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Cheng X, Ma J, Su J. An Overview of Analytical Methodologies for Determination of Vancomycin in Human Plasma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217319. [PMID: 36364147 PMCID: PMC9658014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is regarded as the last resort of defense for a wide range of infections due to drug resistance and toxicity. The detection of vancomycin in plasma has always aroused particular concern because the performance of the assay affects the clinical treatment outcome. This article reviews various methods for vancomycin detection in human plasma and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Immunoassay has been the first choice for vancomycin concentration monitoring due to its simplicity and practicality, occasionally interfered with by other substances. Chromatographic methods have mainly been used for scientific research due to operational complexity and the particular requirement of the instrument. However, the advantages of a small amount of sample needed, high sensitivity, and specificity makes chromatography irreplaceable. Other methods are less commonly used in clinical applications because of the operational feasibility, clinical application, contamination, etc. Simplicity, good performance, economy, and environmental friendliness have been points of laboratory methodological concern. Unfortunately, no one method has met all of the elements so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianrong Su
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-188-1169-5991
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2
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Mohamed AR. Utility of Silver-nanoparticles for Nano-fluorimetric Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluids: Greenness Assessment. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1899-1912. [PMID: 35751750 PMCID: PMC9402737 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-02942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin hydrochloride (VANH) is a glycopeptide antibiotic commonly employed in the prophylaxis and therapy of various gram-positive bacterial life-threatening infections. Due to the narrow therapeutic window of VANH, its serum levels should be well-monitored to avoid its toxicity and to optimize its therapy. Herein, an innovative silver-nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence technique was designed for VANH rapid analysis in its pharmaceutical formulation and biological fluids. This technique is based on reinforcement of VANH fluorescence intensity with silver-nanoparticles that were synthesized by a redox reaction between VANH and silver nitrate in NaOH alkaline medium using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a stabilizer. The produced silver-nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy where they have an intense absorption maximum at 415 nm and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph where they are spherical in shape with smooth surface morphology and size of 10.74 ± 2.44 nm. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 394 nm after excitation at 259 nm. Under optimum conditions, a good linear relationship was accomplished between the VANH concentration and the fluorescence intensity in a range of (1-36) ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.29 ng/mL. Greenness assessment was performed using two assessment tools namely; eco-scale scoring and green analytical procedure index revealing excellent greenness of the proposed technique. The proposed technique was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) recommendations and statistically compared with the reported HPLC method revealing no significant difference concerning accuracy and precision at p = 0.05. The proposed technique depended primarily on water as a cheap and eco-friendly solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R. Mohamed
- grid.442695.80000 0004 6073 9704Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, 11829 Egypt
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3
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Nano optical and electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detection of narrow therapeutic index drugs. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:411. [PMID: 34741213 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a comprehensive review is presented on the quantitative determination of narrow therapeutic index drugs (NTIDs) by nano optical and electrochemical sensors and biosensors. NTIDs have a narrow index between their effective doses and those at which they produce adverse toxic effects. Therefore, accurate determination of these drugs is very important for clinicians to provide a clear judgment about drug therapy for patients. Routine analytical techniques have limitations such as being expensive, laborious, and time-consuming, and need a skilled user and therefore the nano/(bio)sensing technology leads to high interest.
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4
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Mu F, Zhou X, Fan F, Chen Z, Shi G. A fluorescence biosensor for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin using in vivo microdialysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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A systematic review on chromatography-based method validation for quantification of vancomycin in biological matrices. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1767-1786. [PMID: 33275028 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fully validated bioanalytical methods are prerequisite for pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies as well as for therapeutic drug monitoring. Due to high pharmacokinetic variability and narrow therapeutic index, vancomycin requires reliable quantification methods for therapeutic drug monitoring. To identify published chromatographic based bioanalytical methods for vancomycin in current systematic review, PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched. The selected records were evaluated against the method validation criteria derived from international guidelines for critical assessment. The major deficiencies were identified in method validation parameters specifically for accuracy, precision and number of calibration and validation standards, which compromised the reliability of the validated bioanalytical methods. The systematic review enacts to adapt the recommended international guidelines for suggested validation parameters to make bioanalysis reliable.
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Ghasemiyeh P, Vazin A, Zand F, Azadi A, Karimzadeh I, Mohammadi-Samani S. A simple and validated HPLC method for vancomycin assay in plasma samples: the necessity of TDM center development in Southern Iran. Res Pharm Sci 2020; 15:529-540. [PMID: 33828596 PMCID: PMC8020853 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.301337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic which is the drug of choice against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It has a narrow therapeutic index, and thus therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and clinical pharmacokinetic assessment are necessary in order to prevent adverse drug reactions such as nephrotoxicity. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple and validated HPLC method for vancomycin assay in order to establish a TDM center for patients admitted to the ICU of Nemazee Hospital in southern Iran. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, a brief review of different parameters and variables which could affect the sensitivity, selectivity of the validated HPLC method for vancomycin determination were considered. According to the previous studies a simple, fast, and the relatively low-cost method was established for vancomycin determination in plasma samples. FINDINGS/RESULTS The developed HPLC assay indicated a calibration curve with R-square of > 0.999, acceptable selectivity, the accuracy of 90-105%, CV% of less than 15%, the limit of quantification of 1 μg/mL, and limit of detection of 300 ng/mL. Vancomycin trough level, the area under the curve, renal clearance, the volume of distribution, and elimination constant were measured in patients using this validated method. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Validated method for assay of vancomycin plasma levels was used to quantify vancomycin levels of four patients who were admitted to the ICU of Nemazee Hospital. According to the results, two of these patients showed lower levels than recommended therapeutic purposes while one of them showed a toxic level. According to the results, the TDM assessment of vancomycin is strongly recommended for patients who are hospitalized in ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Afsaneh Vazin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Farid Zand
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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Ramadon D, Courtenay AJ, Permana AD, Tekko IA, McAlister E, McCrudden MT, McCarthy HO, Donnelly RF. A sensitive HPLC-UV method for quantifying vancomycin in biological matrices: Application to pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in rat plasma, skin and lymph nodes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Ng SM, Wu X, Khyasudeen MF, Nowakowski PJ, Tan HS, Xing B, Yeow EKL. Vancomycin Determination by Disrupting Electron-Transfer in a Fluorescence Turn-On Squaraine-Anthraquinone Triad. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1156-1163. [PMID: 29792330 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective probe for Vancomycin (Van) in aqueous and serum samples is developed in this study. The probe is based on a triad consisting of a near-infrared squaraine dye (Seta-640) conjugated to two anthraquinone molecules via Lys-d-Ala-d-Ala peptides. In the absence of Van, the close proximity and efficient electron-transfer from the excited Seta-640 dye to anthraquinone result in significant fluorescence quenching of the dye ("off"-state). When Van is added, the antibiotic molecules bind with high affinity to the -d-Ala-d-Ala ligands in a 2:1 stoichiometry (Van:triad), resulting in fluorescence recovery that is as high as 30 times ("on"-state). Even though bound Van enhances the fluorescence by reducing the rate of (intrinsic) polarity-induced nonradiative decay process, this effect plays only a minor role. Instead, the main reason behind the observed fluorescence recovery after drug binding is the effective inhibition of electron-transfer; plausibly arising from a steric-induced lengthening of the spatial separation between electron donor and acceptor. The probe has detection limits of 7.0 and 96.9 nM in buffer and human serum, respectively, operates in the clinically relevant range, is insensitive to Van crystalline degradation product (CDP-1), and is easy to operate by using a commonly available fluorescence spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shue Mei Ng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - M. Faisal Khyasudeen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Paweł J. Nowakowski
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Howe-Siang Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Edwin K. L. Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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9
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Lima TDM, Seba KS, Gonçalves JCS, Cardoso FLL, Estrela RDCE. A Rapid and Simple HPLC Method for Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:115-121. [PMID: 29069326 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monitoring of the antibiotic vancomycin is important to achieve specific plasma concentration and prevent toxic effects. Several assays have been described for vancomycin determination in clinical practice, but high-performance liquid chromatography is still considered the gold standard for the quantification of vancomycin. In this study, we developed a new and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method requiring 50 μL of plasma for the quantification of vancomycin. Acetonitrile was used for processing plasma by protein precipitation (1:2.5). Isocratic chromatographic analysis was carried out on a C18 silica-based (2.7 μm) column with the mobile phase containing 20 mM ammonium acetate/formic acid buffer (pH 4.0):methanol 88:12 (v/v). A diode array detector was used for UV detection at 240 nm. This method was validated according to the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency legislation and International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The measurement range was 1-100 μg/mL, analysis time was 8 min, and intermediate precision was <12%, supporting the present method as a fast, simple, and effective alternative for therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tácio de Mendonça Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 - Cidade Universitária São Paulo- SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karine Souza Seba
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, R. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, CEP 21041-210, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Saraiva Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, CEP 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Lopes Cardoso
- Hospital Infection Control Team, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, R. Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, CEP 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Elias Estrela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 - Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, CEP 21941-170, Brazil.,Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, CEP 21040-360, Brazil, Brazil
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10
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Javorska L, Krcmova LK, Solichova D, Solich P, Kaska M. Modern methods for vancomycin determination in biological fluids by methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography - A review. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:6-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Javorska
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- University Hospital; 3 Internal Gerontometabolic Clinic; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kujovska Krcmova
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- University Hospital; 3 Internal Gerontometabolic Clinic; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Solichova
- University Hospital; 3 Internal Gerontometabolic Clinic; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Petr Solich
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kaska
- Charles University and University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Surgical Department; Academic Department of Surgery; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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11
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Liang W, Liu S, Liu Z, Li D, Wang L, Hao C, He Y. Electron transfer and fluorescence “turn-off” based CdTe quantum dots for vancomycin detection at nanogram level in aqueous serum media. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01764a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mode of interaction of GSH-CdTe QDs with vancomycin and the mechanism of the fluorescence “turn-off” process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Liang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Shaopu Liu
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Zhengqing Liu
- Frontier Institute of Chemistry
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology jointly with College of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710054
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Linlin Wang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Chenxia Hao
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
| | - Youqiu He
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence & Real-Time Analysis
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
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12
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Bai X, Lu B, Chen X, Zhang B, Tang J. Reversible detection of vancomycin using peptide-functionalized cantilever array sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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CIEF separation, UV detection, and quantification of ampholytic antibiotics and bacteria from different matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6285-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Khataee AR, Hasanzadeh A, Iranifam M, Fathinia M, Hanifehpour Y, Joo SW. CuO nanosheets-enhanced flow-injection chemiluminescence system for determination of vancomycin in water, pharmaceutical and human serum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 122:737-743. [PMID: 24374931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rapid and sensitive CuO nanosheets (NSs) amplified flow-injection chemiluminescence (CL) system, luminol-H2O2-CuO nanosheets, was developed for determination of the vancomycin hydrochloride for the first time. It was found that vancomycin could efficiently inhibit the CL intensity of luminol-H2O2-CuO nanosheets system in alkaline medium. Under the optimum conditions, the inhibited CL intensity was linearly proportional to the concentration of vancomycin over the ranges of 0.5-18.0 and 18.0-40.0 mg L(-1), with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.1 mg L(-1). The precision was calculated by analyzing samples containing 5.0 mg L(-1) vancomycin (n=11) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.8%. Also, a high injection throughput of 120 sample h(-1) was obtained. The CuO nanosheets were synthesized by a sonochemical method. Also, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were employed to characterize the CuO nanosheets. The method was successfully employed to determine vancomycin hydrochloride in environmental water samples, pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - A Hasanzadeh
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Iranifam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - M Fathinia
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Y Hanifehpour
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - S W Joo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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15
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Burkin MA, Galvidis IA. Hapten modification approach for switching immunoassay specificity from selective to generic. J Immunol Methods 2012; 388:60-7. [PMID: 23234756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cross-reactivity profile of polyclonal antibodies against a low molecular weight analyte is strongly influenced by design of the coating or enzyme-linked hapten. The hapten modification effect on immunoassay specificity was studied. Heterology in hapten type and linking method were applied. The influence of these factors on analyses of two groups of antibiotics, 16-membered macrolides and glycopeptides was studied. This approach was used to convert the selective ELISAs to tylosin and eremomycin for group determination of tylosin\tilmicosin, tylosin\spiramycin and eremomycin\vancomycin. It was shown that the analytical spectrum of the developed polyclonal antibody-based immunoassays could be expanded and depended mainly on the type of coating hapten but not on the linking method. Modification of the hapten type in coating conjugates applied in present study served as a mechanism for switching specificity of the ELISA between selective and group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim A Burkin
- Department of Hybridomas, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 105064, Russia.
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16
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Loveymi BD, Jelvehgari M, Zakeri-Milani P, Valizadeh H. Design of vancomycin RS-100 nanoparticles in order to increase the intestinal permeability. Adv Pharm Bull 2012; 2:43-56. [PMID: 24312770 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2012.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to preparation of vancomycin (VCM) biodegradable nanoparticles to improve the intestinal permeability, using water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion method. METHODS The vancomycin-loaded nanoparticles were created using double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. Using Eudragit RS100 as a coating material. The prepared nanoparticles were identifyed for their micromeritic and crystallographic properties, drug loading, particle size, drug release, Zeta potential, effective permeability (Peff) and oral fractional absorption. Intestinal permeability of VCM nanoparticles was figured out, in different concentrations using SPIP technique in rats. RESULTS Particle sizes were between 362 and 499 nm for different compositions of VCM-RS-100 nanoparticles. Entrapment efficiency expansed between 63%-94.76%. The highest entrapment efficiency 94.76% was obtained when the ratio of drug to polymer was 1:3. The in vitro release studies were accomplished in pH 7.4. The results showed that physicochemical properties were impressed by drug to polymer ratio. The FT-IR, XRPD and DSC results ruled out any chemical interaction betweenthe drug and RS-100. Effective intestinal permeability values of VCM nanoparticles in concentrations of 200, 300 and 400 μg/ml were higher than that of solutions at the same concentrations. Oral fractional absorption was achieved between 0.419-0.767. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that RS-100 nanoparticles could provide a delivery system for VCM, with enhanced intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badir Delf Loveymi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Guerrero L, Martínez-Olondris P, Rigol M, Esperatti M, Luque N, Torres A, Soy D. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD TO DETERMINE VANCOMYCIN CONCENTRATIONS IN PLASMA AND PIG PULMONARY TISSUE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guerrero
- a Pharmacy Service, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Pilar Martínez-Olondris
- b Pneumology Service, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Montserrat Rigol
- c Cardiology Service, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mariano Esperatti
- b Pneumology Service, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Néstor Luque
- b Pneumology Service, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- b Pneumology Service, Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Dolors Soy
- a Pharmacy Service, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Hu LQ, Yin CL, Du YH, Zeng ZP. Simultaneous and Direct Determination of Vancomycin and Cephalexin in Human Plasma by Using HPLC-DAD Coupled with Second-Order Calibration Algorithms. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:256963. [PMID: 22577613 PMCID: PMC3346993 DOI: 10.1155/2012/256963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of vancomycin and cephalexin in human plasma was developed by using HPLC-DAD with second-order calibration algorithms. Instead of a completely chromatographic separation, mathematical separation was performed by using two trilinear decomposition algorithms, that is, PARAFAC-alternative least squares (PARAFAC-ALSs) and self-weight-alternative-trilinear-decomposition- (SWATLD-) coupled high-performance liquid chromatography with DAD detection. The average recoveries attained from PARAFAC-ALS and SWATLD with the factor number of 4 (N = 4) were 101 ± 5% and 102 ± 4% for vancomycin, and 96 ± 3% and 97 ± 3% for cephalexininde in real human samples, respectively. The statistical comparison between PARAFAC-ALS and SWATLD is demonstrated to be similar. The results indicated that the combination of HPLC-DAD detection with second-order calibration algorithms is a powerful tool to quantify the analytes of interest from overlapped chromatographic profiles for complex analysis of drugs in plasma.
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BARANOWSKA I, WILCZEK A, BARANOWSKI J. Rapid UHPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Vancomycin, Terbinafine, Spironolactone, Furosemide and Their Metabolites: Application to Human Plasma and Urine. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:755-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena BARANOWSKA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
| | - Andrzej WILCZEK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Silesian University of Technology
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21
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Determination of vancomycin in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:527-32. [PMID: 19655128 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection for the quantification of vancomycin in human plasma was developed and validated. The method includes an extraction of vancomycin by deproteinization with acetonitrile. The analyses were carried out at 258 nm as the emission wavelength while exciting at 225 nm on a reversed-phase column (30 cm x 4 mm i.d. x 10 microm Waters Associates microBondapak C18) using a mobile phase composed of methanol and phosphate buffer at pH 6.3. Vancomycin was quantitatively recovered from human plasma samples (>96%) with high values of precision. The separation was completed within 27 min. The calibration curve was linear over the range from 5 to 1,000 ng/mL with the detection and quantification limits of 2 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL, respectively. This method is suitable for the routine assay of plasma samples.
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22
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Bigucci F, Luppi B, Musenga A, Zecchi V, Cerchiara T. Chitosan Salts Coated with Stearic Acid as Colon-Specific Delivery Systems for Vancomycin. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:289-93. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540802006468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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23
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Laki M, Hajdú M, Ludányi K, Zahár Á, Szendrői M, Klebovich I, Antal I. Evaluation of a New LC Method for Analysis of Vancomycin Released from an Orthopaedic Drug Carrier System. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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van den Broek I, Sparidans RW, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Quantitative bioanalysis of peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 872:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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López KJV, Bertoluci DF, Vicente KM, Dell'Aquilla AM, Santos SRCJ. Simultaneous determination of cefepime, vancomycin and imipenem in human plasma of burn patients by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:241-5. [PMID: 18023625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method with UV detection for simultaneous determination of cefepime, vancomycin and imipenem has been developed. Cefuroxime was used as internal standard. After the clean up of samples by plasma protein precipitation, 5 microl of the extract were injected into the chromatograph and peaks were eluted from the Sulpelcosil LC-18 column using a mobile phase consisting of 0.075 M acetate buffer:acetonitrile (92:8, v/v), pH 5.0 at low rate (0.8 ml/min). The detection wavelength was 230 nm. The limit of detection was 0.4 microg/ml for cefepime and 0.2 microg/ml for vancomycin and imipenem. The method was applied to plasma samples of burn patients, and only small volumes of plasma were required for the simultaneous determination of those antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Vera López
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Indirect spectrophotometric determination of gentamicin and vancomycin antibiotics based on their oxidation by potassium permanganate. OPEN CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-006-0035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFour simple, accurate, sensitive and economical procedures (A–D) for the estimation of gentamicin sulphate and vancomycin hydrochloride, both in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. The methods are based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by a known excess of potassium permanganate in sulphuric acid medium and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by reacting it with amaranth dye (method A), acid orange II (method B), indigocarmine (method C) and methylene blue (method D), in the same acid medium at a suitable λmax=521, 485, 610 and 664 nm, respectively. The reacted oxidant corresponds to the drug content. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlations in the concentration ranges 4–8, 3–8, 4–9 and 5–9 µg ml−1 with gentamicin and 4–8, 1.5–4, 1.5–4 and 3.5–5.5 µg ml−1 with vancomycin for methods A, B, C, and D, respectively. The molar absorptivity, sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. The stoichiometric ratios for the cited drugs were studied. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The influence of the substance commonly employed as excipients with these drugs were studied. The proposed methods were applied to the determination of these drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. The results have demonstrated that the methods are equally accurate and reproducible as the official methods.
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Musenga A, Mandrioli R, Zecchi V, Luppi B, Fanali S, Raggi MA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of the antibiotic vancomycin in innovative microparticles and in commercial formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:32-8. [PMID: 16378705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new fast capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the analysis of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin in formulations. An electrophoretic run is completed within 3.0 min; fused silica capillaries (100 microm i.d., 8.5 cm effective length and 48.5 cm total length) and a background electrolyte consisting of 12.5 mM, pH 2.5 phosphate buffer are used. The applied voltage is -20.0 kV; samples are injected by pressure (30 mbar x 3 s) at the anodic end of the capillary. The method was successfully applied to innovative controlled release microparticles consisting of a coated albumin core containing vancomycin. A simple procedure has been developed to obtain complete vancomycin extraction from microparticles using a 5% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution. The method has been validated in terms of linearity, precision and accuracy. Good linearity was found in the 0.25-5.00 microg/mL range. Satisfactory precision was obtained, with relative standard deviation values always lower than 3.9%; accuracy was satisfactory, with recovery values between 97.8 and 102.2%. The method is also suitable for vancomycin determination in commercial capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Musenga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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28
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Simultaneous determination of 11 drugs belonging to four different groups in human urine samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhou T, Wu F, Shi G, Wang A, Hu Q, Wang X, Fang Y. Study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of norvancomycin in rats by CE with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1790-6. [PMID: 16645943 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200400774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a sensitive and simple method to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of norvancomycin (NVCM) in experimental animals by using CE with electrochemical detection. Pharmacokinetics investigation was performed by the collection of blood samples at timed intervals following administration of NVCM. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the 3P87 pharmacokinetic program. The elimination half-life of NVCM was 42.4742 min with a clearance rate of 0.0233 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1). Additionally, drug distribution was studied by measuring the NVCM levels in kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, spleen, heart, liver, and cerebrum. Electrophoresis conditions such as buffer solution, working potential, separation voltage, and sampling time were also discussed. The linear range was from 0.8 to 540 microg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The detection limit was 0.3 microg/mL. This method was for the first time applied to study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distributions of NVCM in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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30
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Diana J, Visky D, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Investigation of vancomycin and related substances by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:685-93. [PMID: 16447148 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) methods compatible with mass spectrometry (MS) that are suitable for impurity profiling of vancomycin mixtures have not been described in the literature. The mobile phases of the existing methods contain non-volatile additives and/or solvents that give problems in combination with MS. In this paper, a reversed-phase LC/tandem mass spectrometry method is described for the investigation of vancomycin and related substances. The LC method uses a Zorbax Extend C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 microm, and a mobile phase consisting of methanol, water and ammonium acetate solution (pH 9.0). This method allows us to separate vancomycin and its impurities. Mass spectral data are acquired on an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in the positive and negative ion modes. The LCQ is ideally suited for identification of impurities and related substances because it provides on-line LC/MSn capability, which allows efficient identification without time-consuming isolation and purification procedures. Using this method, the fragmentation of vancomycin and known derivatives was studied and the structures of six substances occurring in commercial samples were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diana
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, O & N2, PB 923, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Saito M, Santa T, Tsunoda M, Hamamoto H, Usui N. An automated analyzer for vancomycin in plasma samples by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2004; 18:735-8. [PMID: 15386581 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An automated analyzer for vancomycin in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection was developed. The method includes in-line extraction of vancomycin by ion-exchange cartridge column and a separation on a reversed-phase column with UV detection at 215 nm. Plasma samples were diluted by mobile phase solution and directly injected to HPLC. Vancomycin was quantitatively recovered from rat plasma samples. The separation was completed within 15 min. The calibration curve was linear over the range from 0.5 to 100 microg/mL with the detection and quantification limits of 0.5 microg/mL (2.5 ng on column; signal-to-noise ratio = 3). The values of precision in intra- and inter-day assays (n = 3) were less than 1.92 and 3.69%, respectively. This method does not require time-consuming pre-treatment and is suitable for the routine assay of plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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32
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Shibata N, Ishida M, Prasad YVR, Gao W, Yoshikawa Y, Takada K. Highly sensitive quantification of vancomycin in plasma samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and oral bioavailability in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 789:211-8. [PMID: 12742112 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay (LC-MS-MS) for a glycopeptide antibacterial drug, vancomycin (VCM), in rat plasma. After precipitating 100 micro l of plasma with 300 micro l of 10% trifluoroacetic acid-methanol (2:1, v/v), the supernatant was diluted with 300 micro l of distilled water and was passed through a filter. LC-MS-MS equipped with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode used a pair of ions at 725/144 m/z for VCM in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode with a sample injection volume of 20 micro l. The calibration curve had a linear range from 0.01 to 20 micro g/ml when linear least square regression was applied to the concentration versus peak area plot. The drug in the sample was detected within 5 min. Precision, accuracy and limit of quantitation indicated that this method was suitable for the quantitative determination of VCM in rat plasma. Using this method, we defined for the first time that the oral bioavailability of VCM in rats was 0.069%. This method can be applied to basic pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical studies in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Shibata
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Nakauchi-cho 5, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, 607-8414, Kyoto, Japan.
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Diana J, Visky D, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. Development and validation of an improved method for the analysis of vancomycin by liquid chromatography selectivity of reversed-phase columns towards vancomycin components. J Chromatogr A 2003; 996:115-31. [PMID: 12830913 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current method prescribed in official monographs for the purity control of vancomycin is inappropriate in that several components are not separated from each other and other components are coeluted with the main component vancomycin B. The method uses an ODS column at pH 3.2. In this study, several changes were introduced in order to improve the separation. The optimization of the separation method at low pH indicated that pH 1.7 was optimum and that the use of dioxane as organic modifier drastically improved the separation. These conditions were used to test a set of more than 40 reversed-phase columns for their selectivity towards vancomycin components. The selection of the most suitable columns was performed by means of principal component analysis. Most of these columns did not allow the separation of didechlorovancomycin from monodechlorovancomycin 1. It was found that neutral to slightly alkaline mobile phases allowed better separation. Further optimization of the separation method and a robustness study were performed by means of experimental design. This optimization indicated that pH 7.7 was optimum and gradient elution was also used to effect complete analysis. The final method uses a Kromasil column and the mobile phase comprises dioxane, water and ammonium formate solution pH 7.7. The separation of monodechlorovancomycin 2 and of some unknown impurities from the main component vancomycin B is described for the first time. The method shows good repeatability, linearity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Diana
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, E. Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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