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Xu X, Li J, Huang P, Cui X, Li X, Sun J, Huang Y, Ji Q, Wei Q, Bao G, Liu Y. Isolation, Identification and Drug Resistance Rates of Bacteria from Pigs in Zhejiang and Surrounding Areas during 2019-2021. Vet Sci 2023; 10:502. [PMID: 37624289 PMCID: PMC10458188 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial diseases in pig farms in various regions of Zhejiang Province and surrounding areas. A total of 526 samples were collected from 85 pig farms in Zhejiang Province and surrounding areas. In this study, samples were analyzed using bacterial isolation and purification, Gram staining, PCR amplification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 36 Pasteurella multocida (Pm) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 6.84%; 37 Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 7.03%; 60 Glasserella parasuis (G. parasuis) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 11.41%; 170 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 32.32%; 67 Streptococcus suis (SS) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 12.74%; 44 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 8.37%; and 7 Salmonella enteritis (SE) isolates were detected, with an isolation rate of 1.33%. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing against 21 types of antibiotics was carried out on the isolated strains, and the results showed that 228 strains had varying degrees of resistance to 21 antibiotics, including Pm, Bb, E. coli, and APP, with the highest resistance to lincomycin, at 100%. Pm and APP were the most sensitive to cephalothin, with resistance rates of 0. In terms of strains, Pm had the highest overall sensitivity to 21 antibiotics, and E. coli had the highest resistance. In short, bacterial diseases in Zhejiang and the surrounding areas were harmful, and the drug resistance situation was severe. This study provides scientific guidance for the clinical treatment of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Pan Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuemei Cui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jiaying Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (X.X.); (J.L.); (P.H.); (X.C.); (X.L.); (J.S.); (Y.H.); (Q.J.); (Q.W.)
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Sun Q, Yu X, He D, Ku X, Hong B, Zeng W, Zhang H, He Q. Investigation and analysis of etiology associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in China from 2017 to 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:960033. [PMID: 36304408 PMCID: PMC9592729 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.960033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory diseases complex (PRDC) is a highly serious threat to the pig industry. In the present study, we investigated and analyzed the etiology associated with PRDC and explored the role of viruses in respiratory bacterial infections. From 2017 to 2021, clinical samples were collected from 1,307 pigs with typical respiratory symptoms in 269 farms in China and screened for pathogens related to PRDC by PCR and bacterial isolation. The results indicated that PRRSV (41.16%, 95%CI: 38.49~43.83%), PCV2 (21.58%,95%CI: 19.35~23.81%), S. suis (63.50%, 95%CI: 60.89~66.11%), and G. parasuis (28.54%, 95%CI: 26.09~30.99%) were the most commonly detected pathogens in pigs with PRDC in China. The dominant epidemic serotypes (serogroups) of S. suis, G. parasuis, and P. multocida were serotype 2, serotype 1, and capsular serogroups D, respectively. Pigs of different ages exhibited different susceptibilities to these pathogens, e.g., PRRSV, PCV2, and G. parasuis had the highest detection rates in nursery pigs, whereas fattening pigs had the highest detection rates of P. multocida and A. pleuropneumoniae. Among the 1,307 pigs, the detection rates of S. suis, G. parasuis, P. multocida, and B. bronchiseptica were higher in virus-positive pigs, especially G. parasuis and P. multocida were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than in virus-negative pigs. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between coinfection by PRRSV and G. parasuis (OR = 2.33, 95%CI: 1.12~2.14), PRRSV and P. multocida (OR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.12~2.14), PCV2 and P. multocida (OR = 2.27, 95%CI: 1.33~3.87), PRRSV-PCV2 and S. suis (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.29~2.60), PRRSV-PCV2 and G. parasuis (OR = 3.39, 95%CI: 2.42~4.74), and PRRSV-PCV2 and P. multocida (OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.46~3.00). In summary, PRRSV, PCV2, S. suis, and G. parasuis were the major pathogens in pigs with PRDC, and coinfections of two or more PRDC-related pathogens with strong positive correlations were common in China, such as PRRSV and G. parasuis, PRRSV and P. multocida, PCV2 and P. multocida, and also PRRSV-PCV2 and G. parasuis and PRRSV-PCV2 and P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Agriculural Vocational and Technical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Wuhan Green Giant Agriculture, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Qigai He
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3
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Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative Field Study on the Use of Oral Fluids for the Surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infections in Fattening Farms by an Apx-Real-Time PCR. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100552. [PMID: 36288165 PMCID: PMC9607612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral fluid sampling (OFS) is an animal friendly and easy way for surveillance purposes in domestic swine populations, especially concerning respiratory diseases. In case of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae surveillance, measures are usually combined with burdensome sampling for animals and humans. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of oral fluids (OFs) for surveillance purposes of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs using an Apx-toxin real-time PCR. We were able to demonstrate that the examination of OFs by an Apx-toxin real-time PCR is suitable for A. pleuropneumoniae surveillance in the field in an animal friendly and easy way. These results might contribute to an increased compliance of laboratory diagnostic measures on pig farms and thereby to increased animal welfare due to less burdensome sampling and improved animal health. Abstract Oral fluids (OFs) represent a cost effective and reliable tool for surveillance purposes, mostly regarding viruses. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of OFs for surveillance purposes concerning Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs under field conditions. OFs were examined with an Apx-toxin real-time PCR that detects the genes encoding for Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin. For this purpose, we conducted a pen-wise collection of OFs over one fattening period from fattening pigs of two farms (farm A and B) with a known history of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Lung lesions were determined at slaughter to estimate the extend of pulmonary lesions and pleural affection. Apx III- and Apx IV-toxin DNA were present in the OFs of both farms whereas Apx I-toxin DNA was present on farm A only. We were able to detect Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin DNA in different patterns directly after introduction of the new pigs in the farms and over the entire study period. In summary, or results indicate the suitability of OFS for the early detection and surveillance of A. pleuropneumoniae in fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Fiebig
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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4
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Fredriksen S, Guan X, Boekhorst J, Molist F, van Baarlen P, Wells JM. Environmental and maternal factors shaping tonsillar microbiota development in piglets. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:224. [PMID: 36163011 PMCID: PMC9513891 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The palatine tonsils are part of the mucosal immune system and stimulate immune responses through M cell uptake sampling of antigens and bacteria in the tonsillar crypts. Little is known about the development of the tonsillar microbiota and the factors determining the establishment and proliferation of disease-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus suis. In this study, we assessed tonsillar microbiota development in piglets during the first 5 weeks of life and identified the relative importance of maternal and environmental farm parameters influencing the tonsillar microbiota at different ages. Additionally, we studied the effect sow vaccination with a bacterin against S. suis on microbiota development and S. suis colonisation in their offspring. Results Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region revealed that a diverse tonsillar microbiota is established shortly after birth, which then gradually changes during the first 5 weeks of life without a large impact of weaning on composition or diversity. We found a strong litter effect, with siblings sharing a more similar microbiota compared to non-sibling piglets. Co-housing in rooms, within which litters were housed in separate pens, also had a large impact on microbiota composition. Sow parity and prepartum S. suis bacterin vaccination of sows had weaker but significant associations with microbiota composition, impacting on the abundance of Streptococcus species before and after weaning. Sex and birthweight had limited impact on the tonsillar microbiota, and none of the measured factors had consistent associations with microbiota diversity. Conclusions The piglet tonsillar microbiota is established shortly after birth. While microbiota development is associated with both environmental and maternal parameters, weaning has limited impact on microbiota composition. Intramuscular vaccination of sows pre-partum had a significant effect on the tonsillar microbiota composition of their piglets. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms shaping the tonsillar microbiota.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02625-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Fredriksen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiaonan Guan
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Schothorst Feed Research B.V, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K..
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5
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Ishihara M, Yamazaki Y, Katsuda K, Ito H. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Actinobacillus suis sensu stricto isolated from a dairy calf. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:624-627. [PMID: 35387957 PMCID: PMC9177398 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The species of the genus Actinobacillus have so far been associated with specific animal hosts, and A. suis sensu stricto, an opportunistic pathogen of
swine, is rarely isolated from ruminants. We describe here the isolation of A. suis sensu stricto from a newborn calf that died on a dairy farm in Japan. Identification of
the isolate was performed by phenotypic and genotypic characterization, with the latter consisting of nucleotide sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene plus three housekeeping genes,
rpoB, infB and recN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michika Ishihara
- Saitama Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center.,Present address: Saitama Prefectural Kawagoe Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yuka Yamazaki
- Saitama Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center.,Present address: Saitama Institute of Public Health
| | - Ken Katsuda
- The National Institute of Animal Health, NARO
| | - Hiroya Ito
- The National Institute of Animal Health, NARO.,Present address: The National Institute of Animal Health, NARO
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6
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Yu X, Sun Q, Ku X, He D, Li Z, Ghonaim AH, Fan S, He Q. The epidemiological investigation of co-infection of major respiratory bacteria with pseudorabies virus in intensive pig farms in China. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:175-183. [PMID: 32583623 PMCID: PMC7840206 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), a respiratory disease caused by a variety of factors, is one of the most common problems in the intensive pig farms. To investigate the mixed infection incidence of wild-type pseudorabies virus (WT PRV) and respiratory bacteria, a total of 1,293 clinical samples were collected from pigs with typical respiratory signs from 14 different provinces of China from September 2016 to February 2018. The WT PRV was detected by ELISA targeting gE antibody while the bacteria were detected by bacterial isolation and serotyping by PCR. The results revealed that the detection rate of A. pleuropneumoniae and B. bronchiseptica infection associated with WT PRV infection were 6.30% and 15.99%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those without WT PRV infection (3.41% and 4.41%) at the farm level (p < .05). There were no significant differences in the detection rate of H. parasuis, S. suis or P. multocida between WT PRV positive and negative farms (p > .05). However, the detection rate of attenuated H. parasuis and S. suis strains were 68.19% and 64.75%, respectively, in WT PRV infected farms, which were significantly higher than those (41.56% and 52.25%) in WT PRV free farms (p < .05). The prevalent serotypes of H. parasuis-5/12 and S. suis-2 were also investigated by multiplex PCR. These results indicated that the presence of WT PRV increased the chance of bacterial infection and the number of pathogenic strains in the respiratory system of pigs. Therefore, the eradication of pseudorabies is an effective approach to prevent and control the bacterial respiratory diseases in the intensive pig farms in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Desert research center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial pathogens in Chinese pig farms from 2013 to 2017. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9908. [PMID: 31289289 PMCID: PMC6616368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic losses every year. In this study, a detailed and overall survey was carried out to better understand the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial diseases from 2013 to 2017 in China. A total of 19673 bacterial strains were isolated from 44175 samples collected from 9661 pig farms that distributed in 16 Chinese major pig breeding provinces. The results showed that the average isolation rates of Streptococcus suis (SS), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Brodetella bronchiseptica (Bb), Salmonella enteria (SE), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) were 16.9%, 9.7%, 6.3%, 3.4%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2.3% and 0.9%, respectively. The isolate rates of E. coli, APP and SE showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2017. The seasonal prevalence characteristics of SS, HPS and Pm were obviously higher from April to August for first two bacteria and higher at February, March, April, and October for Pm. The dominant serotypes for SS, HPS were serotype 2 and serotype 5 (changed from serotype 4), respectively. The SS, HPS, and Pm showed very high antibiotic resistance rates to almost 8 common antibiotics (β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline, quinolone, polymyxin, and sulfonamide) and an obvious increasing trend of antibiotic resistance rates from 2013 to 2017. In conclusion, the study provides detailed information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of different bacterial pathogens of swine from 2013 to 2017 in China. These data can provide a foundation for monitoring epidemiological patterns of bacterial diseases in the Chinese swine herds, as well as provide insight into potential antibiotic resistance profiles in these pathogens.
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Li R, Wang J, Liu L, Zhang R, Hao X, Han Q, Wang J, Yuan W. Direct detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine lungs and tonsils by real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 45:14-18. [PMID: 30930280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of swine contagious pleuropneumoniae, which is distributed globally and associated with severe economic losses in the pig rearing industry. In this study, a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay (real-time RPA) based on the apxIVA gene was developed to rapid detect A. pleuropneumoniae. Real-time RPA was performed successfully in Genie III at the constant temperature of 39 °C for 20 min. The developed assay was highly specific for A. pleuropneumoniae, and the sensitivity at 95% probability was 536 fg of A. pleuropneumoniae genomic DNA. The real-time RPA for A. pleuropneumoniae was further evaluated on the 112 clinical swine lung and tonsil samples, and 25 (22.3%), 27 (24.1%), and 12 (10.7%) samples were positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by the real-time RPA, real-time PCR and bacterial isolation, respectively. With a real-time PCR as the reference method, the real-time RPA showed a diagnostic specificity of 98.8%, a diagnostic sensitivity of 88.9%, a positive predicative value of 96.0%, a negative predictive value of 96.5%, and a kappa value of 0.900. The above data demonstrated the well potentiality and usefulness of the developed real-time RPA assay in the reliable detection of A. pleuropneumoniae, especially in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Xuepiao Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qingan Han
- Hebei Animal Disease Control Center, Shijiazhuang, 050050, China
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine Technology, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China; Hebei Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Teshima K, Hirano H, Ushiyama K, Shibuya K, Nagai S, Sasakawa C, To H. Isolation and characterization of atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 15 lacking the apxIICA genes in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:480-485. [PMID: 30713216 PMCID: PMC6451906 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Six atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 15 strains were isolated from pneumonic lesions of naturally infected dead pigs from the same farm in Japan. Genetic
analyses of apx genes revealed that the atypical isolates contained the toxin-associated genes apxIBD, apxIIICA, apxIIIBD, and apxIVA, but
not apxIICA. Coinciding with the result of the atypical gene profile, analyses of toxin protein production revealed that these atypical isolates expressed only ApxIII but
not ApxII. A mouse pathogenicity test showed that the atypical isolate tested seemed to be less virulent than the typical isolates. This is the first report describing the emergence of
atypical A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 15, which does not produce ApxII due to the absence of apxIICA genes, in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Teshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Haruna Hirano
- Yamanashi Prefecture Eastern Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1001-1 Karakashiwa, Ishawa, Fuefuki, Yamanashi 406-0034, Japan
| | - Kazutada Ushiyama
- Yamanashi Prefecture Eastern Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1001-1 Karakashiwa, Ishawa, Fuefuki, Yamanashi 406-0034, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8637, Japan
| | - Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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10
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Sugie K, Komatsu T, Watando E, Inaba N, Kato K, Takamatsu D, Ito H, Shibahara T. Septicemic Actinobacillus suis infection in a neonatal piglet with multifocal necrotic glossitis. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:274-278. [PMID: 30606907 PMCID: PMC6395219 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-day-old neonatal piglets presented with debilitation and ananastasia. At the
necropsy of one piglet, the apex of the tongue was found to be discolored dark red, and
disseminated white foci were found on the cut surface. Many white foci were also found in
the lungs and on the serosa of the liver and spleen. Histopathological findings revealed
multifocal necrotic glossitis and pneumonia with Gram-negative bacilli. The bacilli were
identified as Actinobacillus suis through immunohistochemical,
biochemical, and genetic tests, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Although A.
suis usually causes inflammation in thoracic and abdominal organs, lesions were
also found in the tongue in the present case. This study is the first report of glossitis
caused by A. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Sugie
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Nanami Inaba
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-306 Jizono, Miaicho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Tochigi Prefectural Central Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, 6-8 Hiraide-kogyodanchi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ito
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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11
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To H, Teshima K, Nagai S, Zielinski GC, Koyama T, Lee J, Bessone FA, Nagano T, Oshima A, Tsutsumi N. Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field strains antigenically related to the 3-6-8-15 group from diseased pigs in Japan and Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:12-22. [PMID: 28886933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the serovar of a collection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains within the 3-6-8-15 cross-reacting group and to analyze their phenotypic and genetic properties. Based on the serological tests, forty-seven field strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from lungs with pleuropneumonia lesions in Japan and Argentina were found to be serovars belonging to the 3-6-8-15 cross-reacting group. By using a capsule loci-based PCR, twenty-nine (96.7%) and one (3.3%) from Japan were identified as serovars 15 and 8, respectively, whereas seventeen (100%) from Argentina were identified as serovar 8. The findings suggested that serovars 8 and 15 were prevalent within the 3-6-8-15 cross-reacting group, in Argentina and Japan, respectively. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the protein patterns observed on SDS-PAGE and the lipopolysaccharide antigen detected by immunoblotting of the reference and field strains of serovars 8 and 15 were similar to each other. Genetic (16S rDNA, apxIIA, apxIIIA, cps, cpx genes, apx and omlA patterns) analyses revealed that the apxIIA and apxIIIA genes of the field strains of serovars 8 and 15 were similar to those of the reference strains of serovars 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15. The results obtained in the present study may be useful for the development of more effective vaccines against disease caused by A. pleuropneumoniae by including the homologous antigens to the most prevalent serovars in specific geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.
| | - Kaho Teshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Gustavo C Zielinski
- Animal Health Group, Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juarez, INTA, CC n°21 (2580), Marcos Juarez, Province of Cordoba, Argentina.
| | - Tomohiro Koyama
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Jina Lee
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Fernando A Bessone
- Animal Health Group, Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juarez, INTA, CC n°21 (2580), Marcos Juarez, Province of Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Tetsuji Nagano
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsutsumi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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12
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Ito H, Ogawa T, Fukamizu D, Morinaga Y, Kusumoto M. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a DNA region involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis reveals the molecular basis of the nontypeability of two Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:632-637. [PMID: 27694188 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716656026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to reveal the molecular basis of the serologic nontypeability of 2 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates. Nine field strains of A. pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, were isolated from pigs raised on the same farm and sent to our diagnostic laboratory for serotyping. Seven of the 9 strains were identified as serovar 15 strains by immunodiffusion tests. However, 2 strains, designated FH24-2 and FH24-5, could not be serotyped with antiserum prepared against serovars 1-15. Strain FH24-5 showed positive results in 2 serovar 15-specific PCR tests, whereas strain FH24-2 was only positive in 1 of the 2 PCR tests. The nucleotide sequence analysis of gene clusters involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of the 2 nontypeable strains revealed that both had been rendered nontypeable by the action of ISApl1, a transposable element of A. pleuropneumoniae belonging to the IS30 family. The results showed that ISApl1 of A. pleuropneumoniae can interfere with both the serologic and molecular typing methods, and that nucleotide sequence analysis across the capsular gene clusters is the best means of determining the cause of serologic nontypeability in A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Torata Ogawa
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Dai Fukamizu
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Yuiko Morinaga
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- The National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito, Kusumoto)Fukuoka Chuo Livestock Hygiene Center, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (Ogawa, Fukamizu, Morinaga)
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13
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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14
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Ito H, Matsumoto A. Isolation and genetic characterization of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar K12:O3 strain. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 27:102-6. [PMID: 25387844 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714555898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 12 strain, termed QAS106, was isolated from a clinical case of porcine pleuropneumonia in Japan. An immunodiffusion (ID) test identified the strain as serovar 12. However, the ID test also demonstrated that strain QAS106 shared antigenic determinants with both the serovar 3 and 15 reference strains. Strain QAS106 was positive in the capsular serovar 12-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, while the PCR toxin gene profiling and omlA PCR typing assays indicated that strain QAS106 was similar to serovar 3. The nucleotide sequence of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of strain QAS106 was identical with that of serovars 3 and 12, but it showed 99.7% identity with that of serovar 15. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that genes involved in biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of strain QAS106 were identical to those of serovar 12 at the amino acid level. On the other hand, strain QAS106 would express putative proteins involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-polysaccharide (O-PS), the amino acid sequences of which were identical or nearly identical to those of serovars 3 and 15. In conclusion, strain QAS106 should be recognized as K12:O3, even though typical serovar 12 strains are K12:O12. The emergence of an atypical A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 12 strain expressing a rare combination of CPS and O-PS antigens would hamper precise serodiagnosis by the use of either CPS- or LPS-based serodiagnostic methodology alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito)Chiba Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chiba, Japan (Matsumoto)
| | - Atsuko Matsumoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan (Ito)Chiba Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chiba, Japan (Matsumoto)
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15
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Turni C, Singh R, Schembri MA, Blackall PJ. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR to identify and serotype Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:362-9. [PMID: 24863421 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a multiplex PCR for the species identification and serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15. All 15 reference strains and 411 field isolates (394 from Australia, 11 from Indonesia, five from Mexico and one from New Zealand) of A. pleuropneumoniae were tested with the multiplex PCR. The specificity of this multiplex PCR was validated on 26 non-A. pleuropneumoniae species. The multiplex PCR gave the expected results with all 15 serovar reference strains and agreed with conventional serotyping for all field isolates from serovars 1 (n = 46), 5 (n = 81), 7 (n = 80), 12 (n = 16) and serovar 15 (n = 117). In addition, a species-specific product was amplified in the multiplex PCR with all 411 A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates. Of 25 nontypeable field isolates only two did not yield a serovar-specific band in the multiplex PCR. This multiplex PCR for serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 is species specific and capable of serotyping isolates from diverse locations. Significance and impact of the study: A multiplex PCR that can recognize serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 of A. pleuropneumoniae was developed and validated. This novel diagnostic tool will enable frontline laboratories to provide key information (the serovar) to guide targeted prevention and control programmes for porcine pleuropneumonia, a serious economic disease of pigs. The previous technology, traditional serotyping, is typically provided by specialized reference laboratories, limiting the capacity to respond to this key disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia
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16
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Rossi CC, Pereira MF, Langford PR, Bazzolli DMS. A BOX-SCAR fragment for the identification ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 352:32-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro C. Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos; Departamento de Microbiologia; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa Brazil
| | - Monalessa F. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos; Departamento de Microbiologia; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa Brazil
| | | | - Denise M. S. Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos; Departamento de Microbiologia; Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa Brazil
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17
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Ito H, Katsuragi K, Akama S, Yuzawa H. Isolation of atypical genotype Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 6 in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:601-4. [PMID: 24369182 PMCID: PMC4064151 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here isolation of genetically atypical serotype 6
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Japan indistinguishable by the
multiplex PCR that can discriminate between immunologically cross-reactive serotypes 3, 6
and 8. Nucleotide sequence analysis of capsular export and biosynthesis genes revealed
that the atypical isolates have capsular polysaccharide export and synthesis gene
sequences that are distinct from those of the serotype 6 reference strain. The atypical
strains contain a sequence that is identical with both serotype 3- and 6-specific primers,
which causes cross-reactions in multiplex PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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18
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Rossi CC, de Araújo EF, de Queiroz MV, Bazzolli DMS. Characterization of the omlA gene from different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: A new insight into an old approach. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:243-51. [PMID: 23885207 PMCID: PMC3715291 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The OmlA protein is a virulence factor of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, an important pathogen in pigs. The polymorphisms present in the omlA gene sequence of 15 reference serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae and non-serotypable isolates were assessed to determine the possible evolutionary relationship among them and to validate the importance of this gene as a molecular marker for the characterization of this bacterium. Divergence among the 15 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae probably resulted initially from two major evolutionary events that led to subsequent differentiation into nine groups. This differentiation makes it possible to characterize most of the serotypes by using bionformatics, thereby avoiding problems with immunological cross-reactivity. A conserved α-helix common to all the serotypes was most likely involved in connecting the protein to the outer membrane and acting as a signal peptide. A previously unknown gene duplication was also identified and could contribute to the genetic variability that makes it difficult to serotype some isolates. Our data support the importance of the omlA gene in the biology of A. pleuropneumoniae and provide a new area of research into the OmlA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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19
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Maldonado J, Blanco M, Martínez E, Navas J. Comparison of three typing assays for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-independent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:812-6. [PMID: 21908330 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three tests for typing clinical isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovar 2 were compared: 1) standard coagglutination with type-specific antisera against serovars 1-12 of biovar 1 of A. pleuropneumoniae; 2) a previously described polymerase chain reaction system for detecting the apx genes encoding the ApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII toxins in A. pleuropneumoniae; and 3) a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the transferrin-binding protein B gene. The panel of strains tested included 112 field isolates of biovar 2 recovered from pigs between 1979 and 2007 in Italy and Spain, and reference strains for all described serovars of both biovars. The values of Simpson index of diversity obtained for the 3 methods were 0.68, 0.20, and 0.60, respectively. Coagglutination assays identified the field isolates as belonging to serovars 2 (9 strains), 4 (13 strains), 7 (61 strains), 9 (17 strains), and 11 (1 strain). Eleven strains were not typeable, and cross-reactivity was observed between serovars 2 and 4, 4 and 7, and 9 and 11. Isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae biovar 2 displayed 2 apx patterns: ApxII(+) (94 strains) and ApxI(+)/ApxII(+) (18 strains). The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis assigned the strains tested to 3 different patterns. This method distinguished between biovar 2 reference strains and field strains that could not be identified by other methods, thus constituting a useful complementary test for the typing of A. pleuropneumoniae biovar 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Maldonado
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Paratge Arbusset s/n, Girona 17170, Spain.
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20
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The occurrence of Bordetella bronchiseptica in pigs with clinical respiratory disease. Vet J 2011; 188:337-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Kucerova Z, Hradecka H, Nechvatalova K, Nedbalcova K. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates from clinical outbreaks of porcine respiratory diseases. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:203-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Wang YC, Chan JPW, Yeh KS, Chang CC, Hsuan SL, Hsieh YM, Chang YC, Lai TC, Lin WH, Chen TH. Molecular characterization of enrofloxacin resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. Vet Microbiol 2010; 142:309-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Maldonado J, Valls L, Martínez E, Riera P. Isolation rates, serovars, and toxin genotypes of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-independent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae among pigs suffering from pleuropneumonia in Spain. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 21:854-7. [PMID: 19901289 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a major production-limiting disease in the pig industry. In the current study, 2,171 lung specimens obtained from pigs housed in 870 Spanish pig farms in regions of substantial pig production were examined. Conventional microbiology, coupled with species-specific polymerase chain reaction, identified 127 biovar 2 isolates, accounting for 25.3% of all A. pleuropneumoniae (n = 502) detected. Most isolates (79%) were recovered as pure primary cultures or as the predominant bacteria from lungs exhibiting lesions typical of acute swine pleuropneumonia. Coagglutination testing identified the isolates as belonging to serovars 2 (4.7%), 4 (4.7%), 7 (68.5%), and 11 (1.6%); however, 26 isolates were nontypeable. All biovar 2 isolates showed genes of the apxII operon alone, which encodes the corresponding ApxII exotoxin, leading to a different gene pattern for isolates in serovars 2, 4, and 11 compared with those of biovar 1. From this survey, it can be concluded that A. pleuropneumoniae biovar 2 infections are common in pigs in Spain, and they may be a common cause of respiratory disease in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Maldonado
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Paratge Arbusset s/n, Girona, Spain.
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24
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Wolfram TJ, Leveque RM, Kastenmayer RJ, Mulks MH. Ohr, an in vivo-induced gene in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, is located on a genomic island and requires glutathione-S-transferase for activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:59-68. [PMID: 19656190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of severe necrotizing pneumonia in swine. Previously, we identified the ohr gene encoding organic hydroperoxide reductase as specifically induced during infection of pigs, induced in vitro by organic peroxides but not other oxygen radicals, and present in A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 9 and 11 but not in other serotypes (Shea & Mulks, 2002). Through analysis of flanking genomic sequence, we identify a homologue of gst, which encodes glutathione-S-transferase, immediately downstream of ohr and demonstrate that ohr-gst confers low but uninducible Ohr activity to serotype 5. We further identify a genomic island of 9.3 kb, flanked by lysR and araC homologues, in serotypes 1, 9 and 11, which contains ohr and gst. In serotypes 2-8, 10 and 12, this region of the genome contains a 1.1-kb islet with a putative transposase flanked by lysR and araC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wolfram
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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25
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Zhou L, Jones SCP, Angen Ø, Bossé JT, Nash JHE, Frey J, Zhou R, Chen HC, Kroll JS, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. PCR specific for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3. Vet Rec 2008; 162:648-52. [PMID: 18487584 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Serotypes 3 and 8 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the aetiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, have been reported to predominate in the UK. Direct serotyping of isolates of the organism is typically determined by the immunological reactivity of rabbit serum to its surface polysaccharides, but the method has limitations, for example, cross-reactions between serotypes 3, 6 and 8. This study describes the development of a serotype 3-specific pcr, based on the capsule locus, which can be used in a multiplex format with the organism's specific gene apxIV. The pcr test was evaluated on 266 strains of A pleuropneumoniae and 121 strains of other organisms, including all the major respiratory bacterial pathogens of pigs. The test was highly specific and sensitive and should be useful for differentiating strains of serotypes 3, 6 and 8, and in seroprevalence and epidemiological surveys in regions where serotype 3 is prevalent, such as the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London w2 1pg
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Serrano-Rubio LE, Tenorio-Gutiérrez V, Suárez-Güemes F, Reyes-Cortés R, Rodríguez-Mendiola M, Arias-Castro C, Godínez-Vargas D, de la Garza M. Identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovars 1 and 2 in pigs using a PCR assay. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou L, Jones SCP, Angen Ø, Bossé JT, Nash JHE, Frey J, Zhou R, Chen HC, Kroll JS, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Multiplex PCR that can distinguish between immunologically cross- reactive serovar 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:800-3. [PMID: 18094137 PMCID: PMC2238117 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01787-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive and specific multiplex PCR, based on capsular loci and the species specific apxIV gene, that unequivocally differentiates serovar 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains that are cross-reactive in conventional immunological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Genetic diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3921-9. [PMID: 17959758 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00906-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was evaluated as a method for genotypic characterization and subtyping within the bacterial species Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. A total of 155 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae, representing the serotypic variation described to occur within this species, were analyzed. In order to elucidate the species boundaries, six strains of the phylogenetically closely related species Actinobacillus lignieresii were also included. Furthermore, the ability of AFLP to subtype was studied using 42 isolates of serovar 2 and the performance compared to that obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). AFLP analysis provided a clear separation of A. lignieresii and A. pleuropneumoniae and divided the isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae into 20 clusters. Most of the serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae were represented by single and quite homogeneous clusters. The exceptions were serovars 10, K2:O7, and K1:O7, which were represented by two clusters each. In the cases where the serovars were represented by more than one cluster, the existence of these clusters was supported by additional phenotypic or genotypic properties. Furthermore, AFLP typing was able to allocate serologically nontypeable isolates to appropriate genetic groups within the species. Further investigations are needed to determine whether some of the clusters revealed through AFLP analysis represent additional serovars. When evaluated as a method for subtyping within serovar 2 of A. pleuropneumoniae, AFLP was found to achieve a degree of separation among isolates superior to that obtained by PFGE. However, a higher degree of separation between serovar 2 isolates was obtained by a combination of the two methods.
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Wilson SM, Norton P, Haverson K, Leigh J, Bailey M. Interactions between Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and cells of the myeloid lineage in the palatine tonsil of the pig. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 117:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Turni C, Blackall PJ. An evaluation of the apxIVA based PCR-REA method for differentiation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:163-9. [PMID: 17169508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A restriction analysis of PCR (PCR-REA) amplified apxIVA gene has been suggested as an alternative method for serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Jaglic et al. [Jaglic, Z., Svastova, P., Rychlik, I., Nedbalcova, K., Kucerova, Z., Pavlik, I., Bartos, M., 2004. Differentiation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by PCR-REA based on sequence variability of the apxIVA gene and by ribotyping. Vet. Microbiol. 103, 63-69]. The current study investigated whether this alternative method could distinguish between the reference strains of serovars 13-15 and the value of the method when applied to 47 field isolates representing serovars 1-3, 5, 7-9, 12 and 15 as well as non-typable isolates. The reference strains of serovars 13 and 14 had the same sized product after the apxIVA PCR, while the product for serovar 15 was of different size compared to all the other serovar reference strains. The CfoI digest profiles of the reference serovars 13 and 14 strains were different from each other and from all other serovars. The HpaII digest profiles of these two serovars were very similar to each other, but both were distinctively different from the other serovar profiles. The CfoI digest profile of serovar 15 strain was very similar to the serovars 3 and 12 strains except for two faint extra bands for serovar 15. The HpaII digest profiles of serovars 12 and 15 reference strains were identical. The PCR-REA method correctly recognized the serovar of 21 of 43 field isolates. It was concluded that the method was a useful additional tool to support, but could not replace, conventional serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turni
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Qld 4105, Australia.
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Schuchert JA, Inzana TJ, Angen Ø, Jessing S. Detection and identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, and 8 by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4344-8. [PMID: 15365041 PMCID: PMC516343 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4344-4348.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex PCR assays were developed to identify Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, and 8. Primers designed for the conserved capsular polysaccharide (CP) export region amplified a 489-bp DNA fragment from all serotypes. Primers specific to the CP biosynthesis regions of serotypes 1, 2, and 8 amplified fragments of 1.6 kb, 1.7 kb, and 970 bp from only their respective serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schuchert
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 1410 Prices Fork Rd., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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Jaglic Z, Svastova P, Rychlik I, Nedbalcova K, Kucerova Z, Pavlik I, Bartos M. Differentiation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by PCR-REA based on sequence variability of the apxIVA gene and by ribotyping. Vet Microbiol 2004; 103:63-9. [PMID: 15381267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the period of 2001-2003, a total of 591 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from the Czech Republic were serotyped with a high occurrence of cross-reactions. The cross-reactions were observed in 416 isolates. Most frequently, in 401 isolates (67.9%), cross-reactions with antisera specific for serotypes 9, 11, and/or 1 were observed. Two additional molecular methods, ribotyping and restriction analysis of PCR amplified apxIVA gene (PCR-REA), were therefore used for detailed characterisation of A. pleuropneumoniae. In this subsequent analysis, reference strains representing serotypes 1-12 and 25 field isolates showing the most frequent serotype cross-reactions were examined. PCR-REA enabled all reference strains to be distinguished except for the strains of serotypes 9 and 11. Ribotyping distinguished all reference strains except two pairs of serotypes: 3 versus 6, and 9 versus 11, respectively. Field isolates with serotype cross-reactivity 9, 11, and/or 1 could not be differentiated by either of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jaglic
- Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
PCR has become a widely used tool for detection, identification and differentiation of pathogenic microorganisms in diagnosis of animal and human diseases. However, quite a number of currently used protocols can be further optimized to exclude nonspecific reactions. On the one hand, target sequences as defined by primer binding sites should be checked carefully for the absence of significant homologies to other organisms in order to insure high specificity of detection. A major part of PCR assays is still based on target sequences in the ribosomal RNA operon, but, as the differentiating potential of this region is limited, genes encoding cellular proteins, such as toxins, surface antigens or enzymes, have been shown to be a viable alternative in many instances. On the other hand, various approaches are available to improve the performance of the amplification reaction itself. The kinetics of amplification is known to be heavily dependent on primer-to-template ratio, efficiency of primer annealing and enzyme-to-template ratio. In the present paper, recently published PCR detection assays for microorganisms, particularly bacterial pathogens, are reviewed and optimization strategies are explained. The practical implications and epidemiological consequences of routine use of PCR in the diagnostic laboratory are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sachse
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals (BFAV), Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Sthitmatee N, Sirinarumitr T, Makonkewkeyoon L, Sakpuaram T, Tesaprateep T. Identification of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype using PCR based-apx genes. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 17:301-5. [PMID: 14602481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is an important swine respiratory disease pathogen, which has at least 15 serotypes. There are several techniques for the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae, however, these techniques are time consuming. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was developed for serotyping A. pleuropneumoniae using a set of specific primer designated for the apxI, apxII, apxIII and apxIVA genes. By this PCR typing system, 10 out of the 13 reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae were differentiated. However, it was not possible to distinguish serotype 2 from 8, serotype 5a from 5b and serotype 9 from 11. Each serotype of A. pleuropneumoniae showed its own products patterns. The PCR typing system was further applied for typing the field isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae and compared to that using the gel immunodiffusion (GID) technique. The results from both PCR and GID techniques were in accordance. Thus, the PCR typing system may provide a rapid and useful tool for typing the serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Fittipaldi N, Broes A, Harel J, Kobisch M, Gottschalk M. Evaluation and field validation of PCR tests for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in subclinically infected pigs. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5085-93. [PMID: 14605143 PMCID: PMC262496 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5085-5093.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight PCR tests were evaluated for their abilities to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in swine tonsils. At first they were compared regarding their specificities by using A. pleuropneumoniae and related bacterial species and their analytical sensitivities by using tonsils experimentally infected in vitro. PCRs were carried out both directly with tonsil homogenates (direct PCR) and after culture of the sample (after-culture PCR). Most tests demonstrated good specificities; however, some tests gave false-positive results with some non-A. pleuropneumoniae species. High degrees of variation in the analytical sensitivities among the tests were observed for the direct PCRs (10(9) to 10(2) CFU/g of tonsil), whereas those of most of the after-culture PCRs were similar (10(2) CFU/g of tonsil). In a second phase, the effects of sample storage time and storage conditions were evaluated by using tonsils from experimentally infected animals. Storage at -20 degrees C allowed the detection of the organism for at least 4 months. Finally, the omlA PCR test described by Savoye et al. (C. Savoye et al., Vet. Microbiol. 73:337-347, 2000) and the commercially available Adiavet App PCR test were further validated with field samples. Their effectiveness was compared to those of standard and immunomagnetic separation-based methods of bacterial isolation. In addition, a comparison of tonsil biopsy specimens (from living animals) and whole tonsils (collected at the slaughterhouse) was also conducted. A. pleuropneumoniae was neither isolated nor detected by PCR from a herd serologically negative for A. pleuropneumoniae. PCR was more sensitive than the standard isolation method with whole tonsils from three infected herds. After-culture PCR offered the highest degree of sensitivity (93 and 83% for the omlA and Adiavet App PCRs, respectively). The PCR detection rate was higher with whole tonsils than with tonsil biopsy specimens. Good agreement (kappa = 0.65) was found between the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae in tonsils and the individual serological status of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 7C6
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Jessing SG, Angen Ø, Inzana TJ. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR test for simultaneous identification and serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5, and 6. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4095-100. [PMID: 12958231 PMCID: PMC193807 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.9.4095-4100.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype-specific DNA regions involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides (cps region) were used to develop a multiplex PCR test for the simultaneous species identification and serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5, and 6. Primers specific for serotypes 2, 5, and 6 were combined with the already existing species-specific primers used in a PCR test based on the omlA gene. The PCR test was evaluated with serotype reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae as well as 182 Danish field isolates previously serotyped by latex agglutination or immunodiffusion. For all serologically typeable strains, a complete correspondence was found between the results obtained by the multiplex PCR test and the results obtained by the traditional serotyping methods. Six of eight serologically nontypeable strains could be allocated to a serotype on the basis of the multiplex PCR results. The species specificity of the assay was evaluated with a collection of 93 strains representing 29 different species within the family Pasteurellaceae, as well as species normally found in the respiratory tracts of swine. All of these strains were negative by the multiplex PCR test, including 50 field isolates of the phylogenetically closely related species Actinobacillus lignieresii. When the multiplex PCR test was used to test Danish field strains, it was able to identify the serotypes of approximately 94% of all strains isolated from swine with clinical disease. More than 90% of the isolates that cross-reacted by the latex agglutination test were of serotype 2, 5, or 6. Determination of the serotype by PCR represents a convenient and specific method for the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostic laboratories.
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Baltes N, Tonpitak W, Hennig-Pauka I, Gruber AD, Gerlach GF. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 siderophore receptor FhuA is not required for virulence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 220:41-8. [PMID: 12644226 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A ferrichrome receptor, FhuA, was identified in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7. An isogenic mutant with a deletion in the ferrichrome uptake receptor gene (fhuA) was constructed and examined in an aerosol infection model. The disease caused by the mutant was indistinguishable from disease induced by A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 wild-type; an isogenic mutant lacking expression of the exbB gene that is required for the uptake of transferrin-bound iron retained the ability to utilize ferrichrome, thereby indicating that an energy-coupling mechanism involved in ferrichrome transport remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Baltes
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Cho WS, Chae C. Differentiation of twelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes by outer membrane lipoprotein gene-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2003; 50:90-4. [PMID: 12675901 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twelve Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes were differentiated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified fragments from the outer membrane lipoprotein (omlA) gene. All 12 reference serotypes and 80 field isolates produced the expected 950-base pair (bp) fragment of the omlA gene by PCR. Combining the RFLP patterns obtained with SfaNI, Bst71I, AluI, NciI, nine distinct patterns were observed in the 12 serotype reference strains. The PCR-based RFLP analysis of omlA genes allows differentiation among the 12 serotypes, with the exception of group 1 (serotypes 1, 9 and 11), and group 2 (serotypes 2 and 8). When the PCR products from the 70 field isolates were subjected to RFLP analysis, 68 showed the same RFLP patterns as their respective serotype reference strain. Two isolates that could not be typed had the same RFLP patterns as those of serotype 5. These results suggest that PCR-based RFLP analysis of the omlA genes may be of value in differentiating among 12 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Building no. 85, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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