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Alam MS, Rahman MM, Marwani HM, Hasnat MA. Insights of temperature dependent catalysis and kinetics of electro-oxidation of nitrite ions on a glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Alam MS, Shabik MF, Rahman MM, del Valle M, Hasnat MA. Enhanced electrocatalytic effects of Pd particles immobilized on GC surface on the nitrite oxidation reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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3
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Yan XF, Chen ZP, Huang Y, Kang C, Yu RQ. Generalized ratiometric fluorescence nanosensors based on carbon dots and an advanced chemometric model. Talanta 2019; 192:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Singh P, Singh MK, Beg YR, Nishad GR. A review on spectroscopic methods for determination of nitrite and nitrate in environmental samples. Talanta 2018; 191:364-381. [PMID: 30262072 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate is an important pollutant found in environmental samples. Nitrate and nitrite pose various environmental as well as health hazards. Different methods of determining nitrate in various environmental samples developed during previous years include spectrophotometric, chemiluminescence, electrochemical detection, chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic, spectrofluorimetric methods. Out of these, methods based on spectroscopic detection of nitrate have been discussed in this review article due to their easy availability, high sensitivity, low detection limit, economical and facile nature. Methods based on spectrophotometry, Raman Spectroscopy, IR and FTIR Spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), fluorescence spectroscopy, chemiluminescence, mass spectroscopy, molecular emission cavity analysis (MECA), electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) have been reviewed. The basic principle, detection limits, detection range, RSD%, sample throughput/h, advantages and disadvantages have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Digvijay PG Autonomous College, Rajnandgaon 491441, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | | | - Younus Raza Beg
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Digvijay PG Autonomous College, Rajnandgaon 491441, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Gokul Ram Nishad
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Digvijay PG Autonomous College, Rajnandgaon 491441, Chhattisgarh, India
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Yan H, Zhuo X, Shen B, Xiang P, Shen M. Determination of Nitrite in Whole Blood by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection and a Case of Nitrite Poisoning. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61:254-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Xiangyi Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
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Hanff E, Böhmer A, Jordan J, Tsikas D. Stable-isotope dilution LC–MS/MS measurement of nitrite in human plasma after its conversion to S-nitrosoglutathione. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 970:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Uhlenhut K, Högger P. Pitfalls and limitations in using 4,5-diaminofluorescein for evaluating the influence of polyphenols on nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:2266-75. [PMID: 22565032 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The reagent 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) is a widely utilized and sensitive fluorescent probe for real-time assessment of nitric oxide (NO) production. In this study we investigated the feasibility of using DAF-2 for detection of NO release from EA.hy 926 human endothelial cells stimulated with plant polyphenols. Flavonoids have recently gained much interest because of reported beneficial effects on vasodilatation, which have been ascribed to stimulation of endothelial NO production. DAF-2 shows moderate fluorescence, and because certain phenolic compounds quench fluorescence or fluoresce themselves, we utilized liquid chromatography to avoid interference. Our investigations with (+)-catechin and trans-resveratrol as test phenolic compounds revealed various previously undescribed principal methodologic pitfalls and limitations. Under assay conditions (+)-catechin displayed a highly significant increase in fluorescence intensity so that a control of test compound stability is advisable. Moreover, DAF-2 was subject to conversion to triazolofluorescein (DAF-2T) under certain assay and storage conditions; thus control of spontaneous reagent conversion is advisable. Finally, formation of DAF-2T was dose-dependently inhibited by polyphenols to a degree consistent with their free radical scavenging activity. The inhibition of DAF-2T generation seems to contradict previous reports on enhanced NO release from endothelial cells by (+)-catechin and resveratrol. Therefore, the planning of experiments involving NO measurement in biological systems and interpretation of results requires substantial scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Uhlenhut
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Sobrino T, Blanco M, Pérez-Mato M, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Castillo J. Increased levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with ischaemic stroke treated with statins during acute phase. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:1539-46. [PMID: 22640405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been suggested to be a therapeutic option in ischaemic stroke. Our aim was to study whether statin treatment during acute phase could increase circulating EPCs after acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS We studied 48 patients with a first-ever non-lacunar ischaemic stroke (<12 h from stroke onset). Sixteen patients received statin treatment (20 mg atorvastatin/day) during the first 4 days. We defined the EPC increment during the first week as the difference in the number of early outgrowth colony-forming unit-endothelial cell (CFU-EC) between day 7 and at admission (previous to atorvastatin treatment). Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (determined by ELISA), and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) (determined by high-performance liquid chromatography) were measured at admission, 24 and 72 h, and day 7. RESULTS Colony-forming unit-endothelial cells were similar at baseline between patients treated (n = 16) and non-treated (n = 32) with statins (10.1 ± 3.9 vs. 7.9 ± 6.9 CFU-EC, P = 0.223). However, patients treated with statins showed a higher EPC increment (24.0 ± 17.3 vs. 6.0 ± 17.8 CFU-EC, P = 0.002) during the first week. An EPC increment ≥ 4 CFU-EC predicted with the highest sensitivity (88%) and specificity (92%) the probability of good outcome (area under the curve 0.903, P < 0.0001). Statin treatment (OR, 13.1; CI 95%, 2.2-76.9, P = 0.004) was independently associated with an EPC increment ≥ 4 CFU-EC after adjustment for confounder factors, but this association was lost when adjusting for NOx levels. CONCLUSIONS Statin treatment for 4 days may increase circulating EPC levels, probably by NO-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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9
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Pham VV, Stichtenoth DO, Tsikas D. Nitrite correlates with 3-nitrotyrosine but not with the F2-isoprostane 15(S)-8-iso-PGF2α in urine of rheumatic patients. Nitric Oxide 2009; 21:210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Microbial community of acetate utilizing denitrifiers in aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:753-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Biological nitrification–denitrification with alternating oxic and anoxic operations using aerobic granules. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:1181-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Tsikas D. ReviewMethods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res 2009; 39:797-815. [PMID: 16036360 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500053651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In human organism, the gaseous radical molecule nitric oxide (NO) is produced in various cells from L-arginine by the catalytic action of NO synthases (NOS). The metabolic fate of NO includes oxidation to nitrate by oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells and autoxidation in haemoglobin-free media to nitrite. Nitrate and nitrite circulate in blood and are excreted in urine. The concentration of these NO metabolites in the circulation and in the urine can be used to measure NO synthesis in vivo under standardized low-nitrate diet. Circulating nitrite reflects constitutive endothelial NOS activity, whereas excretory nitrate indicates systemic NO production. Today, nitrite and nitrate can be measured in plasma, serum and urine of humans by various analytical methods based on different analytical principles, such as colorimetry, spectrophotometry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, gas and liquid chromatography, electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The aim of the present article is to give an overview of the most significant currently used quantitative methods of analysis of nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids, namely plasma and urine. With minor exception, measurement of nitrite and nitrate by these methods requires method-dependent chemical conversion of these anions. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms and principles of these methods are also discussed. Despite the chemical simplicity of nitrite and nitrate, accurate and interference-free quantification of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids as indicators of NO synthesis may be difficult. Thus, problems associated with dietary and laboratory ubiquity of these anions and other preanalytical and analytical factors are addressed. Eventually, the important issue of quality control, the use of commercially available assay kits, and the value of the mass spectrometry methodology in this area are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, Hannover, D-30625, Germany.
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13
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Reply to: On the importance of the use of proper approaches for comparison of analytical methods for serum nitrate and evaluation of reference concentrations. By Dr. Dimitrios Tsikas and Dr. Jens M Hohlfeld. Clin Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Larsen TL, Nilsen V, Andersen DO, Francis G, Rustad P, Mansoor MA. Comparison of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Griess reagent-spectroscopic methods for the measurement of nitrate in serum from healthy individuals in the Nordic countries. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1474-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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A critical review and discussion of analytical methods in the l-arginine/nitric oxide area of basic and clinical research. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:139-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Grau M, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Brouzos P, Drexhage C, Rassaf T, Lauer T, Dejam A, Kelm M, Kleinbongard P. Recent methodological advances in the analysis of nitrite in the human circulation: nitrite as a biochemical parameter of the L-arginine/NO pathway. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:106-23. [PMID: 17344107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the modulation of multiple physiological processes. It acts as a messenger molecule within the cardiovascular system. NO is a highly unstable free radical in circulating blood and is oxidized rapidly to nitrite and nitrate. Recent studies suggest that nitrite has the potential to function as a surrogate of NO production under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and could therefore be of high relevance as a biochemical parameter in experimental and clinical studies. Under hypoxic conditions nitrite is reduced to bioactive NO by deoxyhemoglobin. This mechanism may represent a dynamic cycle of NO generation to adapt the demand and supply for the vascular system. Because of these potential biological functions the concentration of nitrite in blood is thought to be of particular importance. The determination of nitrite in biological matrices represents a considerable analytical challenge. Methodological problems often arise from pre-analytical sample preparation, sample contamination due to the ubiquity of nitrite, and from lack of selectivity and sensitivity. These analytical difficulties may be a plausible explanation for reported highly diverging concentrations of nitrite in the human circulation. The aim of this article is to review the methods of quantitative analysis of nitrite in the human circulation, notably in plasma and blood, and to discuss pre-analytical and analytical factors potentially affecting accurate quantification of nitrite in these human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Grau
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
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17
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MacArthur PH, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Measurement of circulating nitrite and S-nitrosothiols by reductive chemiluminescence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 851:93-105. [PMID: 17208057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considerable disparities in the reported levels of basal human nitrite and S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) in blood have brought methods of quantifying these nitric oxide (NO) metabolites to the forefront of NO biology. Ozone-based chemiluminescence is commonly used and is a robust method for measuring these species when combined with proper reductive chemistry. The goal of this article is to review existing methodologies for the measurement of nitrite and RSNO by reductive chemiluminescence. Specifically, we discuss in detail the measurement of nitrite and RSNO in biological matrices using tri-iodide and copper(I)/cysteine-based reduction methods coupled to chemiluminescence. The underlying reaction mechanisms, as well as the potential pitfalls of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H MacArthur
- Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Helmke SM, Duncan MW. Measurement of the NO metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, in human biological fluids by GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 851:83-92. [PMID: 17070739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we critically review the development and application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to the measurement of the nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, in human biological fluids. Our focus is on the issue of the fitness of any analytical strategy to its intended purpose and the validity of the analytical results generated. The accuracy, precision, recovery, selectivity and sensitivity of the various methods are evaluated and the potential pitfalls, both specific to the methods, and general to the area, are considered. Several examples of the applications of these techniques to clinical investigations of NO physiology are also critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve M Helmke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Tsikas D. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by assays based on the Griess reaction: appraisal of the Griess reaction in the L-arginine/nitric oxide area of research. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 851:51-70. [PMID: 16950667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Griess reaction, first reported by Johann Peter Griess in 1879 as a method of analysis of nitrite (NO(2)(-)), nitrite reacts under acidic conditions with sulfanilic acid (HO(3)SC(6)H(4)NH(2)) to form a diazonium cation (HO(3)SC(6)H(4)-N[triple bond]N(+)) which subsequently couples to the aromatic amine 1-naphthylamine (C(10)H(7)NH(2)) to produce a red-violet coloured (lambda(max) approximately 540 nm), water-soluble azo dye (HO(3)SC(6)H(4)-NN-C(10)H(6)NH(2)). The identification of nitrite in saliva has been the first analytical application of this diazotization reaction in 1879. For a century, the Griess reaction has been exclusively used to identify analytically bacterial infection in the urogenital tract, i.e. to identify nitrite produced by bacterial reduction of nitrate (NO(3)(-)), the major nitrogen oxide anion in human urine. Since the discovery of the l-arginine/nitric oxide (l-Arg/NO) pathway in 1987, however, the Griess reaction is the most frequently used analytical approach to quantitate the major metabolites of NO, i.e. nitrite and nitrate, in a variety of biological fluids, notably blood and urine. The Griess reaction is specific for nitrite. Analysis of nitrate by this reaction requires chemical or enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite prior to the diazotization reaction. The simplicity of the Griess reaction and its easy and inexpensive analytical feasibility has attracted the attention of scientists from wide a spectrum of disciplines dedicated to the complex and challenging L-Arg/NO pathway. Today, we know dozens of assays based on the Griess reaction. In principle, every laboratory in this area uses its own Griess assay. The simplest Griess assay is performed in batch commonly as originally reported by Griess. Because of the recognition of numerous interferences in the analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids and of the desire to analyze these anions simultaneously, the Griess reaction has been repeatedly modified and automated. In recent years, the Griess reaction has been coupled to HPLC, i.e. is used for post-column derivatization of chromatographically separated nitrite and nitrate. Such a HPLC-Griess system is even commercially available. The present article gives an overview of the currently available assays of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids based on the Griess reaction. Special emphasis is given to human plasma and urine, to quantitative aspects, as well as to particular analytical and pre-analytical factors and problems that may be associated with and affect the quantitative analysis of nitrite and nitrate in these matrices by assays based on the Griess reaction. The significance of the Griess reaction in the L-Arg/NO pathway is appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Jobgen WS, Jobgen SC, Li H, Meininger CJ, Wu G. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 851:71-82. [PMID: 16904955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various analytical techniques have been developed to determine nitrite and nitrate, oxidation metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), in biological samples. HPLC is a widely used method to quantify these two anions in plasma, serum, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue extracts, and fetal fluids, as well as meats and cell culture medium. The detection principles include UV and VIS absorbance, electrochemistry, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence. UV or VIS absorbance and electrochemistry allow simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate but are vulnerable to the severe interference from chloride present in biological samples. Chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection improve the assay sensitivity and are unaffected by chloride but cannot be applied to a simultaneous analysis of nitrite and nitrate. The choice of a detection method largely depends on sample type and facility availability. The recently developed fluorometric HPLC method, which involves pre-column derivatization of nitrite with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the enzymatic conversion of nitrate into nitrite, offers the advantages of easy sample preparation, simple derivatization, stable fluorescent derivatives, rapid analysis, high sensitivity and specificity, lack of interferences, and easy automation for determining nitrite and nitrate in all biological samples including cell culture medium. To ensure accurate analysis, care should be taken in sample collection, processing, and derivatization as well as preparation of reagent solutions and mobile phases, to prevent environmental contamination. HPLC methods provide a useful research tool for studying NO biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan S Jobgen
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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21
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Circulating and excretory nitrite and nitrate as indicators of nitric oxide synthesis in humans: methods of analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Jedlicková V, Paluch Z, Alusík S. Determination of nitrate and nitrite by high-performance liquid chromatography in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:193-7. [PMID: 12383495 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new, accurate, fast and simple method has been implemented by which nitrite and nitrate ions, as stable forms of nitric oxide production were studied. A study of these two ions was carried out by a sensitive and accurate HPLC method with two detectors. The most important advantages of the reported method are: short time of analysis, minimal sample pre-treatment, long life of the analytical column and stable eluent solution. The photodiode array UV-Vis detector detected nitrite and nitrate ions at an absorbance of 212 nm. Much more sensitive electrochemical detection with a WE (glassy carbon) electrode was used for the detection of nitrite ions. An analytical chromatographic column was formed by a sorbent, containing strong base anion-exchange groups bound in Cl(-) form in the hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate matrix. The anions were analysed in human plasma without deproteinization using 0.02 M sodium perchlorate monohydrate as eluent solution at pH 3.9. At this pH organic substances do not affect the analysis. The retention times for nitrite and nitrate were 3.62 and 3.72 min (by electrochemical detection) and 4.44 min, respectively. The method was linear (r=0.9992, 0.9998, 0.996) within a 1-100 (nitrate), 1-20 micro mol/l (nitrite) concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Jedlicková
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Thomayer's Hospital, Vídenská 800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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