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Than NG, Kim SS, Abbas A, Han YM, Hotra J, Tarca AL, Erez O, Wildman DE, Kusanovic JP, Pineles B, Montenegro D, Edwin SS, Mazaki-Tovi S, Gotsch F, Espinoza J, Hassan SS, Papp Z, Romero R. Chorioamnionitis and increased galectin-1 expression in PPROM --an anti-inflammatory response in the fetal membranes? Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:298-311. [PMID: 18691335 PMCID: PMC2784815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Galectin-1 can regulate immune responses upon infection and inflammation. We determined galectin-1 expression in the chorioamniotic membranes and its changes during histological chorioamnionitis. METHOD OF STUDY Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from women with normal pregnancy (n = 5) and from patients with pre-term pre-labor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) with (n = 8) and without histological chorioamnionitis (n = 8). Galectin-1 mRNA and protein were localized by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Galectin-1 mRNA expression was also determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Galectin-1 mRNA and protein were detected in the amniotic epithelium, chorioamniotic fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and macrophages, chorionic trophoblasts, and decidual stromal cells. In patients with PPROM, galectin-1 mRNA expression in the fetal membranes was higher (2.07-fold, P = 0.002) in those with chorioamnionitis than in those without. Moreover, chorioamionitis was associated with a strong galectin-1 immunostaining in amniotic epithelium, chorioamniotic mesodermal cells, and apoptotic bodies. CONCLUSION Chorioamnionitis is associated with an increased galectin-1 mRNA expression and strong immunoreactivity of the chorioamniotic membranes; thus, galectin-1 may be involved in the regulation of the inflammatory responses to chorioamniotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asad Abbas
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yu Mi Han
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John Hotra
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Derek E. Wildman
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Beth Pineles
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Samuel S. Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zoltan Papp
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Detroit, MI, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Emergence of hormonal and redox regulation of galectin-1 in placental mammals: implication in maternal-fetal immune tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15819-24. [PMID: 18824694 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807606105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 is an anti-inflammatory lectin with pleiotropic regulatory functions at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. It is expressed in immune privileged sites and is implicated in establishing maternal-fetal immune tolerance, which is essential for successful pregnancy in eutherian mammals. Here, we show conserved placental localization of galectin-1 in primates and its predominant expression in maternal decidua. Phylogenetic footprinting and shadowing unveil conserved cis motifs, including an estrogen responsive element in the 5' promoter of LGALS1, that were gained during the emergence of placental mammals and could account for sex steroid regulation of LGALS1 expression, thus providing additional evidence for the role of galectin-1 in immune-endocrine cross-talk. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of 27 publicly available vertebrate and seven newly sequenced primate LGALS1 coding sequences reveal that intense purifying selection has been acting on residues in the carbohydrate recognition domain and dimerization interface that are involved in immune functions. Parsimony- and codon model-based phylogenetic analysis of coding sequences show that amino acid replacements occurred in early mammalian evolution on key residues, including gain of cysteines, which regulate immune functions by redox status-mediated conformational changes that disable sugar binding and dimerization, and that the acquired immunoregulatory functions of galectin-1 then became highly conserved in eutherian lineages, suggesting the emergence of hormonal and redox regulation of galectin-1 in placental mammals may be implicated in maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
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De Gregorio E, Silvestro G, Venditti R, Carlomagno MS, Di Nocera PP. Structural organization and functional properties of miniature DNA insertion sequences in yersiniae. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7876-84. [PMID: 16963573 PMCID: PMC1636318 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00942-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
YPALs (Yersinia palindromic sequences) are miniature DNA insertions scattered along the chromosomes of yersiniae. The spread of these intergenic repeats likely occurred via transposition, as suggested by the presence of target site duplications at their termini and the identification of syntenic chromosomal regions which differ in the presence/absence of YPAL DNA among Yersinia strains. YPALs tend to be inserted closely downstream from the stop codon of flanking genes, and many YPAL targets overlap rho-independent transcriptional terminator-like sequences. This peculiar pattern of insertion supports the hypothesis that most of these repeats are cotranscribed with upstream sequences into mRNAs. YPAL RNAs fold into stable hairpins which may modulate mRNA decay. Accordingly, we found that YPAL-positive transcripts accumulate in Yersinia enterocolitica cells at significantly higher levels than homologous transcripts lacking YPAL sequences in their 3' untranslated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana De Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Hoo RLC, Ngan ESW, Leung PCK, Chow BKC. Two Inr elements are important for mediating the activity of the proximal promoter of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Endocrinology 2003; 144:518-27. [PMID: 12538612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differential usage of several transcription start sites in the human GnRH receptor gene was evident in human brain and pituitary. To locate the promoter responsible for a cluster of the 3' CAP sites from -635 to -578 (relative to ATG) found in the pituitary, a proximal promoter element was identified at -677/-558 by 5' and 3' deletion mutant analysis. The promoter element drove a 13.1 +/- 0.6-fold increase in reporter gene activity in an orientation-dependent manner in the mouse gonadotrope-derived alphaT3-1 cells. Within the core promoter element, two functional AT-rich Inr motifs, interacting with the same protein factor with different affinities, were identified. By Southwestern blot analysis and competitive gel mobility shift assays, multiple nuclear factors (36-150 kDa) were found to interact specifically with the core promoter element. Interestingly, these nuclear proteins also interacted with a previously identified distal promoter of the human GnRH receptor gene. Taken together, our studies suggested that these two promoters share common protein factors to regulate transcription initiations at two different regions. Additional mechanisms are needed to modulate the efficiencies of individual promoters for developmental and/or tissue-specific regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby L C Hoo
- Department of Zoology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Mazzone M, De Gregorio E, Lavitola A, Pagliarulo C, Alifano P, Di Nocera PP. Whole-genome organization and functional properties of miniature DNA insertion sequences conserved in pathogenic Neisseriae. Gene 2001; 278:211-22. [PMID: 11707339 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chromosome of pathogenic Neisseriae is peppered by members of an abundant family of small DNA sequences known as Correia elements. These DNA repeats, that we call nemis (for neisseria miniature insertion sequences) can be sorted into two major size classes. Both unit-length (154-158 bp) and internally rearranged (104-108 bp) elements feature long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), and can potentially fold into robust stem-loop structures. Nemis are (or have been) mobile DNA sequences which generate a specific 2-bp target site duplication upon insertion, and strictly recall RUP, a repeated DNA element found in Streptococcus pneumoniae. The subfamilies of 26L/26R, 26L/27R, 27L/27R and 27L/26R elements, found by wide-genome computer surveys in both the Neisseria meningitidis and the Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomes, originate from the combination of TIRs which vary in length (26-27 bp) as in sequence content (L and R types). In both species, the predominant subfamily is made by the 26L/26R elements. The number of nemis is comparable in the N. meningitidis Z2491 (A serogroup) and the MC58 (B serogroup) strains, but is sharply reduced in the N. gonorrhoeae strain F1090. Consequently, several genes which are conserved in the two pathogens are flanked by nemis DNA in the meningococcus genome only. More than 2/3 of nemis are interspersed with single-copy DNA, and are found at close distance from cellular genes. Both primer extension and RNase protection data lend support to the notion that nemis are cotranscribed with cellular genes and subsequently processed, at either one or both TIRs, by a specific endoribonuclease, which plausibly corresponds to RNase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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