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Bajo-Fernández M, Souza-Silva ÉA, Barbas C, Rey-Stolle MF, García A. GC-MS-based metabolomics of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath: applications in health and disease. A review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1295955. [PMID: 38298553 PMCID: PMC10828970 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1295955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath analysis, with particular emphasis on volatile organic compounds, represents a growing area of clinical research due to its obvious advantages over other diagnostic tests. Numerous pathologies have been extensively investigated for the identification of specific biomarkers in exhalates through metabolomics. However, the transference of breath tests to clinics remains limited, mainly due to deficiency in methodological standardization. Critical steps include the selection of breath sample types, collection devices, and enrichment techniques. GC-MS is the reference analytical technique for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhalates, especially during the biomarker discovery phase in metabolomics. This review comprehensively examines and compares metabolomic studies focusing on cancer, lung diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition to delving into the experimental designs reported, it also provides a critical discussion of the methodological aspects, ranging from the experimental design and sample collection to the identification of potential pathology-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bajo-Fernández
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
- Departmento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ma Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
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Moura PC, Raposo M, Vassilenko V. Breath biomarkers in Non-Carcinogenic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117692. [PMID: 38065379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from human matrices like breath, perspiration, and urine has received increasing attention from academic and medical researchers worldwide. These biological-borne VOCs molecules have characteristics that can be directly related to physiologic and pathophysiologic metabolic processes. In this work, gathers a total of 292 analytes that have been identified as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of various non-carcinogenic diseases. Herein we review the advances in VOCs with a focus on breath biomarkers and their potential role as minimally invasive tools to improve diagnosis prognosis and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Maria Raposo
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus FCT-UNL, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Salehifar N, Holtmann P, Hungund AP, Dinani HS, Gerald RE, Huang J. Calculations of adsorption-dependent refractive indices of metal-organic frameworks for gas sensing applications. Opt Express 2023; 31:7947-7965. [PMID: 36859915 PMCID: PMC10018789 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the most challenging tasks in modelling breath analyzers because of their low concentrations (parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm)) in breath and the high humidity levels in exhaled breaths. The refractive index is one of the crucial optical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which is changeable via the variation of gas species and concentrations that can be utilized as gas detectors. Herein, for the first time, we used Lorentz-Lorentz, Maxwell-Ga, and Bruggeman effective medium approximation (EMA) equations to compute the percentage change in the index of refraction (Δn%) of ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-90, MIL-101(Cr) and HKUST-1 upon exposure to ethanol at various partial pressures. We also determined the enhancement factors of the mentioned MOFs to assess the storage capability of MOFs and the biosensors' selectivity through guest-host interactions, especially, at low guest concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahideh Salehifar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Peter Holtmann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Abhishek Prakash Hungund
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Homayoon Soleimani Dinani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Rex E. Gerald
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 141 Emerson Electric Co. Hall, 301 W. 16th., Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
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Li ZT, Zeng PY, Chen ZM, Guan WJ, Wang T, Lin Y, Li SQ, Zhang ZJ, Zhan YQ, Wang MD, Tan GB, Li X, Ye F. Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds for Identifying Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:720119. [PMID: 34631744 PMCID: PMC8495266 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.720119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a major challenge in clinical practice. The development and validation of a novel, sensitive and specific assay for diagnosing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is urgently needed. Methods: From April 2018 to June 2019, 53 patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), 32 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 48 healthy controls were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Clinical characteristics and samples were collected at enrollment. All exhaled breath samples were analyzed offline using thermal desorption single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; to analyze the metabolic pathways of the characteristic volatile organic compounds, serum samples were subjected to ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography. Results: We identified characteristic volatile organic compounds in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, which mainly consisted of phenol, neopentyl alcohol, toluene, limonene and ethylbenzene. These compounds were assessed using a logistic regression model. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.8 and 96.9% for discriminating patients in the CPA group from those in the CAP group and 95.8 and 97.9% for discriminating patients in the CPA group from healthy controls, respectively. The concentration of limonene (m/z 136) correlated significantly positively with anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgG antibody titers (r = 0.420, P < 0.01). After antifungal treatment, serum IgG and the concentration of limonene (m/z 136) decreased in the subgroup of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Conclusions: We identified VOCs that can be used as biomarkers for differential diagnosis and therapeutic response prediction in patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Tu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Hena University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang-Qing Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Die Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Bin Tan
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Hexin Instrument Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Thompson AJ, Bourke CD, Robertson RC, Shivakumar N, Edwards CA, Preston T, Holmes E, Kelly P, Frost G, Morrison DJ. Understanding the role of the gut in undernutrition: what can technology tell us? Gut 2021; 70:gutjnl-2020-323609. [PMID: 34103403 PMCID: PMC8292602 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut function remains largely underinvestigated in undernutrition, despite its critical role in essential nutrient digestion, absorption and assimilation. In areas of high enteropathogen burden, alterations in gut barrier function and subsequent inflammatory effects are observable but remain poorly characterised. Environmental enteropathy (EE)-a condition that affects both gut morphology and function and is characterised by blunted villi, inflammation and increased permeability-is thought to play a role in impaired linear growth (stunting) and severe acute malnutrition. However, the lack of tools to quantitatively characterise gut functional capacity has hampered both our understanding of gut pathogenesis in undernutrition and evaluation of gut-targeted therapies to accelerate nutritional recovery. Here we survey the technology landscape for potential solutions to improve assessment of gut function, focussing on devices that could be deployed at point-of-care in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We assess the potential for technological innovation to assess gut morphology, function, barrier integrity and immune response in undernutrition, and highlight the approaches that are currently most suitable for deployment and development. This article focuses on EE and undernutrition in LMICs, but many of these technologies may also become useful in monitoring of other gut pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Thompson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire D Bourke
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruairi C Robertson
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nirupama Shivakumar
- Division of Nutrition, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gary Frost
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
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Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Ventrella G, Facchini L, Catino A, Varesano N, Pizzutilo P, Galetta D, Borelli M, Barbieri P, Licen S, de Gennaro G. Breath Analysis: Comparison among Methodological Approaches for Breath Sampling. Molecules 2020; 25:E5823. [PMID: 33321824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising results obtained in the early diagnosis of several pathologies, breath analysis still remains an unused technique in clinical practice due to the lack of breath sampling standardized procedures able to guarantee a good repeatability and comparability of results. The most diffuse on an international scale breath sampling method uses polymeric bags, but, recently, devices named Mistral and ReCIVA, able to directly concentrate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto sorbent tubes, have been developed and launched on the market. In order to explore performances of these new automatic devices with respect to sampling in the polymeric bag and to study the differences in VOCs profile when whole or alveolar breath is collected and when pulmonary wash out with clean air is done, a tailored experimental design was developed. Three different breath sampling approaches were compared: (a) whole breath sampling by means of Tedlar bags, (b) the end-tidal breath collection using the Mistral sampler, and (c) the simultaneous collection of the whole and alveolar breath by using the ReCIVA. The obtained results showed that alveolar fraction of breath was relatively less affected by ambient air (AA) contaminants (p-values equal to 0.04 for Mistral and 0.002 for ReCIVA Low) with respect to whole breath (p-values equal to 0.97 for ReCIVA Whole). Compared to Tedlar bags, coherent results were obtained by using Mistral while lower VOCs levels were detected for samples (both breath and AA) collected by ReCIVA, likely due to uncorrected and fluctuating flow rates applied by this device. Finally, the analysis of all data also including data obtained by explorative analysis of the unique lung cancer (LC) breath sample showed that a clean air supply might determine a further confounding factor in breath analysis considering that lung wash-out is species-dependent.
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Kabir E, Raza N, Kumar V, Singh J, Tsang YF, Lim DK, Szulejko JE, Kim KH. Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based Human Breath Analytical Technology for Clinical Diagnosis and the Way Forward. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hagemann LT, Repp S, Mizaikoff B. Hybrid Analytical Platform Based on Field-Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry, Infrared Sensing, and Luminescence-Based Oxygen Sensing for Exhaled Breath Analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E2653. [PMID: 31212768 DOI: 10.3390/s19122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The reliable online analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath remains a challenge, as a plethora of molecules occur in different concentration ranges (i.e., ppt to %) and need to be detected against an extremely complex background matrix. Although this complexity is commonly addressed by hyphenating a specific analytical technique with appropriate preconcentration and/or preseparation strategies prior to detection, we herein propose the combination of three different detector types based on truly orthogonal measurement principles as an alternative solution: Field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy-based sensors utilizing substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWG), and luminescence sensing (LS). By carefully aligning the experimental needs and measurement protocols of all three methods, they were successfully integrated into a single compact analytical platform suitable for online measurements. The analytical performance of this prototype system was tested via artificial breath samples containing nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and acetone as a model volatile organic compound (VOC) commonly present in breath. All three target analytes could be detected within their respectively breath-relevant concentration range, i.e., CO2 and O2 at 3-5 % and at ~19.6 %, respectively, while acetone could be detected with LOQs as low as 165-405 ppt. Orthogonality of the three methods operating in concert was clearly proven, which is essential to cover a possibly wide range of detectable analytes. Finally, the remaining challenges toward the implementation of the developed hybrid FAIMS-FTIR-LS system for exhaled breath analysis for metabolic studies in small animal intensive care units are discussed.
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Zhang Y, Zhao W, Wang D, Zhang H, Chai G, Zhang Q, Lu B, Sun S, Zhang J. Direct Analysis of Carbonyl Compounds by Mass Spectrometry with Double-Region Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5715-5721. [PMID: 30951291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis of highly reactive volatile species such as the aliphatic aldehydes as vital biomarkers remains a great challenge due to difficulties in the sample pretreatment. To address such a challenge, we herein report the development of a novel double-region atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DRAPCI-MS) method. The DRAPCI source implements a separated structural design that uses a focus electrode to divide the discharge and ionization region to reduce sample fragmentation in the ionization process. Counterflow introduction (CFI) configuration was adopted in the DRAPCI source to reduce background noise, while ion transmission efficiency was optimized through simulating the voltage of the focus electrode and the ion trajectory of the ion source. The limits of detection (LODs) of four carbonyl compounds cyclohexanone, hexanal, heptanal, and octanal by DRAPCI-MS were between 0.1 and 3 μg·m-3, approximately two to eight times lower than those by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Additionally, the DRAPCI-MS method carried out effective in situ analyses of the volatile components in expired milk and the exhaled breath of smokers, demonstrating the DRAPCI-MS as a practical tool to analyze complex mixtures. The DRAPCI-MS method provides a rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput technique in the real-time analysis of gaseous small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Dingzhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Hongtu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , 100 W. 18th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Guobi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Binbin Lu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shihao Sun
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Jianxun Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , China National Tobacco Corporation , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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Chappuis TH, Pham Ho BA, Ceillier M, Ricoul F, Alessio M, Beche JF, Corne C, Besson G, Vial J, Thiébaut D, Bourlon B. Miniaturization of breath sampling with silicon chip: application to volatile tobacco markers tracking. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046011. [PMID: 30008462 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the performances of silicon micro-preconcentrators chips for breath sampling. The silicon chips were coupled to a handheld battery powered system for breath sampling and direct injection in a laboratory gas chromatography mass spectrometry system through thermal desorption (TD). Performances of micro-preconcentrators were first compared to commercial TD for benzene trapping. Similar chromatographic peaks after gas chromatographic separation were observed while the volume of sample needed was reduced by a factor of 5. Repeatability and day to day variability of the micro-preconcentrators were then studied for a 500 ppb synthetic model mixture injected three times a day four days in a row: 8% and 12% were measured respectively. Micro-preconcentrator to micro-preconcentrator variability was not significant compared to day to day variability. In addition, micro-preconcentrators were tested for breath samples collected in Tedlar® bags. Three analyses of the same breath sample displayed relative standard deviations values below 16% for eight of the ten most intense peaks. Finally, the performances of micro-preconcentrators for breath sampling on a single expiration were illustrated with the example of volatile tobacco markers tracking. The signals of three smoking markers in breath, benzene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and toluene were studied. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were found to be 10 to 100 higher in the breath of smokers. 2,5-dimethylfuran was only found in the breath of smokers. The elimination kinetics of the markers were followed as well during 4 h: a fast decrease of the signal of the three markers in breath was observed 20 min after smoking in good agreement with what is described in the literature. Those results demonstrate the efficiency of silicon chips for breath sampling, compared to the state of the art techniques. Thanks to miniaturization and lower sample volumes needed, micro-preconcentrators could be in the future a key technology towards portable breath sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hector Chappuis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38000 Grenoble, France. UMR 8231 CBI, LSABM, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, Paris, France
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Wen Y, Cao S, Xi C, Li X, Zhang L, Wang G, Shang J. Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Mattress Fabric by Headspace–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1384832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shurui Cao
- The Inspection Technical Center, Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing, China
| | - Cunxian Xi
- The Inspection Technical Center, Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianliang Li
- The Inspection Technical Center, Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guomin Wang
- The Inspection Technical Center, Chongqing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingchuan Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Shende P, Vaidya J, Kulkarni YA, Gaud R. Systematic approaches for biodiagnostics using exhaled air. J Control Release 2017; 268:282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Barkhordari A, Azari MR, Zendehdel R, Heidari M. Analysis of formaldehyde and acrolein in the aqueous samples using a novel needle trap device containing nanoporous silica aerogel sorbent. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:171. [PMID: 28321678 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a needle trap device (NTD) packed with nanoporous silica aerogel as a sorbent was used as a new technique for sampling and analysis of formaldehyde and acrolein compounds in aqueous and urine samples. The obtained results were compared with those of the commercial sorbent Carboxen1000. Active sampling was used and a 21-G needle was applied for extraction of gas in the sample headspace. The optimization of experimental parameters like salt addition, temperature and desorption time was done and the performance of the NTD for the extraction of the compounds was evaluated. The optimum temperature and time of desorption were 280 °C and 2 min, respectively. The ranges of limit of detection, limit of quantification and relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.01-0.03 μg L-1, 0.03-0.1 μg L-1 and 2.8-7.3%, respectively. It was found that the NTD containing nanoporous silica aerogel had a better performance. Thus, this technique can be applied as an effective and reliable method for sampling and analysis of aldehyde compounds from different biological matrices like urine, exhalation and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Barkhordari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour R Azari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center and Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Zendehdel
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Heidari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Zetola NM, Modongo C, Matsiri O, Tamuhla T, Mbongwe B, Matlhagela K, Sepako E, Catini A, Sirugo G, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Di Natale C. Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and assessment of treatment response through analyses of volatile compound patterns in exhaled breath samples. J Infect 2016; 74:367-376. [PMID: 28017825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We determined the performance of a sensor array (an electronic nose) made of 8 metalloporphyrins coated quartz microbalances sensors for the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) using exhaled breath samples. METHODS TB cases and healthy controls were prospectively enrolled. Signals from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath samples were measured at days 0, 2, 7, 14, and 30 of TB therapy and correlated with clinical and microbiological measurements. RESULTS Fifty one pulmonary TB cases and 20 healthy HIV-uninfected controls were enrolled in the study. 31 (61%) of the 51 pulmonary TB cases were coinfected with HIV. At day 0 (before TB treatment initiation) the sensitivity of our device was estimated at 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.8-98.8%) and specificity was 90.0% (95% CI, 68.3-98.8%) for distinguishing TB cases from controls. Time-dependent changes in the breath signals were identified as time on TB treatment progressed. Time-dependent signal changes were more pronounced among HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSION The identification of VOCs' signals in breath samples using a sensor array achieved high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of TB and allowed following signal changes during TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Zetola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Chawangwa Modongo
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Ogopotse Matsiri
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Tsaone Tamuhla
- Botswana-UPenn Partnership, University of Pennsylvania, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Bontle Mbongwe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | | | - Enoch Sepako
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Alexandro Catini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Centro di Ricerca, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Yan Q, Zhang Z, Wang X. Real-time monitoring of respiratory absorption factors of volatile organic compounds in ambient air by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 2016; 320:547-555. [PMID: 27597155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory absorption factors (AFs) are essential parameters in the evaluation of human health risks from toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. A method for the real time monitoring of VOCs in inhaled and exhaled air by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) has been developed to permit the calculation of respiratory AFs of VOCs. Isoprene was found to be a better breath tracer than O2, CO2, humidity, or acetone for distinguishing between the expiratory and inspiratory phases, and a homemade online breath sampling device with a buffer tube was used to optimize signal peak shapes. Preliminary tests with seven subjects exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons in an indoor environment revealed mean respiratory AFs of 55.0%, 55.9%, and 66.9% for benzene, toluene, and C8-aromatics (ethylbenzene and xylenes), respectively. These AFs were lower than the values of 90% or 100% used in previous studies when assessing the health risks of inhalation exposure to hazardous VOCs. The mean respiratory AFs of benzene, toluene and C8-aromatics were 66.5%, 70.2% and 82.3% for the three female subjects; they were noticeably much higher than that of 46.4%, 45.2% and 55.3%, respectively, for the four male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qiong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou No. 12 Peoples Hospital, Guangzhou 510620, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Das S, Pal S, Mitra M. Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Biol Eng 2016; 36:605-624. [PMID: 27853412 PMCID: PMC5083779 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-016-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human exhaled breath can provide deep insight into the status of various biochemical processes in the human body. VOCs can serve as potential biomarkers of physiological and pathophysiological conditions related to several diseases. Breath VOC analysis, a noninvasive and quick biomonitoring approach, also has potential for the early detection and progress monitoring of several diseases. This paper gives an overview of the major VOCs present in human exhaled breath, possible biochemical pathways of breath VOC generation, diagnostic importance of their analysis, and analytical techniques used in the breath test. Breath analysis relating to diabetes mellitus and its characteristic breath biomarkers is focused on. Finally, some challenges and limitations of the breath test are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235 India
| | - Saurabh Pal
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Madhuchhanda Mitra
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
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Bigazzi AY, Figliozzi MA, Luo W, Pankow JF. Breath Biomarkers to Measure Uptake of Volatile Organic Compounds by Bicyclists. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:5357-5363. [PMID: 27097118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Breath biomarkers were used to study uptake of traffic-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from urban bicycling. Breath analysis was selected because it is one of the least invasive methods to assess urban traveler exposure. Research hurdles that were overcome included considering that factors other than on-road exposure can influence concentrations in the body, and absorbed doses during a trip can be small compared to baseline body burdens. Pre-trip, on-road, and post-trip breath concentrations and ambient air concentrations were determined for 26 VOCs for bicyclists traveling on different path types. Statistical analyses of the concentration data identified eight monoaromatic hydrocarbons potentially useful as breath biomarkers to compare differences in body levels brought about by urban travel choices. Breath concentrations of the biomarker compounds were significantly higher than background levels after riding on high-traffic arterial streets and on a path through a high-exposure industrial area, but not after riding on low-traffic local streets or on other off-street paths. Modeled effects of high-traffic streets on ambient concentrations were 100-200% larger than those of low-traffic streets; modeled effects of high-traffic streets on breath concentrations were 40-100% larger than those of low-traffic streets. Similar percentage increases in breath concentrations are expected for bicyclists in other cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Bigazzi
- Department of Civil Engineering and ‡School of Community and Regional Planning, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Miguel A Figliozzi
- Department of Civil Engineering and ‡School of Community and Regional Planning, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil Engineering and ‡School of Community and Regional Planning, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil Engineering and ‡School of Community and Regional Planning, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥Department of Chemistry, Portland State University , Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
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