the implant to be successful.

Ulnar head replacement and related biomechanics

A stable distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is mandatory for the function and load transmission in the wrist and forearm. Resectional salvage procedures such as the Darrach procedure, Bowers arthroplasty, and Sauvé-Kapandji procedure include the potential risk of radioulnar instability and impingement, which can lead to pain and weakness. Soft tissue stabilizing techniques have only limited success rates in solving these problems. In an attempt to stabilize the distal forearm mechanically following ulnar head resection, various endoprostheses have been developed to replace the ulnar head. The prostheses can be used for secondary treatment of failed ulnar head resection, but they can also achieve good results in the primary treatment of osteoarthritis of the DRUJ. Our experience consists of twenty-five patients (follow-up 30 months) with DRUJ osteoarthritis who were treated with an ulnar head prosthesis, with improvement in pain, range of motion, and grip strength. An ulnar head prosthesis should be considered as a treatment option for a painful DRUJ.

History and design considerations for arthroplasty around the wrist

The history and evolution of both soft tissue and implant arthroplasty about the wrist are discussed, including carpometacarpal, radiocarpal, and distal radioulnar joints. Technical considerations for arthroplasty are reviewed, including factors affecting implant osseointegration, implant articulation/constraint, and management of complications.

Prosthetic arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint: historical perspective and 24-year follow-up

This is a report of the first prosthetic hemiarthroplasty and full arthroplasty, designed and implanted for the distal radioulnar joint in 1988. Two case reports are presented, with follow-up of 24 years. Experience and problems in the design of both a hemiarthroplasty and total prosthetic arthroplasty are described, in the hope that future developments may avoid past failures.

[Treatment of distal radioulnar joint osteoarthritis]

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) plays a key role in stable forearm rotation. The main stabilizer of the DRUJ is the triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC). If the integrity of the DRUJ is disturbed, commonly after distal radius fractures, osteoarthritis may develop. For the surgical treatment of osteoarthritis, different techniques are available and in most cases salvage procedures (Darrach, Bowers and Sauvé-Kapandji operations) are performed which generally promise reasonable results but include the potential risk of radioulnar instability which can lead to pain and weakness. Soft tissue stabilizing techniques have only limited success rates. In an attempt to mechanically stabilize the distal forearm following ulnar head resection various endoprostheses have been developed to replace the ulnar head. The prostheses can be used for the secondary treatment of failed ulnar head resection but can also achieve good results in the primary treatment of osteoarthritis of the DRUJ.

Distal ulna arthroplasties

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is the distal link between the radius and the ulna, and forms a pivot for forearm pronation and supination. As well as being susceptible to idiopathic arthritis, any injury or deformity of the DRUJ involving the radius or ulna can alter the function of this joint. Treatment options for irreparable destruction of this joint have ranged from fusion of the DRUJ joint to a variety of excision techniques with soft-tissue reconstructions, and are ever evolving. Understanding the distal ulnar anatomy is key to success.

History and evolution of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure

Arthrodesis of the distal radioulnar joint combined with the creation of a pseudarthrosis of the distal ulna is frequently referred to as the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure. This eponym is based on the 1936 report by Sauvé and Kapandji, which is believed to be the first report of this innovative technique. There has been some controversy regarding the origin of this procedure, with similar techniques described by Berry in 1930 and Steindler in 1932. This article examines the evolution of the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure and sheds light on the lives of James Allan Berry, Arthur Steindler, Louis de Gonzague Sauvé, and Mehmed Kapandji.

Preliminary experience with a new total distal radioulnar joint replacement

This study reports the intermediate-term results of four patients from a series eight patients who have had an insertion of a new complete distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) prosthesis. A retrospective review was performed for all patients who underwent DRUJ joint replacement with the STABILITY Sigmoid Notch Total DRUJ System between the years of 2003 and 2008. To be included in this report, all patients had to have more than 24 months of follow-up and hand examination by the senior author. From the eight patients with this procedure, four patients met the inclusion criteria. These included one patient with painful posttraumatic arthritis, two patients with failed hemiarthroplasty, and one patient with a failed Sauvé-Kapandji procedure. Mean age at the time of surgery was 42.5 years (range: 35 to 51 years) and mean follow-up was 46 months (range: 36 to 66 months). Preoperative and postoperative assessment included range of motion, grip strength, visual analog pain scale, patient satisfaction, and radiographic evaluation. There was a successful replacement of the DRUJ in all four patients. Final range of motion showed mean pronation of 80 degrees (range: 60 to 90 degrees) and mean supination of 64 degrees (range: 45 to 90 degrees). Final grip strength on the operated extremity was 25.5 kg and averaged 73% of contralateral side. This was an improvement from preoperative grip strength of 14.5 kg visual analog pain scale decreased from 8 to 2.5 following surgery (scale: 1 to 10). Patient satisfaction was 100%. One patient returned to manual labor, one patient returned to office work, and two patients remained off work. Postoperative radiographs depict appropriate alignment of the DRUJ, and there have been no cases of subluxation or dislocation. Implant survival has been 100%. Total DRUJ joint replacement with sigmoid notch resurfacing and distal ulna replacement is an alternative to ulnar head resection in cases of DRUJ arthritis. Total DRUJ arthroplasty with this resurfacing design may provide a means of decreasing pain and restoring DRUJ stability and motion following severe trauma, failed hemiarthroplasty, or failed Sauvé-Kapandji procedure. More experience is needed with this implant to confirm these initial encouraging results. The level of evidence for this study is IV (therapeutic, case series).

MODIFIED MATCHED ULNAR RESECTION FOR ARTHROSIS OF DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

The pain of distal radioulnar arthrosis in rheumatoid patients is often due to disease largely confined to the radioulnar rather than the ulnocarpal articulation. This is a retrospective study of 14 patients (14 wrists) who underwent selective shaving of the radial articulation of the ulnar head leaving the ulnocarpal articulation intact. The ulnar head is reduced to the circumference of its shaft and a dorsal retinacular flap is interposed between it and the distal radius. Average age of the patients and follow-up were 63.5 years and 31 months, respectively. All patients had rheumatoid arthritis. Pain improved in 14 out of 15 wrists. Overall results were 67% good to excellent and 33% fair based on the modified Mayo's wrist score. This novel procedure for DRUJ arthrosis produces predictable pain relief in low demand rheumatoid patient.

Long term results of matched hemiresection interposition arthroplasty for DRUJ arthritis in rheumatoid patients

INTRODUCTION

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is commonly affected in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with significant functional morbidity. The aim of our study is to review our results with matched hemi-resection interposition arthroplasty in patients with DRUJ arthritis.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of 39 patients with 51 wrists that were treated at Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2007. All patients underwent matched hemi-resection interposition arthroplasty and dorsal wrist synovectomy. Long arm hinged elbow brace was used for three weeks followed by intensive rehabilitation up to twelve weeks. The indicators of outcome included range of motion assessment, pain, wrist stiffness, grip of strength and need for revision assessed during follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed with student t-test.

RESULTS

The average age of patients was 50.5 years (25 to 77 years) and there was a 35:4 female to male ratio. The average follow up was 4.5 years ranging from 1 to 18 years. Associated extensor tendon ruptures were found in 31.4% patients. The average increase in supination was from 73 degrees preoperatively to 81 degrees at long term follow up (p = 0.10 at 1 year and 0.13 at long term follow-up). The average increase in pronation was from 68 degrees preoperatively to 74 degrees on long term follow up (p = 0.57 at 1 year and 0.02 at long term follow-up). There was evidence of painless, relatively stiff but functional wrist in 37.25% of patients. There was an increase in grip strength from an average of 6.1 kilogram force preoperatively to an average of 11.5 kilogram force at follow-up (p = 0.004 at 1 year and 0.15 at long term follow-up). Complete relief of ulnar sided pain was seen in 43 wrists (84%), partial relief was seen in 7 wrists (13.7%) and no relief was found in one wrist (1.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

DRUJ arthroplasty is a rewarding procedure and most of the patients obtain pain free movement.

Biomechanical evaluation of the dynamic radioulnar convergence after ulnar head resection, two soft tissue stabilization methods of the distal ulna and ulnar head prosthesis implantation

INTRODUCTION

The biomechanical performance of the Darrach procedure, its stabilizing methods and the effectiveness of an ulnar head prosthesis was evaluated in this experiment.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to: (1) analyze the dynamic effects of the resection of the distal ulna on radioulnar convergence; and (2) evaluate the mechanical performance of two soft tissue stabilizing procedures (pronator quadratus advancement flap and ECU/FCU tenodesis) for the unstable distal ulnar stump and the implantation of an ulnar head prosthesis (uHead) following a distal ulnar resection (Darrach procedure) on radioulnar convergence.

METHOD

With a dynamic PC-controlled forearm simulator, cadaveric forearm rotation was actively and passively performed while simultaneously loading the relevant muscles. The resultant total forearm torque and the three-dimensional kinematics of the ulna, radius and third metacarpal were simultaneously recorded in seven fresh-frozen cadaver upper extremities.

RESULTS

The resection of the distal ulna created an extreme instability of the forearm with movement of the radius toward the ulna (0.92-0.38 cm compared to the intact state) in each particular loading condition. The implantation of the ulnar head prosthesis effectively restored the stability of the DRUJ by simulating the geometry of the ulnar head. There were significantly better results after the implantation of the prosthesis compared with the Darrach and the soft tissue stabilization procedures.

CONCLUSION

This study provides laboratory validity to the option of implanting an ulnar head endoprosthesis as an attempt to stabilize the distal forearm with instability after Darrach resection in lieu of performing soft tissue stabilization techniques.

The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure: indications and tips for surgical success

Arthrodesis is the most reliable and durable surgical procedure for the treatment of a joint disorder, with the main disadvantage of loss of motion of the fused joint. The distal radioulnar joint can be arthrodesed, while forearm pronation and supination are maintained or even improved by creating a pseudoarthrosis of the ulna just proximal to the arthrodesis. This is known as the Sauvé-Kapandji procedure. This procedure is not void of possible complications, such as nonunion or delayed union of the arthrodesis, fibrous or osseous union at the pseudoarthrosis, and painful instability at the proximal ulna stump. All of these can be prevented if a careful surgical technique is used.

Ulnar impaction

Ulnar impaction syndrome is a common source of ulnar-sided wrist pain. It is a degenerative condition that occurs secondary to excessive load across the ulnocarpal joint, resulting in a spectrum of pathologic changes and symptoms. It may occur in any wrist but is usually associated with positive ulnar variance, whether congenital or acquired. The diagnosis of ulnar impaction syndrome is made by clinical examination and is supported by radiographic studies. Surgery is indicated if nonoperative treatment fails. Although a number of alternatives exist, the 2 primary surgical options are ulnar-shortening osteotomy or partial resection of the distal dome of the ulna (wafer procedure). This article discusses the etiology of ulnar impaction syndrome, and its diagnosis and treatment.

Long-term outcome of distal ulna resection-stabilisation procedures in post-traumatic radio-ulnar joint disorders

INTRODUCTION

Distal radius fractures represent 20% of fractures in adults. Although good results are usually obtained with treatment, functional sequelae are not uncommon, with injury of the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) being the most frequent. Various treatments have been described to address these disorders. Distal ulna resection-stabilisation (DURS) is our technique of choice when preservation of the DRUJ is impossible.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

Twenty patients operated between 1985 and 1996 were reviewed with minimum 6-year follow-up. Nine of them were men and 11 were women, with an average age 45 years. The initial trauma was a distal radius fracture in all cases. The main complaint was ulnar pain with no limitation of mobility in five patients, painful limitation of prono-supination in 14, and palmar subluxation of the ulna in one case. Radiographic evaluation and CT scan showed DRUJ incongruence in 14 patients with ulna head instability, and ulno-carpal abutment with degenerative changes at the DRUJ in six cases. In three patients, malunion of the distal radius was associated with degenerative DRUJ lesions.

RESULTS

The satisfaction rate was 95% at an average follow-up of 11 years (range 6.7 to 18.6 years). Pain scores decreased progressively from 2.2 to 0.5 post-operatively. Range of motion improved in supination from 37 degrees to 80 degrees , and in pronation from 66 degrees to 84 degrees . Improvements were 15 degrees in ulnar inclination, 9 degrees in radial inclination, 16 degrees in flexion, and 23 degrees in extension. Distal ulna palpation was not painful, and no instability was observed on movement. Wrist strength was equivalent to 80.8% of the healthy contra-lateral side. Radiographic results showed no anomaly of the resected ulna, no sign of abutment on the radius and no ulnar translation of the carpus at follow-up. Only one patient, who presented algoneurodystrophic syndrome after the initial trauma, had a recurrence after DURS.

DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION

DRUJ injuries are frequent in the context of wrist trauma. If not well-treated, they could lead to significant functional sequelae of the wrist. Radiographic evaluation should clarify the status of the DRUJ to choose between conservative or radical surgical treatment. If the DRUJ surfaces are preserved, conservative treatment, which consists of correcting the distal radius malunion and stabilising or shortening the ulna, is the treatment of choice. When the DRUJ surfaces are injured, DURS is our treatment of choice. This approach presents a low complication rate and more than 90% of satisfactory results, often with a pain-free wrist, functional range of motion and good strength. However, a rigorous technique, with limited ulna head resection, dorsal capsuloplasty, reconstruction of the extensor retinaculum and dorsal placement of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon, is a prerequisite for success.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV retrospective therapeutic study.

Distal radius instability and stiffness: common complications of distal radius fractures

Emphasis in the literature over the past hundred years regarding distal radius fracture management has been on restoration of anatomic radio-carpal alignment. Until the two most recent decades, little emphasis has been placed on the great morbidity and compromise to upper limb function associated with distal radio-ulna joint (DRUJ) pathology occurring with fractures of the distal radius. This article emphasizes that attention to restoration of anatomy of the DRUJ should be considered at least as important as that given to the radio-carpal relationship. This article also points out how stiffness of forearm rotation can result from a well-treated distal radius fracture and how this complication can be treated to restore healthy upper limb function.

Management of post-traumatic malunion of fractures of the distal radius

Distal radius malunions are a common cause of patient morbidity. This review of the literature surrounding distal radius malunion covers the demographics, pathologic anatomy, and indications for surgery, surgical techniques, and salvage options. Particular emphasis is placed on subject areas that have not been reviewed as extensively in previous articles, including: intra-articular malunion, computer-assisted techniques, bone graft alternatives, and volar fixed-angle plate osteosynthesis.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain. II. Clinical imaging and treatment

Pain at the ulnar aspect of the wrist is a diagnostic challenge for hand surgeons and radiologists due to the small and complex anatomical structures involved. In this article, imaging modalities including radiography, arthrography, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), CT arthrography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR arthrography are compared with regard to differential diagnosis. Clinical imaging findings are reviewed for a more comprehensive understanding of this disorder. Treatments for the common diseases that cause the ulnar-sided wrist pain including extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendonitis, flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendonitis, pisotriquetral arthritis, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions, ulnar impaction, lunotriquetral (LT) instability, and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability are reviewed.

Ulnar head implant arthroplasty: an intermediate term review of 1 surgeon's experience

Ulnar head arthroplasty has been an emerging alternative for salvage of resection arthroplasty at the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) since the early 1990s. Recently, it has been offered for initially treating painful arthrosis or instability of the DRUJ. This follow-up study reports a surgeon's experience treating DRUJ disorders with ulnar head arthroplasty. Twenty-two wrists in 20 patients (11 females, 9 males), 6 with no prior wrist procedures were treated between 1995 and 2006 for painful DRUJ disorders with either Herbert-Martin (Martin Medizin-Technik, Tuttingen, Germany) or Avanta (Small Bone Innovations, New York, NY) head prosthesis. Follow-up averaged 54.3 months. A standardized telephone survey determined preoperative /postoperative verbal analog pain scores and a modified Mayo Wrist Score (delineating poor, fair, good, or excellent outcomes). Data suggest that ulnar head implant arthroplasty is a reasonable treatment option for DRUJ-related pain, loss of function, or salvage of failed distal ulna resection procedures. The analog pain score statistically significant decreased by 1.68 points when comparing preoperative to postoperative scores. Average Modified Mayo Wrist Scores were good, independent of whether the procedure was primary or salvaged. No significant difference was seen between the primary or salvage group modified Mayo Wrist Scores. Whereas averaged modified Mayo scores for both the primary and salvage groups were in the good category, prostheses used as primary procedures may be associated with fewer poor or fair outcomes. Two good and 1 excellent outcome of 3 wrists requiring revision procedures suggest that even with revision of the implant arthroplasty, satisfactory results may be expected.

Radioulnar convergence after distal ulnar resectionMechanical performance of two commonly used soft tissue stabilizing procedures

Resection of the distal ulna (Darrach operation) is a common method for salvaging the arthrotic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). However, problems have been reported with this procedure due to residual instability and radioulnar convergence. As a result, several methods of soft tissue stabilization for the unstable distal ulna have been developed. Although their clinical efficacy has been reported, biomechanical investigations of these procedures have not been reported. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the dynamic effects on radioulnar convergence and dorsal-palmar displacement of three procedures: the Darrach procedure, a pronator quadratus interposition flap and an extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris tenodesis. We tested 7 fresh-frozen cadaver upper extremities using a dynamic computer-controlled device that generated forearm rotation with physiologic loading of relevant muscles. Displacement data concerning the ulna relative to the radius through the range of forearm rotation was collected for 4 experimental conditions: intact, distal ulna resection alone, distal ulna resection with pronator quadratus interposition and distal ulna resection with extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris tenodesis. Distal ulna resection altered the kinematics, most predictably creating a convergence of the radius towards the ulna. Anteroposterior translations in each loading condition could be detected as well. The interposition of the pronator quadratus muscle or tenodesis with the extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris tendons did not reduce the radioulnar convergence created by resection of the distal ulna.

Functional outcomes after arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint and hand therapy: a case series

The purpose was to present a therapy protocol for use after implantation of an ulnar head endoprosthesis and to describe the functional outcomes after hand therapy. This is a retrospective review of a series of eight patients treated with a specified therapy protocol after ulnar head resection and implant arthroplasty. Marked improvements in pain and function were reported, though some pain with exertion remained. Two patients were on worker's compensation and both have returned to their premorbid work status. Functional use of the extremity was achieved by two to six weeks, with a mean of four weeks. Maximum medical improvement with good-to-excellent early results was achieved in all patients by 16 weeks. It is our experience that with this directed therapy protocol patients undergoing this procedure experience rapid recovery and an ability to return to activities of daily living in a timely manner. This paper provides a baseline protocol and rationale for use with patients who have undergone surgery with an ulnar head endoprosthesis.

Stabilization of the proximal ulnar stump after the Darrach or Sauvé-Kapandji procedure by using the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon

The Darrach and Sauvé-Kapandji procedures are considered to be useful treatment options for distal radioulnar joint disorders. Postoperative instability of the proximal ulnar stump and radioulnar convergence, however, may cause further symptoms. From October 1999 to May 2002, a total of 19 wrists in 15 men and four women, with an average age of 48.3 years, were treated by stabilizing the proximal ulnar stump with a half-slip of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon using modified Darrach and Sauvé-Kapandji procedures. The average follow-up period was 77 months (range, 62 to 91 months). No patient complained of symptoms due to instability of the proximal ulnar stump. Grip strength improved in all wrists after surgery. Postoperative X-rays, including loading X-rays, showed improved alignment in both coronal and lateral planes. We concluded that stabilization of the proximal ulnar stump with ECU tenodesis is an effective procedure for treating distal radioulnar joint disorder after the Darrach and Sauvé-Kapandji procedures.

Implant arthroplasty for the distal radioulnar joint

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a weight-bearing joint; the ulnar head is frequently excised either totally or partially and in some cases is fused because of degenerative, rheumatoid, or posttraumatic arthritis and treated with a "salvage procedure." The result of these procedures is the inability of those patients to lift even minor weight. Articles about these procedures report the ability to pronate and supinate, but they rarely discuss grip strength or lifting capacity. We present an alternative to the salvage procedures that allows full range of motions as well as the ability to grip and lift weights encountered in daily living, such as a gallon of milk. The Aptis total DRUJ replacement prosthesis (Aptis Medical, Louisville, KY), a bipolar self-stabilizing DRUJ endoprosthesis, restores the forearm function. The technique of implantation is presented here.

Resection of comminuted ulna head fragments with soft tissue reconstruction when associated with distal radius fractures

Acute management of fractures involving the head and neck of the distal ulna associated with comminuted unstable fractures of the distal radius remains difficult and controversial. Fifteen consecutive such cases treated with combined external and internal fixation together with primary resection of comminuted distal ulna fracture fragments and reconstruction of the periosteal sleeve and triangular fibrocartilaginous complex are reviewed. At an average follow-up of 5.8 years, all patients were assessed for range of motion, strength, pain and function, and radiographic appearance. All had a range of motion postoperatively of at least 85% of the opposite wrist in all planes. Average grip strength was 88.6% of the contralateral wrist. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated no evidence of instability in any plane. There were no cases of subluxation of the distal ulna nor collapse of the ulnar side of the carpus. Those 7 patients studied arthrographically demonstrated an intact "water-tight" ulna-sided soft tissue sling, and all distal radius fractures healed primarily.

A study of functional outcomes following implantation of a total distal radioulnar joint prosthesis

This paper reports a long-term follow-up measuring pain, range of motion and weight-bearing ability, following implantation of a total distal radioulnar joint prosthesis. This prosthesis differs from excision arthroplasties and ulnar head replacements by replacing all three components of the distal radioulnar joint, viz. the sigmoid notch, the ulnar head and the triangular fibrocartilage. The design allows longitudinal migration of the radius throughout pronation and supination, as well as load bearing of the wrist. Thirty-one patients receiving the prosthesis returned or were interviewed by telephone at a mean of 5.9 (range 4-9) years. Pronation increased from a mean of 65.5 degrees (range 5-90 degrees ) to 74 degrees (range 20-90 degrees ) and supination from 53 degrees (range 5-90 degrees ) to 70 degrees (range 20-90 degrees ) while greatly diminishing and/or eliminating pain. Grip increased from a mean of 10 kg (22 lbs) to 24 kg (52 lbs). Weight bearing was restored or increased in 29 of 31 patients.