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Guo Y, Wang H, Yang B, Shu J, Jiang K, Yu Z, Zhang Z, Li Z, Huang J, Wei Z. An ultrasensitive SPI/PAI ion source based on a high-flux VUV lamp and its applications for the online mass spectrometric detection of sub-pptv sulfur ethers. Talanta 2022; 247:123558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Exploring breath biomarkers in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice with associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 239:123120. [PMID: 34864537 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a common but fatal disease that threatens human health worldwide. Developing effective diagnostic methods is of great importance for the early detection of PF in patients. In this study, bleomycin (BLM) was used in mice to mimic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The exhaled breath of BLM-induced PF, PF plus DDAH1 overexpression, and healthy control mice were analyzed in real-time using a newly developed associative ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry method (AI-TOFMS), which is uniquely sensitive, especially to oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Multivariate data analyses and discriminant modeling analyses revealed that four exhaled compounds, i.e., acrolein, ethanol, nitric oxide, and ammonia, had a strong correlation with PF symptoms. An Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot showed an excellent separation between these three groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for these four compounds distinguished PF mice from healthy controls at 0.989. In addition, the degrees of acute inflammation and fibrosis were assessed with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and Masson's Trichrome staining. Finally, combined with pathological characteristics and mRNA expression levels, the formation of the above-mentioned volatile compounds was explored. The obtained experimental results indicated that these four breath compounds, acrolein, ethanol, nitric oxide, and ammonia, were potential exhaled biomarkers for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Jaeschke C, Glöckler J, Padilla M, Mitrovics J, Mizaikoff B. An eNose-based method performing drift correction for online VOC detection under dry and humid conditions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4724-4733. [PMID: 32930676 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Our recently demonstrated innovative concept of electronic nose (eNose) based on a combination of gas sensors is further tested and benchmarked in the present study. The system is a test bed for gas sensors of different principal technologies distributed within three compartments, which share a compact, very low volume, temperature-controlled sensing chamber. Here, the eNose-based analyser contains three sensing arrays of commercially available semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors: one compartment contains 8 analog MOX sensors, while the other two compartments comprise 10 digital MOX sensors. The presented instrument is explicitly tested for the discrimination between mid-range (3-18 ppm) concentrations of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including acetaldehyde, acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, isoprene and n-pentane under dry and humid conditions, which are all considered relevant gases in future breath diagnostic applications. Since the experiments were performed in periods of time separated by around 20 days, they are affected by drift. For this reason, we explore the opportunity of drift mitigation using methods based on component removal computed by linear discriminant analysis, partial least squares discriminant analysis and direct orthogonalization, which lend themselves to future in-field applications of the developed device and sensing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jaeschke
- University of Ulm, Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Yang X, Jiao R, Zhu X, Zhao S, Liao G, Yu J, Wang D. Profiling and characterization of odorous volatile compounds from the industrial fermentation of erythromycin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113130. [PMID: 31542665 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complaints caused by odors from the fermentation production of pharmaceuticals are common in China. The elimination of odor remains a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry to meet the increasingly strict environment regulations. Erythromycin is a representative antibiotic produced by microbial fermentation. The fermentation exhaust gas of erythromycin fermentation has an unpleasant odor, but the composition of the key odorants has not been identified. The major odorants from the fermentation production of erythromycin API were analyzed by electronic nose, olfactory measurements, gas chromatography-coupled ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Two compounds, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin, were identified as the major odorants of erythromycin fermentation. These had not been detected before using only GC-MS analysis of exhaust gas. Aldehydes, including hexanal, octanal, decanal, and benzaldehyde, also contribute to the odor. The composition analysis of odorants using the fermentation broth headspace was more efficient and reliable, considering the significant dilution effect of exhaust gas. The concentration of 2-MIB and geosmin in the fermentation broth greatly exceeded their odor thresholds. The production of major odorants started in the early fermentation stage and became significant in the middle stage (30-70 h). Due to the extremely low odor thresholds of 2-MIB and geosmin, advanced purification may require deodorization of erythromycin fermentation exhaust gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xinmeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Research and Development Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Guiying Liao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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5
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Jaeschke C, Glöckler J, El Azizi O, Gonzalez O, Padilla M, Mitrovics J, Mizaikoff B. An Innovative Modular eNose System Based on a Unique Combination of Analog and Digital Metal Oxide Sensors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2277-2281. [PMID: 31389228 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An innovative concept for an electronic nose (eNose) system based on a unique combination of analog and digital sensors for online monitoring is presented. The developed system consists of small sensing arrays of commercially available semiconducting metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors in a compact, modular, low sample volume, temperature-controlled sensing chamber. The sensing chamber comprises three compartments, each of which may contain several analog and/or digital MOX sensors. Additional sensors within the digital compartment allow for pressure, humidity, and temperature measurements. The presented prototype eNose system comprises one compartment with 8 analog MOX sensors and two compartments with 10 digital sensors each and was explicitly tested here for the discrimination between midrange (3-18 ppm) concentrations of ethanol and acetone at dry and moderately humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jaeschke
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- JLM Innovation GmbH, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Glöckler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oussama El Azizi
- Rovira i Virgili University, Avda. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Oriol Gonzalez
- JLM Innovation GmbH, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marta Padilla
- JLM Innovation GmbH, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Mitrovics
- JLM Innovation GmbH, Vor dem Kreuzberg 17, 72070 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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6
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Pugliese G, Trefz P, Brock B, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Extending PTR based breath analysis to real-time monitoring of reactive volatile organic compounds. Analyst 2019; 144:7359-7367. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct time resolved mass spectrometric monitoring of reactive exhaled nitrogen- and sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) related to metabolic processes, diseases and bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pugliese
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
- Rostock University Medical Center
- 18057 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Phillip Trefz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
- Rostock University Medical Center
- 18057 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Beate Brock
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
- Rostock University Medical Center
- 18057 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Jochen K. Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
- Rostock University Medical Center
- 18057 Rostock
- Germany
| | - Wolfram Miekisch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
- Rostock University Medical Center
- 18057 Rostock
- Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human breath can contain thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile compounds that are related to metabolism and other biochemical processes. The presence of cancer cells can affect the identity and abundances of chemicals in breath when compared to those in healthy control subjects, which can be used to indicate the likelihood of a patient having cancer. Recently, the chemical analysis of exhaled breath from patients has been shown to be promising for diagnosing many different types of cancers, including lung, breast, colon, head, neck, and prostate, along with pre-cancerous conditions (dysplasia). AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the sampling, analytical and data analysis methods reported in the recent patent literature related to cancer breath testing (2014-2017). In addition, the different types of cancer biomarkers that were disclosed are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The major advantages of breath testing compared to conventional X-ray and imaging based methods includes simplicity of use, non-invasiveness, and the potential to detect cancer at a relatively early stage. Such methods are also suitable to perform population screening because of their non-invasiveness. However, the establishment of standard sampling, detection and quantification methods for breath testing is required before the methods can be employed for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Mohibul Kabir
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
| | - William A Donald
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
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Yoon JW, Kim JS, Kim TH, Hong YJ, Kang YC, Lee JH. A New Strategy for Humidity Independent Oxide Chemiresistors: Dynamic Self-Refreshing of In2 O3 Sensing Surface Assisted by Layer-by-Layer Coated CeO2 Nanoclusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4229-40. [PMID: 27357165 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of metal oxide semiconductors has been one of the greatest obstacles for gas sensor applications during the last five decades because ambient humidity dynamically changes with the environmental conditions. Herein, a new and novel strategy is reported to eliminate the humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of oxide chemiresistors via dynamic self-refreshing of the sensing surface affected by water vapor chemisorption. The sensor resistance and gas response of pure In2 O3 hollow spheres significantly change and deteriorate in humid atmospheres. In contrast, the humidity dependence becomes negligible when an optimal concentration of CeO2 nanoclusters is uniformly loaded onto In2 O3 hollow spheres via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. Moreover, In2 O3 sensors LBL-coated with CeO2 nanoclusters show fast response/recovery, low detection limit (500 ppb), and high selectivity to acetone even in highly humid conditions (relative humidity 80%). The mechanism underlying the dynamic refreshing of the In2 O3 sensing surfaces regardless of humidity variation is investigated in relation to the role of CeO2 and the chemical interaction among CeO2 , In2 O3 , and water vapor. This strategy can be widely used to design high performance gas sensors including disease diagnosis via breath analysis and pollutant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
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9
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Xu M, Tang Z, Duan Y, Liu Y. GC-Based Techniques for Breath Analysis: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:291-304. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1055550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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A compact gas chromatograph and pre-column concentration system for enhanced in-field separation of levoglucosan and other polar organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1417:73-8. [PMID: 26410183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Portable and compact instruments for separating and detecting organic compounds are needed in the field for environmental studies. This is especially the case for pollution studies as in-field detection of organic compounds helps identify sources of pollution. Here we describe the development of a compact GC and simple pre-concentrator coupled to a MS detector. This simple system can easily be incorporated into portable instrumentation. Combining the pre-concentrator and compact column has the advantage of decoupling separation from manual injection and enhances separation of environmentally relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. A detection limit of 2.2 ng was obtained for levoglucosan. This simple design has the potential to expand the use of gas chromatography as a routine in-field separation technique.
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11
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Tang Z, Liu Y, Duan Y. Breath analysis: technical developments and challenges in the monitoring of human exposure to volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:285-99. [PMID: 26343020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is a growing concern about human quality of life. In particular, there is an awareness of the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment and human health, so the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs is an increasingly urgent need. Biomonitoring is theoretically more accurate compared with traditional ambient air monitoring, and it plays an essential role in human environmental exposure assessment. Breath analysis is a biomonitoring method with many advantages, which is applicable to assessments of human exposure to a large number of VOCs. Techniques are being developed to improve the sensitivity and precision of breath analysis based on in-direct and direct measurements which will be reviewed in this paper. This paper briefly reviews the frequently used methods in both of these categories, specifically highlighting some promising new techniques. Furthermore, this review also provides theoretical background knowledge about the use of breath analysis as a biomonitoring tool for human exposure assessment. A review of the application of breath analysis to human exposure monitoring during last two decades is also provided according to occupational/non-occupational exposure. Obstacles and potential challenges in this field are also summarized. Based on the gradual improvements in the theoretical basis and technology reviewed in this paper, breath analysis is an enormous potential approach for the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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12
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Bernier UR, Kline DL, Allan SA, Barnard DR. Laboratory Studies of Aedes aegypti Attraction to Ketones, Sulfides, and Primary Chloroalkanes Tested Alone and in Combination with L-Lactic Acid. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:63-70. [PMID: 25843177 DOI: 10.2987/14-6452r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The attraction of female Aedes aegypti to single compounds and binary compositions containing L-lactic acid and an additional saturated compound from a set of ketones, sulfides, and chloroalkanes was studied using a triple-cage dual-port olfactometer. These chemical classes were studied because of their structural relation to acetone, dimethyl disulfide, and dichloromethane, which have all been reported to synergize attraction to L-lactic acid. Human odors, carbon dioxide, and the binary mixture of L-lactic acid and CO₂served as controls for comparison of attraction responses produced by the binary mixtures. All tested mixtures that contained chloroalkanes attracted mosquitoes at synergistic levels, as did L-lactic acid and CO₂. Synergism was less frequent in mixtures of L-lactic acid with sulfides and ketones; in the case of ketones, synergistic attraction was observed only for L-lactic acid combined with acetone or butanone. Suppression or inhibition of attraction response was observed for combinations that contained ketones of C7-C12 molecular chain length (optimum in the C8-C10 range). This inhibition effect is similar to that observed previously for specific ranges of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich R Bernier
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
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13
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Detection of volatile malodorous compounds in breath: current analytical techniques and implications in human disease. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:357-76. [PMID: 24471956 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last few decades intense scientific research has been placed on the relationship between trace substances found in exhaled breath such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and a wide range of local or systemic diseases. Although currently there is no general consensus, results imply that VOC have a different profile depending on the organ or disease that generates them. The association between a specific pathology and exhaled breath odor is particularly evident in patients with medical conditions such as liver, renal or oral diseases. In other cases the unpleasant odors can be associated with the whole body and have a genetic underlying cause. The present review describes the current advances in identifying and quantifying VOC used as biomarkers for a number of systemic diseases. A special focus will be placed on volatiles that characterize unpleasant breath 'fingerprints' such as fetor hepaticus; uremic fetor; fetor ex ore or trimethylaminuria.
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14
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Kalluri U, Naiker M, Myers MA. Cell culture metabolomics in the diagnosis of lung cancer-the influence of cell culture conditions. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027109. [PMID: 24861817 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Unfortunately, lung cancer is often diagnosed only when it becomes symptomatic or at an advanced stage when few treatment options are available. Hence, a diagnostic test suitable for screening widespread populations is required to enable earlier diagnosis. Analysis of exhaled breath provides a non-invasive method for early detection of lung cancer. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by various mass spectral techniques has identified potential biomarkers of disease. Nevertheless, the metabolic origins and the disease specificity of VOCs need further elucidation. Cell culture metabolomics can be used as a bottom-up approach to identify biomarkers of pathological conditions and can also be used to study the metabolic pathways that produce such compounds. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of lung cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath and emphasizes the critical role of cell culture conditions in determining the VOCs produced in vitro. Hypoxic culture conditions more closely mimic the conditions of cancer cell growth in vivo. We propose that since hypoxia influences cell metabolism and so potentially the VOCs that the cancer cells produce, the cell culture metabolomics projects should consider culturing cancer cells in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kalluri
- Biomedical Science, School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350, Australia
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15
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Prabhakar A, Iglesias RA, Shan X, Xian X, Zhang L, Tsow F, Forzani ES, Tao N. Online sample conditioning for portable breath analyzers. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7172-8. [PMID: 22812638 DOI: 10.1021/ac301542j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Various innovative chemical sensors have been developed in recent years to sense dangerous substances in air and trace biomarkers in breath. However, in order to solve real world problems, the sensors must be equipped with efficient sample conditioning that can, e.g., control the humidity, which is discussed much less in the literature. To meet the demand, a miniaturized mouthpiece was developed for personal breath analyzers. A key function of the mouthpiece is to condition the humidity in real breath samples without changing the analyte concentrations and introducing substantial backpressure, which is achieved with optimized packing of desiccant particles. Numerical simulations were carried out to determine the performance of the mouthpiece in terms of various controllable parameters, such as the size, density, and geometry of the packing. Mouthpieces with different configurations were built and tested, and the experimental data validated the simulation findings. A mouthpiece with optimized performance reducing relative humidity from 95% (27,000 ppmV) to 29% (8000 ppmV) whereas retaining 92% nitric oxide (50 ppbV to 46 ppbV) was built and integrated into a hand-held exhaled nitric oxide sensor, and the performance of exhaled nitric oxide measurement was in good agreement with the gold standard chemiluminescence technique. Acetone, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ammonia samples were also measured after passing through the desiccant mouthpiece using commercial sensors to examine wide applicability of this breath conditioning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlendu Prabhakar
- Center for Bioelectronics & Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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16
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Jo SH, Kim KH, Shon ZH, Parker D. Identification of control parameters for the sulfur gas storability with bag sampling methods. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 738:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Thorn RMS, Greenman J. Microbial volatile compounds in health and disease conditions. J Breath Res 2012; 6:024001. [PMID: 22556190 PMCID: PMC7106765 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/2/024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cultures and/or microbial associated diseases often have a characteristic smell. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by all microorganisms as part of their normal metabolism. The types and classes of VOC produced is wide, including fatty acids and their derivatives (e.g. hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols and ketones), aromatic compounds, nitrogen containing compounds, and volatile sulfur compounds. A diversity of ecological niches exist in the human body which can support a polymicrobial community, with the exact VOC profile of a given anatomical site being dependent on that produced by both the host component and the microbial species present. The detection of VOCs is of interest to various disciplines, hence numerous analytical approaches have been developed to accurately characterize and measure VOCs in the laboratory, often from patient derived samples. Using these technological advancements it is evident that VOCs are indicative of both health and disease states. Many of these techniques are still largely confined to the research laboratory, but it is envisaged that in future bedside 'VOC profiling' will enable rapid characterization of microbial associated disease, providing vital information to healthcare practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Michael Statham Thorn
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - John Greenman
- Centre for Research in Biomedicine, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, BS16 1QY, UK
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18
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Ciaffoni L, Peverall R, Ritchie GAD. Laser spectroscopy on volatile sulfur compounds: possibilities for breath analysis. J Breath Res 2011; 5:024002. [PMID: 21593551 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/2/024002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is an emerging interest in the detection of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the breath environment, given their biological relevance as potential signatures of several pathological conditions. Particularly, laser-based spectroscopic sensors are candidates for conducting accurate breath diagnostics in clinical settings. With these aims in mind, the current status of VSC sensing via laser absorption spectroscopy is reviewed in this paper. Attention has been focused on the most promising exhaled markers of pathological conditions, namely hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methanethiol, carbon disulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Details of the most relevant spectroscopic studies conducted on such molecules are presented, together with suggestions on the future direction of this challenging analytical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ciaffoni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
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19
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Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Saliva by a Static Sorptive Extraction Method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1035-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mochalski P, Wzorek B, Sliwka I, Amann A. Improved pre-concentration and detection methods for volatile sulphur breath constituents. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1856-66. [PMID: 19493705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Suitability of different types of pre-concentration (solid phase microextraction and sorbent trapping) and detection (flame photometric detector (FPD) and mass selective detector (MSD)) for gas chromatographic determination of sulphur-containing compounds (H2S, MeSH, EtSH, DMS, COS and CS2) in breath-gas was assessed in this study. Several factors like influence of humidity, influence of oxygen, or stability of target compounds in extraction vessels (SPME vials and sorbent tubes) were investigated. Despite poor stability of VSCs in SPME vials and matrix effects (unfavorable influence of humidity), SPME was found to be a fast and reliable enrichment method, which coupled with mass selective detector provided satisfactory LODs of target compounds at the ppt level (from 0.15 ppb for CS2 to 2.3 ppb for H2S). Application of sorbent trapping with two-bed sorbent tubes containing Tenax TA and Carboxen 1000 gave excellent LODs (0.03-0.3 ppb for 200 ml sample and MSD). Stability of investigated VSCs in sorbents was found to be very poor (30-40% losses after 2 h). FPD showed satisfactory sensitivity only when it was coupled with sorbent trapping. Breath samples were collected into Tedlar bags in a CO2-controlled manner. Humidity was removed during sampling (permeation dryer--Nafion) to avoid unfavorable water dependent effects during analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mochalski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
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Pandey SK, Kim KH. A review of methods for the determination of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3020-9. [PMID: 19534108 DOI: 10.1021/es803272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The importance of reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) in air is well-known for its significant effect on global atmospheric chemistry and malodor and quality of life. In this review, methodological approaches commonly employed for the analysis of RSCs such as hydrogen sulfide, methane thiol, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and dimethyl disulfide in air are described. To this end, we focus on gas chromatography (GC) because it is the most feasible, frequently used, and widely accepted approach for the analysis of RSC in air. The advantages and possible limitations related to sampling and/or preconcentration methods are also discussed. The relative performance of different GC-based detection methodologies is evaluated in terms of basic quality assurance. Some alternative methods (i.e., other than GC) that deal with the determination of RSCs in air matrices are also discussed briefly. Finally, this review addresses the methodological developments of RSC analysis by highlighting current limitations and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Pandey
- Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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22
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Juarez-Galan JM, Valor I. New universal, portable and cryogenic sampler for time weighted average monitoring of H2S, NH3, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and dimethylethylamine. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3003-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mochalski P, Wzorek B, Śliwka I, Amann A. Suitability of different polymer bags for storage of volatile sulphur compounds relevant to breath analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Laska M, Bautista RMR, Höfelmann D, Sterlemann V, Salazar LTH. Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 210:4169-78. [PMID: 18025016 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four spider monkeys, three squirrel monkeys and three pigtail macaques to four thiols and two indols, substances characteristic of putrefaction processes and faecal odours, was assessed. With all odorants, the animals significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 p.p.m. (part per million) from the odourless solvent, and in several cases individual animals even demonstrated thresholds below 1 p.p.t. (part per trillion). The detection thresholds of 0.03 p.p.t. for indol in Saimiri sciureus and Macaca nemestrina and 0.96 p.p.t. for ethanethiol in Ateles geoffroyi represent the lowest values among the more than 50 odorants tested so far with these species and are in the same order of magnitude as the lowest detection thresholds reported so far in the rat and the mouse. The results showed (a) all three species of non-human primate to have a highly developed olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated odorants, and (b) a significant correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of the thiols, and a marked effect of the presence vs absence of a methyl group on perceptibility of the indols tested in two of the three species. The results support the hypotheses that (a) between-species differences in neuroanatomical or genetic features may not be indicative of olfactory sensitivity, and (b) within-species differences in olfactory sensitivity may reflect differences in the behavioural relevance of odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Laska
- IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Krkošová Ž, Kubinec R, Soják L, Amann A. Temperature-programmed gas chromatography linear retention indices of all C4–C30 monomethylalkanes on methylsilicone OV-1 stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Buszewski B, Kesy M, Ligor T, Amann A. Human exhaled air analytics: biomarkers of diseases. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:553-66. [PMID: 17431933 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, breath analysis for the routine monitoring of metabolic disorders has attracted a considerable amount of scientific interest, especially since breath sampling is a non-invasive technique, totally painless and agreeable to patients. The investigation of human breath samples with various analytical methods has shown a correlation between the concentration patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the occurrence of certain diseases. It has been demonstrated that modern analytical instruments allow the determination of many compounds found in human breath both in normal and anomalous concentrations. The composition of exhaled breath in patients with, for example, lung cancer, inflammatory lung disease, hepatic or renal dysfunction and diabetes contains valuable information. Furthermore, the detection and quantification of oxidative stress, and its monitoring during surgery based on composition of exhaled breath, have made considerable progress. This paper gives an overview of the analytical techniques used for sample collection, preconcentration and analysis of human breath composition. The diagnostic potential of different disease-marking substances in human breath for a selection of diseases and the clinical applications of breath analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and apply a detailed clinical protocol for screening and assessing subjects with a complaint of halitosis. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Several methods were used to recruit subjects with a complaint of halitosis, including a newspaper advertisement. A definition of halitosis arising from within the oral cavity, which is not related to generalized chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis or pathology of the oral mucosa was used. An extensive list of exclusion criteria was applied at the initial visit. Eligible subjects were asked to follow strict instructions and complete a questionnaire prior to their second visit for data collection. The clinical examination consisted of an organoleptic assessment, Halimeter reading and periodontal examination. RESULTS The best method of recruiting subjects was advertising. Of 66 individuals recruited, four failed to attend the screening visit and 25 were excluded. The main reasons for exclusion were poor oral hygiene and existing periodontal disease. Thirty-seven completed the full protocol, resulting in identification of 18 with halitosis and 19 controls. CONCLUSIONS Application of the exclusion criteria resulted in significant attrition of eligible participants. Our results suggest that organoleptic assessment should be regarded as a useful standard for defining subjects with halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Donaldson
- Infection & Immunity Section, University of Glasgow Dental School, Glasgow, UK
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Wang DKW, Austin CC. Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: canister methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1099-120. [PMID: 16775705 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Canister methodology is applicable to 150 polar and nonpolar VOCs found in ambient air from parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) to parts-per-million (ppmv) levels, and has been validated at parts-per-trillion (pptv) levels for a subset of these analytes. This article is a detailed review of techniques related to the collection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in evacuated Summa and fused-silica-lined canisters, and their analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Emphasis is placed on canister cleaning, VOC stability in canisters, sample dilution, water management, and VOC cryogenic and sorbent preconcentration methods. A wide range of VOC preconcentration and water management methods are identified from the literature, and their relative merits and disadvantages are discussed. Examples of difficulties that commonly arise when processing canister samples are illustrated, and solutions to these problems are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K W Wang
- Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada.
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Statheropoulos M, Spiliopoulou C, Agapiou A. A study of volatile organic compounds evolved from the decaying human body. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 153:147-55. [PMID: 16139103 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two men were found dead near the island of Samos, Greece, in the Mediterranean sea. The estimated time of death for both victims was 3-4 weeks. Autopsy revealed no remarkable external injuries or acute poisoning. The exact cause of death remained unclear because the bodies had advanced decomposition. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evolved from these two corpses were determined by thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis (TD/GC/MS). Over 80 substances have been identified and quantified. The most prominent among them were dimethyl disulfide (13.39 nmol/L), toluene (10.11 nmol/L), hexane (5.58 nmol/L), benzene 1,2,4-trimethyl (4.04 nmol/L), 2-propanone (3.84 nmol/L), 3-pentanone (3.59 nmol/L). Qualitative and quantitative differences among the evolved VOCs and CO2 mean concentration values might indicate different rates of decomposition between the two bodies. The study of the evolved VOCs appears to be a promising adjunct to the forensic pathologist as they may offer important information which can be used in his final evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Statheropoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Sector I, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., 157 73 Athens, Greece
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Solouki T, Szulejko JE, Bennett JB, Graham LB. A preconcentrator coupled to a GC/FTMS: advantages of self-chemical ionization, mass measurement accuracy, and high mass resolving power for GC applications. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:1191-1200. [PMID: 15276166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of a cryogenic preconcentrator (PC) to a gas chromatograph/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (GC/FT-ICR MS) is reported. To demonstrate the analytical capabilities of the PC/GC/FT-ICR MS, headspace samples containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from detached pine tree twigs were analyzed. Sub-ppm mass measurement accuracy (MMA) for highly resolved (m/Deltam(50%) > 150 k) terpene ions was achieved. Direct PC/GC/FT-ICR MS analyses revealed that detached twigs from pine trees emit acetone, camphor, and four detectable hydrocarbon isomers with C(10)H(16) empirical formula. The unknown analytes were identified based on accurate mass measurement and their mass spectral appearances. Authentic samples were used to confirm initially unknown identifications. Self-chemical-ionization (SCI) reactions furnished an additional dimension for rapid isomer differentiation of GC eluents in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.
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Ensafi AA, Rahimi Mansour H, Majlesi R. Determination of Trace Amount of Carbon Disulfide in Water by the Spectrophotometric Reaction-Rate Method. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:1679-81. [PMID: 14696937 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) was determined at trace levels by its induction effect on the reaction of triiodide with azide in acidic media. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by the decreased absorbance of triiodide over a period of 30 - 180 s from the initiation of the reaction at 350 nm, with calibration linear range of 0.020 - 1.870 microg/ml CS2. The limit of detection is 0.013 microg/ml CS2. A carbon-active column was used for sample solution clean up. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace carbon disulfide in natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Ensafi
- College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156, Iran.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:234-240. [PMID: 11857770 DOI: 10.1002/jms.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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