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Bajaj AO, Kushnir MM, Kish-Trier E, Law RN, Zuromski LM, Molinelli AR, McMillin GA, Johnson-Davis KL. LC-MS/MS Method for Measurement of Thiopurine Nucleotides (TN) in Erythrocytes and Association of TN Concentrations With TPMT Enzyme Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:836812. [PMID: 35387339 PMCID: PMC8978547 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.836812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring concentrations of thiopurine metabolites is used clinically to prevent adverse effects in patients on thiopurine drug therapy. We developed a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) and 6-methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP) in red blood cells (RBCs). This method utilizes an automated cell washer for RBC separation from whole blood samples and washing of the separated RBCs. The lower limit of quantification of the method was 0.2 μmol/L for 6-TG (∼50 pmol/8 × 108 RBC) and 4 μmol/L for 6-MMP (∼1,000 pmol/8 × 108 RBC). The total imprecision of the assay was <3.0%. The upper limit of linearity for 6-TG and 6-MMP was 7.5 μmol/L and 150 μmol/L, respectively. The stability of the thiopurine metabolites under pre- and post-analytically relevant conditions was also evaluated. A good agreement was observed between this method and validated LC-MS/MS methods from three laboratories, except for ∼40% low bias for 6-MMP observed in one of the methods. The assessment of the association between 6-TG and 6-MMP concentrations with thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) phenotype and genotype demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the thiopurine metabolite concentrations between the TPMT groups with normal and intermediate activity of 6-MMP (p < 0.0001), while the difference in 6-TG concentrations was statistically not significant (p = 0.096). Among the samples with normal TPMT activity, higher concentrations of 6-MMP (p = 0.015) were observed in pediatric samples than in the samples of adults. No statistically significant differences were observed in the distributions of 6-TG and 6-MMP concentrations among the evaluated genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol O Bajaj
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Erik Kish-Trier
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Rachel N Law
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lauren M Zuromski
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alejandro R Molinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gwendolyn A McMillin
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kamisha L Johnson-Davis
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Kumar Mall V, Prakash Ojha R, Tiwari P, Prakash R. Immunosuppressive Drug Sensor based on MoS2-Polycarboxyindole Modified Electrodes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Dogra A, Sharma A, Kumar Mandal U, Kotwal P, Bhatt S, Nandi U. Liquid Chromatography Based Methods for Analysis of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:224-242. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1503943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Anjna Sharma
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India
| | - Pankul Kotwal
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Detection of 6-Mercaptopurine by silver nanowires-coated silicon wafer based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shahrokhian S, Ghalkhani M. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with a film of nanodiamond–graphite/chitosan: Application to the highly sensitive electrochemical determination of Azathioprine. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shahrokhian S, Ghalkhani M. Electrochemical study of Azathioprine at thin carbon nanoparticle composite film electrode. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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7
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Quantitative determination of clopidogrel active metabolite in human plasma by LC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1219-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Albertioni F, Pettersson B, Ohlman S, Peterson C. Analysis of Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Plasma in Renal Transplant Recipients After Administration with Oral Azathioprine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508013741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Albertioni
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
- b Department of Transplantation Surgery , Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - B. Pettersson
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
- b Department of Transplantation Surgery , Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - S. Ohlman
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
- b Department of Transplantation Surgery , Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - C. Peterson
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
- b Department of Transplantation Surgery , Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden
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Derivatization Reactions for Analytes with Various Functional Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Van Os EC, McKinney JA, Zins BJ, Mays DC, Schriver ZH, Sandborn WJ, Lipsky JJ. Simultaneous determination of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 679:147-54. [PMID: 8998554 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A specific, sensitive, single-step solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of plasma 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine concentrations is reported. Following solid-phase extraction, analytes are separated on a C18 column with mobile phase consisting of 0.8% acetonitrile in 1 mM triethylamine, pH 3.2, run on a gradient system. Quantitation limits were 5 ng/ml and 2 ng/ml for azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine, respectively. Peak heights correlated linearly to known extracted standards for 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine (r = 0.999) over a range of 2-200 ng/ml. No chromatographic interferences were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Van Os
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic/Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 59905, USA
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Abstract
The present review on the methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs should be seen as an addition to the excellent work of Eksborg and Ehrsson published half a decade ago in this journal (Vol. 340, p.31). The style and format have been followed closely, with the focus again on chromatographic techniques. We felt it important to add a list of compound (group) structures as a service to the reader. Methods have been reviewed for alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antitumour antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkaloids, suramin, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Tjaden
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Azeemuddin S, Israili ZH, Bharmal FM. Rapid method for evaluating compliance of 6-mercaptopurine therapy in children with leukemia. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 430:163-9. [PMID: 3215952 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Azeemuddin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Halbert MK, Baldwin RP. Amperometric detection of thiopurines in blood plasma with a cobalt-phthalocyanine chemically modified electrode after liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schwarz V, Deyl Z, Macek K. Drug level monitoring: chromatography of some minor groups of drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 340:401-79. [PMID: 2862158 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Some important facts about the chromatographic separation of a number of selected categories of drugs are summarized. The data refer to the chromatographic method of choice, stationary phase, mobile phase (carrier gas), detection procedure and (where available) method sensitivity. Also, fundamental instrumental parameters, namely injector, column and detector temperature, carrier gas and mobile phase flow-rate and gradient set-up are reported here. In all cases also the source material used for analysis is specified. The data are presented in table form, each table dealing with a particular category of drugs. The following categories of drugs are being dealt with: anthelmintics, antiarteriosclerotics, antibacterials, anticholinergics and cholinergics, anticoagulants, antidiabetics, antiemetics, antimycotics, antihistamines, antimalarials, antiparasitics, antiparkinsonics, antitussives, antiulcer drugs, antiviral compounds, appetite depressants and immunosuppressives.
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Abstract
The present review on the quantification of cytostatic drugs has mainly been focussed on chromatographic techniques. Special attention has been paid to the precautions that have to be taken into account to ensure the selectivity and accuracy of the various methods. The various cytostatics that have been dealt with are: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, podophyllotoxine derivatives, and nitrosoureas.
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Perrett D, Rudge SR. The determination of thiols and related compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1985; 3:3-27. [PMID: 16867706 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(85)80003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1984] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Perrett
- Department of Medicine, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
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van Baal JM, van Leeuwen MB, Schouten TJ, de Abreu RA. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine riboside and 6-thioguanosine in biological fluids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 336:422-8. [PMID: 6543365 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)85171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Burton NK, Aherne GW, Marks V. A novel method for the quantitation of 6-mercaptopurine in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984; 309:409-14. [PMID: 6541226 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(84)80051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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