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Sarnthiratch M, Alsheddi L, Nimmansophon P, Wanasathop A, Li SK. Effect of Receptor Solution in Studies of In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT). J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:407-418. [PMID: 37972891 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) is commonly used to evaluate skin penetration of chemicals and performance of dermatological products. For a permeant with low aqueous solubility, an additive that is expected not to alter the skin barrier can be used in the receptor solution to improve permeant solubility. The objective of this study was to (a) evaluate the effects of these additives in IVPT receptor solution on skin permeability of model permeants and skin electrical resistance and (b) determine the solubility of the permeants in these receptor solutions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD), ethanol, nonionic surfactant Brij-98, and propylene glycol were the additives, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was the control. Steady-state skin permeability coefficients and resistances were determined. The receptor solutions examined in this study did not cause a significant increase in skin permeability or decrease in resistance (less than 40 % changes) except 25 % ethanol. The receptor solution containing 25 % ethanol induced an approximately twofold average increase in skin permeability and reduced skin electrical resistance by approximately threefold. The receptor solution of 2.5 % HPCD provided the highest levels of solubility for the model lipophilic permeants, while 0.2 % Brij-98 and 5 % ethanol showed the lowest solubility enhancement from those in PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minthira Sarnthiratch
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Lama Alsheddi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Patcharawan Nimmansophon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
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Liu M, Higashi K, Ueda K, Moribe K. Supersaturation maintenance of carvedilol and chlorthalidone by cyclodextrin derivatives: Pronounced crystallization inhibition ability of methylated cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 2023; 637:122876. [PMID: 36963642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) is used to solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs by inclusion complex formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CD derivatives on stabilizing the supersaturation by inhibiting the crystallization of two poorly water-soluble drugs, carvedilol (CVD) and chlorthalidone (CLT). The phase solubility test showed that β-CD and γ-CD derivatives enhanced the solubility of CVD to a greater extent, whereas the solubility of CLT was enhanced more by β-CD derivatives. The solubilization efficacy of CD derivatives was dependent on the size fitness between the drug molecule and the CD cavity. In the drug crystallization induction time measurement, the same initial drug supersaturation ratio (S) was employed in all the CD solutions, and the methylated CD derivatives greatly outperformed unmethylated CD derivatives in stabilizing the supersaturation of both CVD and CLT. The crystallization inhibition strength of CD derivatives was strongly affected by the CD derivative substituent. Moreover, the calculated logarithm of octanol/water partition coefficients (log P) of CD derivatives showed a good correlation with drug crystallization inhibition ability. Thus, the high hydrophobicity of methylated CD plays an essential role in inhibiting crystallization. These findings can provide a valuable guide for selecting appropriate stabilizing agents for drug-supersaturation formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Liu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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Topical Semisolid Products-Understanding the Impact of Metamorphosis on Skin Penetration and Physicochemical Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112487. [PMID: 36432678 PMCID: PMC9692522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration published a series of product-specific guidance for the development of topical drugs, with in vitro options consisting of qualitative sameness (Q1) and quantitative sameness (Q2) assessment of formulations, physiochemical and structural characterization of formulations (Q3), and, potentially, in vitro drug release and permeation tests. In these tests, the topical semisolid product's critical quality attributes (CQAs), such as rheological properties, thermodynamic activity, particle size, globule size, and rate/extent of drug release/permeation, are evaluated to ensure the desired product quality. However, alterations in these CQAs of the drug products may occur under 'in use' conditions because of various metamorphosis events, such as evaporation that leads to supersaturation and crystallization, which may eventually result in specific failure modes of semisolid products. Under 'in use' conditions, a limited amount of formulation is applied to the skin, where physicochemical characteristics of the formulation are substantially altered from primary state to secondary and, eventually, tertiary state on the skin. There is an urgent need to understand the behavior of topical semisolid products under 'in use' conditions. In this review, we attempt to cover a series of metamorphosis events and their impact on CQAs (Q3 attributes), such as viscosity, drug activity, particle size, globule size, and drug release/permeation of topical semisolid products.
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Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08938. [PMID: 35198788 PMCID: PMC8851252 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex and multifunctional organ, in which the static versus dynamic balance is responsible for its constant adaptation to variations in the external environment that is continuously exposed. One of the most important functions of the skin is its ability to act as a protective barrier, against the entry of foreign substances and against the excessive loss of endogenous material. Human skin imposes physical, chemical and biological limitations on all types of permeating agents that can cross the epithelial barrier. For a molecule to be passively permeated through the skin, it must have properties, such as dimensions, molecular weight, pKa and hydrophilic-lipophilic gradient, appropriate to the anatomy and physiology of the skin. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products for dermal and transdermal administration of drugs. To understand the mechanisms involved in the drug permeation process through the skin, the approach should be multidisciplinary in order to overcome biological and pharmacotechnical barriers. The study of the mechanisms involved in the permeation process, and the ways to control it, can make this route of drug administration cease to be a constant promise and become a reality. In this work, we address the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects encountered in the pathway of drugs through the skin, and the potential added value of using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid vectors (NLC) to drug permeation/penetration through this route. The technology and architecture for obtaining lipid nanoparticles are described in detail, namely the composition, production methods and the ability to release pharmacologically active substances, as well as the application of these systems in the vectorization of various pharmacologically active substances for dermal and transdermal applications. The characteristics of these systems in terms of dermal application are addressed, such as biocompatibility, occlusion, hydration, emollience and the penetration of pharmacologically active substances. The advantages of using these systems over conventional formulations are described and explored from a pharmaceutical point of view.
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Livecchi L, McAuley WJ, Kerai-Varsani L. The use of optical differential scanning calorimetry to investigate ibuprofen miscibility in polymeric films for topical drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:125-133. [PMID: 34655768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding drug miscibility in pharmaceutically relevant systems is essential for the development and optimisation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. This is particularly true for film forming systems which are designed to become supersaturated with drug, following application on the skin surface, whilst maintaining the physical stability of the drug for a suitable period to enhance drug delivery. For such formulations, chemical penetration enhancers as well as the drug are absorbed from the formulation into the skin, making understanding drug delivery from the films challenging. This study investigated the use of an optical differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to understand drug miscibility in polymeric film forming systems and explain drug transport behaviour from film forming formulations, containing ibuprofen, a copolymer based on dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and methyl methacrylate (Eudragit® E, EuE), a copolymer based on ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups (Eudragit® RS, EuRS) and a copolymer based on methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate (Eudragit® S, EuS), with and without the chemical penetration enhancer propylene glycol, across a model membrane. The optical DSC enabled the rapid screening of not only drug-polymer miscibility, but also drug-vehicle miscibility, while considering both the melting-point depression and melting enthalpy of the drug due to the presence of the polymer/polymer-based vehicle, obtained via thermal analysis by structural characterisation (TASC) and DSC analysis, respectively. The results obtained enable the polymers studied to be ranked in the order of EuE > EuRS > EuS, with EuE being more miscible with ibuprofen, and the incorporation of a penetration enhancer in the film forming system formulation was found to increase ibuprofen solubility in EuE- and EuRS- based films. The drug-polymer/vehicle miscibility information obtained via optical DSC provided understanding of drug transport from film forming systems with the higher miscibility of ibuprofen with EuE reducing drug transport through decreasing drug saturation in the film. The higher drug transport from films containing EuRS and EuS could also be linked to drug miscibility with the polymer and showed dependence on ibuprofen loading in the formulation. Overall optical DSC has been demonstrated to be a valuable tool for determining drug-vehicle miscibility for pharmaceutical product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Livecchi
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - W J McAuley
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - L Kerai-Varsani
- Centre for Research in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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Theochari I, Mitsou E, Nikolic I, Ilic T, Dobricic V, Pletsa V, Savic S, Xenakis A, Papadimitriou V. Colloidal nanodispersions for the topical delivery of Ibuprofen: Structure, dynamics and bioperformances. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kassem AA, Abd El-Alim SH. Vesicular Nanocarriers: A Potential Platform for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery. NANOPHARMACEUTICALS: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS VOL. 2 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44921-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hanafi A, Amani A. Effect of Processing/Formulation Parameters on Particle Size of Nanoemulsions Containing Ibuprofen - An Artificial Neural Networks Study. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanoemulsions are colloidal transparent systems for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to determine the effect of parameters affecting particle size of a nanoemulsion containing ibuprofen using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Methods: Nanoemulsion samples with different values of independent variables, namely, concentration of ethanol, ibuprofen and Tween 80 as well as exposure (homogenization) time were prepared and their particle size was measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The data were then modelled by ANNs. Results: From the results, increasing the exposure time had a positive effect on reducing droplet size. The effect of concentration of ethanol and Tween 80 on droplet size depended on the amount of ibuprofen. Our results demonstrate that ibuprofen concentration also had a reverse relation with the size of the nanoemulsions. Conclusion: It was concluded that to obtain minimum particle size, exposure (homogenization)time should be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hanafi
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug crystallization following application of transdermal and topical formulations may potentially compromise the delivery of drugs to the skin. This phenomenon was found to be limited to the superficial layers of the stratum corneum (~7 µm) in our recent reports and tape stripping of the skin samples was necessary. It remains a significant challenge to profile drug crystallization in situ without damaging the skin samples. METHODS This work reports the application of an X-ray microbeam via synchrotron SAXS/WAXS analysis to monitor drug crystallization in the skin, especially in the deeper skin layers. Confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) was employed to examine drug distribution in the skin to complement the detection of drug crystallization using SAXS/WAXS analysis. RESULTS Following application of saturated drug solutions (ibuprofen, diclofenac acid, and salts), CRS depth profiles confirmed that the drugs generally were delivered to a depth of ~15 - 20 µm in the skin. This was compared with the WAXS profiles that measured drug crystal diffraction at a depth of up to ~25 µm of the skin. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the potential of synchrotron SAXS/WAXS analysis for profiling of drug crystallization in situ in the deeper skin layers without pre-treatment for the skin samples. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Australia
| | - Duncan Q M Craig
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy , London, UK
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Development of ibuprofen-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle-based hydrogels for enhanced in vitro dermal permeation and in vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Han H, Li Y, Peng Z, Long K, Zheng C, Wang W, Webster TJ, Ge L. A Soluplus/Poloxamer 407-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for the weakly basic drug carvedilol to improve its bioavailability. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 27:102199. [PMID: 32275957 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carvedilol (CAR), a β-adrenoceptor and α1-receptor blocker, has pH-dependent solubility, which greatly limits its oral bioavailability. In this work, a precipitation inhibitor-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (PI-SNEDDS) was developed by employing Soluplus and Poloxamer 407 to improve drug dissolution and to inhibit drug precipitation in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro phase distribution and in vivo dissolution studies indicated that PI-SNEDDS significantly increased drug content in the oil phase of the nanoemulsions in the stomach and greatly inhibited the subsequent precipitation of CAR in the intestine compared with the carvedilol self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (CAR SNEDDS) and the carvedilol tablets. Moreover, a 1.56-fold increase in the relative bioavailability of CAR was observed for the CAR PI-SNEDDS (397.41%) compared to a CAR SNEDDS (254.09%) with commercial capsules as a reference. Therefore, our developed PI-SNEDDS is a promising vehicle for improving the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs with pH-dependent solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institute Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiqi Long
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institute Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong-Karolinska Institute Collaboration in Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Parhi R, Goli VVN. Design and optimization of film-forming gel of etoricoxib using research surface methodology. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 10:498-514. [PMID: 31773422 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation is focused on the development of transdermal film-forming gel (FFG) loaded with etoricoxib employing research surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken surface design method was used to develop experimental run using different concentrations of etoricoxib, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100M), and eudragit RL100 as independent variables, and Derringer's optimization tool was employed to optimize best possible formulation. The dependent variables considered in this study were viscosity and drug permeation at 24 h (Q24, μg/cm2). Anti-inflammatory study was performed on Wistar albino rats for 8 h. Skin irritation studies and accelerated stability studies were performed for validated FFG formulations. Quadratic model was found to be best fit model (p < 0.0001) for both the responses. The influence of HPMC concentration on the viscosity was found to be highest whereas concentration of etoricoxib was maximum for Q24. The optimum composition of the FFG was observed to be 4% of etoricoxib, 1.1246% of HPMC, and 0.4% of eudragit. Above composition resulted in viscosity of 1549.5 mPa.s and maximum Q24 of 4639.11 μg/cm2 with desirability 0.918. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study demonstrated better sustained release effect (for 8 h) of optimized FFG compared to orally administered drug suspension. An average irritation score of 0.555 was observed on Draize scoring system. The validated FFG formulation was found to be stable for the 3 months in accelerated conditions. It can be concluded from the above investigations that the validated FFG formulation of etoricoxib is well tolerated and could provide sustained drug release for 8 h. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India.
| | - V V Nishanth Goli
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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Manickam B, Sreedharan R, Chidambaram K. Drug/Vehicle Impacts and Formulation Centered Stratagems for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Permeation, Controlled Release and Safety: Unparalleled Past and Recent Innovations-An Overview. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190212113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are one of the fascinating unconventional drug delivery systems offering plentiful advantages of which patient compliance is of paramount importance. However, as a matter of fact, the transdermal delivery of drug molecules is absolutely a tedious job which is precisely influenced by a number of factors including penetration barrier properties of the skin, drug characteristics formulation allied issues, etc. Over the years, innumerable tremendous efforts have been made in transporting the drugs through the skin into the systemic circulation by noteworthy tactics. This paper discusses such revolutionary formulation based techniques that have been endeavored in achieving the enhanced skin permeation of drugs, controlled release, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Manickam
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Nursing, University of Nizwa, Initial Campus, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Oman
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No-1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tran TTD, Tran PHL. Controlled Release Film Forming Systems in Drug Delivery: The Potential for Efficient Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E290. [PMID: 31226748 PMCID: PMC6630634 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many available approaches for transdermal drug delivery, patient compliance and drug targeting at the desired concentration are still concerns for effective therapies. Precise and efficient film-forming systems provide great potential for controlling drug delivery through the skin with the combined advantages of films and hydrogels. The associated disadvantages of both systems (films and hydrogels) will be overcome in film-forming systems. Different strategies have been designed to control drug release through the skin, including changes to film-forming polymers, plasticizers, additives or even model drugs in formulations. In the current review, we aim to discuss the recent advances in film-forming systems to provide the principles and review the methods of these systems as applied to controlled drug release. Advances in the design of film-forming systems open a new generation of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Parhi R, Swain S. Transdermal Evaporation Drug Delivery System: Concept to Commercial Products. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:535-550. [PMID: 30607327 PMCID: PMC6311647 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since two decades or so transdermal route established itself as better alternative to traditional oral route. This is possible due to continuous innovations in transdermal drug delivery (TDD), which not only enables researchers from academia and industry to successfully develop and launch many new pharmaceuticals but also allow to include new classes of drugs that can be developed into transdermal formulations. These successes are achieved due to the use of novel techniques based on either physical or chemical approaches. However, both of these techniques suffer due to their own disadvantages. Comparatively, a simple method of supersaturation to enhance drug permeation across skin has created a new wave of interest. Even though the application supersaturated principle in topical and TDD has been used from 1960s, but proper control of drug release and formation of stable supersaturated states has been the core of intense research in the last decade. Out of various methods used to get supersaturated system, evaporation method is considered as most efficient and practically feasible for TDD. Therefore, in this review concept of supersaturation, selection of solvent system and the mechanism of inhibition of crystallization are discussed. Application of evaporation systems in the development of transdermal formulations such as solutions, semisolids and metered dose therapeutic systems (MDTS) and the commercial evaporative systems are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suryakanta Swain
- Southern Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, SIMS Group of Institutions, Mangaldas Nagar, Vijyawada Road, Guntur-522 001, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Crystallization from Supersaturated Solutions: Role of Lecithin and Composite Simulated Intestinal Fluid. Pharm Res 2018; 35:158. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Manoukian MAC, Migdal CW, Tembhekar AR, Harris JA, DeMesa C. Topical Administration of Ibuprofen for Injured Athletes: Considerations, Formulations, and Comparison to Oral Delivery. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:36. [PMID: 28983850 PMCID: PMC5629190 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of drugs commonly used to treat both the acute and chronic injuries sustained by athletes during training and competition. In many parts of the world, NSAIDs can be purchased over-the-counter and used without any physician oversight. However, the chronic nature of overuse injuries requires NSAIDs to be taken orally for an extended period of time. As a result, they can have significant adverse effects on athletes, namely gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and cardiovascular damage. Dyspepsia and upper GI ulceration and bleeding are of great concern in chronic NSAID use, and as such oral NSAIDs are generally contraindicated in those with a history of peptic ulcers or irritable bowel disease. In the setting of chronic overuse soft tissue or joint disease, topically administered NSAIDs offer an alternate route of administration that has the potential to deliver a similar level of pain and anti-inflammatory relief while bypassing the harmful side effects associated with oral intake. Topically applied NSAIDs are able to achieve high concentrations within the targeted site of action while simultaneously keeping plasma concentrations low, offering several advantages over oral administration. One commonly used generic NSAID is ibuprofen (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid). First synthesized in the 1960s, ibuprofen has since become widely available as an over-the-counter pharmaceutical. In this review, we outline new and different techniques that have been used to deliver ibuprofen into diseased tissues, including supersaturations, microemulsions, gels, nanosystems, and microneedles. We also review relevant clinical trials comparing transdermally delivered ibuprofen to placebo and orally administered ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Charles DeMesa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Edwards A, Qi S, Liu F, Brown M, McAuley W. Rationalising polymer selection for supersaturated film forming systems produced by an aerosol spray for the transdermal delivery of methylphenidate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Efficacy, Safety and Targets in Topical and Transdermal Active and Excipient Delivery. PERCUTANEOUS PENETRATION ENHANCERS DRUG PENETRATION INTO/THROUGH THE SKIN 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121119 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A key requirement for topical and transdermal active delivery is the effective delivery of an active to a desired target site, to achieve both safe and efficacious outcomes. This chapter seeks to explore the importance of the pharmacological, toxicological and therapeutic properties of actives and excipients, as well as the site of action as complementary components in percutaneous absorption. This is crucial for optimized topical and transdermal product design.
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Albarahmieh E, Qi S, Craig DQ. Hot melt extruded transdermal films based on amorphous solid dispersions in Eudragit RS PO: The inclusion of hydrophilic additives to develop moisture-activated release systems. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Supersaturation of Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate in a Novel Aerosol Foam Formulation for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis Provides Enhanced Bioavailability of the Active Ingredients. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2016; 6:413-25. [PMID: 27358072 PMCID: PMC4972731 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-016-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have demonstrated the superior efficacy of a novel aerosol foam formulation of fixed combination calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) and betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% (BD), compared with the ointment formulation. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether enhanced bioavailability of the active ingredients due to supersaturation and/or occlusive properties can explain the observed greater clinical efficacy. Methods Solubility and evaporation experiments were conducted to examine the abilities of Cal/BD aerosol foam ingredients to create a supersaturated environment. Optical microscopy, Raman imaging and X-ray powder diffraction were used to examine the physical state of Cal and BD in the formulations after application, and determine whether a supersaturated state remained stable for clinically relevant time periods. In vitro skin penetration and ex vivo biomarker assays were conducted to compare the skin penetration and bioavailability of Cal and BD from the aerosol foam and ointment formulations, respectively. Occlusive properties were examined via transepidermal water loss. Results Solubility studies showed that Cal and BD solubility increased with increasing dimethyl ether (DME) content. Both active ingredients are completely dissolved in the final aerosol foam formulation. DME rapidly evaporates after spraying, and the amount was reduced to 0.5% of the initial amount after 2 min. This led to the formation of a supersaturated environment, where Cal and BD crystals were absent for at least 26 h after application. Cal/BD aerosol foam had significantly greater in vitro skin penetration and had increased bioavailability compared with Cal/BD ointment. Both formulations effectively occluded the skin. Conclusion A stable supersaturated solution of Cal/BD in the aerosol foam leads to increased bioavailability and explains the improved clinical effect when compared to the Cal/BD ointment. Funding The studies included in the paper are all conducted by LEO Pharma A/S or CROs on behalf of LEO Pharma A/S.
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Kunst A, Lee G. Release and Skin Permeation of Scopolamine From Thin Polymer Films in Relation to Thermodynamic Activity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1496-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Drug crystallization - implications for topical and transdermal delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:817-30. [PMID: 26766744 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1140146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crystallization of actives in skin following topical application was suggested by studies in the 1950s and 1960s but is poorly understood. In contrast, the problem of crystallization of actives on skin and in transdermal formulations has been known for many years. AREAS COVERED With respect to crystallization in skin, this review describes early reports of a skin 'reservoir' and possible reasons underlying its genesis. Techniques to study crystallization on and in skin and in transdermal patches are outlined. The role of the vehicle in skin delivery is emphasised. Studies which have investigated permeation from crystalline particles are described. Approaches to limit crystallization of actives are discussed. Using supersaturation and antinuclean polymers, control of crystal size is possible; controlled release from crystals is also employed in transdermal patches. EXPERT OPINION Drug crystallization has significant implications for topical and transdermal delivery. Approaches have been developed to counteract the issue for transdermal patches but crystallization in and on the skin for other formulations remains unresolved. Greater knowledge of residence time of excipients and their interaction with skin at the molecular level is critical in order to address the problem. This will lay the foundations for better design of topical/transdermal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hadgraft
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , UCL School of Pharmacy , London , UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , UCL School of Pharmacy , London , UK
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. The potential of polymeric film-forming systems as sustained delivery platforms for topical drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:349-60. [PMID: 26609868 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dosing regimens requiring multiple daily applications frequently result in poor patient compliance, especially in the treatment of chronic skin diseases. Consequently, development of sustained delivery systems for topical drugs permitting less frequent dosing is of continuing interest for dermatological therapy. AREAS COVERED This potential of polymeric film-forming systems (FFS), created in situ on the skin, as sustained delivery platforms for topical drug delivery is reviewed. Key formulation parameters that determine delivery efficiency are considered focussing on those that permit a drug reservoir to be established in the upper layers of the skin and/or on the skin surface from which release can be sustained over a prolonged period. The advantageous and superior cosmetic attributes of FFS (compared to conventional semi-solid formulations) that offer significantly improved patient compliance are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION The promise of polymeric FFS as convenient and aesthetic platforms for sustained topical drug delivery is clear. Manipulation of the formulation allows the delivery profile to be customized and optimized to take advantage of both a rapid, initial input of drug into the skin (likely due to a transient period of supersaturation) and a slower, controlled release over an extended time from the residual film created thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Frederiksen
- a LEO Pharma A/S, Pharmaceutical Technologies , Ballerup , Denmark.,b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. Formulation considerations in the design of topical, polymeric film-forming systems for sustained drug delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 91:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jung EC, Maibach HI. Animal models for percutaneous absorption. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:1-10. [PMID: 25345378 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are important tools to predict human in vivo percutaneous absorption/penetration. Monkey, pig, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, hairless rodents, such as hairless rat, hairless mouse, hairless guinea pig and hairless dog, are among the most used animals for this purpose. Each animal model has its own advantages and weakness or limitation. To better correlate animal data with human skin absorption, we need to be familiar with each animal model's characteristics as well as experimental method and condition. We reviewed the original papers published after 1993 that described permeability of both animal skin and human skin. It showed that monkey, pig and hairless guinea pig are more predictive of human skin absorption/penetration and common laboratory animals, such as rat, rabbit, guinea pig, generally overestimate human skin absorption/penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Chang Jung
- Department of Dermatology, 90 Medical Center Way, Surge 110, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0989, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal drug delivery possesses superior advantages over other routes of administration, particularly minimizing first-pass metabolism. Transdermal drug delivery is challenged by the barrier nature of skin. Numerous technologies have been developed to overcome the relatively low skin permeability, including spray-on transdermal systems. AREAS COVERED A transdermal spray-on system (TSS) usually consists of a solution containing the drug, a volatile solvent and in many cases a chemical penetration enhancer. TSS promotes drug delivery via the complex interplay between solvent evaporation and drug-solvent drag into skin. The volatile solvent carries the drug into the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and as the volatile solvent evaporates, an increase in the thermodynamic activity of the drug occurs resulting in an increased drug loading in skin. EXPERT OPINION TSS is easily applied, delivering flexible drug dosage and associated with lower incidence of skin irritation. TSS provides a fast-drying product where the volatile solvent enables uniform drug distribution with minimal vehicle deposition on skin. TSS ensures precise dose administration that is aesthetically appealing and eliminates concerns of residual drug associated with transdermal patches. Furthermore, it provides a better alternative to traditional transdermal products due to ease of product development and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ibrahim
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 230 Park Avenue Florham Park, NJ 07932 , USA +1 973 443 8435 ; +1 973 443 8412 ;
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Combining ibuprofen sodium with cellulosic polymers: a deep dive into mechanisms of prolonged supersaturation. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:536-46. [PMID: 25219860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a highly soluble salt form of a drug with a polymeric precipitation inhibitor has the potential to prolong drug supersaturation even following salt disproportionation. In this study, dissolution profiles of ibuprofen sodium in the presence of various cellulosic polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), were examined in order to assess degree and duration of supersaturation. In addition, the roles that the polymers played in altering drug solubility, media viscosity, physical form, and particle morphology were also assessed. A deep dive into the mechanisms of supersaturation revealed that intermolecular hydrogen bonding between ibuprofen and HPMC was driving supersaturation through nucleation inhibition and crystal growth modification. Polymer viscosity was proposed as the primary factor prolonging supersaturation of ibuprofen in the presence of MC, while mechanisms other than hydrogen bonding were likely to be attributed to supersaturation with the most hydrophobic polymer evaluated, HPC. Overall, the study suggested that induction of intermolecular interactions between ibuprofen and HPMC were more effective at inhibiting nucleation and maintaining prolonged supersaturation than physical modulation of solution properties, such as viscosity.
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Evaluation of skin permeation and analgesic activity effects of carbopol lornoxicam topical gels containing penetration enhancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:127495. [PMID: 25045724 PMCID: PMC4089842 DOI: 10.1155/2014/127495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to develop a topical gel formulation for improved skin penetration of lornoxicam (LOR) for enhancement of its analgesic activity. Moreover, the effect of different penetration enhancers on LOR was studied. The LOR gel formulations were prepared by using hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carbopol. The carbopol gels in presence of propylene glycol (PG) and ethanol were developed. The formulated gels were characterized for pH, viscosity, and LOR release using Franz diffusion cells. Also, in vitro skin permeation of LOR was conducted. The effect of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD), beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), Tween 80, and oleic acid on LOR permeation was evaluated. The optimized LOR gel formulation (LORF8) showed the highest flux (14.31 μg/cm(2)/h) with ER of 18.34 when compared to LORF3. Incorporation of PG and HP β-CD in gel formulation (LORF8) enhanced the permeation of LOR significantly. It was observed that LORF3 and LORF8 show similar analgesic activity compared to marketed LOR injection (Xefo). This work shows that LOR can be formulated into carbopol gel in presence of PG and HP β-CD and may be promising in enhancing permeation.
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Ghanbarzadeh S, Khorrami A, Arami S. Nonionic surfactant-based vesicular system for transdermal drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:1071-1077. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.873837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Patel A, Bell M, O'Connor C, Inchley A, Wibawa J, Lane ME. Delivery of ibuprofen to the skin. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:9-13. [PMID: 24064201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) has been available as a topical skin preparation for more than two decades. Its primary indication is for the relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal conditions. This article reviews the various formulation strategies which have been investigated for percutaneous IBU delivery to date. The focus is on studies which have been conducted with IBU in the free base form on human or porcine skin as data from other species are known to overestimate likely permeation in man. Emerging technologies for enhanced dermal delivery of IBU are considered including methods which require physical disruption of the membrane. The role of biophysical techniques such as Confocal Raman Spectroscopy in the rational development of IBU formulations is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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Shahzad Y, Khan Q, Hussain T, Shah SNH. Influence of cellulose derivative and ethylene glycol on optimization of lornoxicam transdermal formulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Anissimov YG, Watkinson A. Modelling skin penetration using the Laplace transform technique. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:286-94. [PMID: 23921115 DOI: 10.1159/000351924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Laplace transform is a convenient mathematical tool for solving ordinary and partial differential equations. The application of this technique to problems arising in drug penetration through the skin is reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Anissimov
- School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld., Australia.
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35
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Garnero C, Aloisio C, Longhi M. Ibuprofen-Maltodextrin Interaction: Study of Enantiomeric Recognition and Complex Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Insights into the Role of Polymer-Surfactant Complexes in Drug Solubilisation/Stabilisation During Drug Release from Solid Dispersions. Pharm Res 2012; 30:290-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Benaouda F, Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA. Triggered In Situ Drug Supersaturation and Hydrophilic Matrix Self-Assembly. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3434-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Meng X, Yang D, Keyvan G, Michniak-Kohn B, Mitra S. Synthesis and immobilization of micro-scale drug particles in presence of β-cyclodextrins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 92:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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39
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Bunge AL, Persichetti JM, Payan JP. Explaining skin permeation of 2-butoxyethanol from neat and aqueous solutions. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:50-62. [PMID: 22330932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Absorption of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) from neat and aqueous solutions of BE was measured through rat skin in vitro and in vivo and through silicone membranes. Like previous studies in human and guinea pig skin, BE flux increased proportional to BE concentration only when the weight fraction of BE (w(BE))<about 0.2. The flux of BE was relatively constant for 0.2<w(BE)<0.8, and it decreased dramatically for w(BE)>0.8. Experimental values of thermodynamic activity for BE and water in aqueous solutions of BE are presented. Except when the water content in the vehicle is small, skin is fully hydrated and the flux of a BE through it is proportional to the thermodynamic activity of BE. When w(BE)>0.8, there is a sharp drop in the activity-normalized BE flux through skin, which coincides with a decrease in water activity from 0.9 at w(BE)=0.8 to zero for neat BE. These observations are consistent with reduced BE flux arising from skin dehydration. From an analysis of previously published data, the activity-normalized flux of BE through hydrated human skin was determined to be 2-4 mg cm(-2)h(-1), which is in reasonable agreement with predictions of its maximum flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L Bunge
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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40
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Eros G, Hartmann P, Berkó S, Csizmazia E, Csányi E, Sztojkov-Ivanov A, Németh I, Szabó-Révész P, Zupkó I, Kemény L. A novel murine model for the in vivo study of transdermal drug penetration. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:543536. [PMID: 22272176 PMCID: PMC3259504 DOI: 10.1100/2012/543536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of the transdermal penetration of different active agents is an important research goal. Our aim was to establish a novel in vivo experimental model which provides a possibility for exact measurement of the quantity of penetrated drug. The experiments were performed on SKH-1 hairless mice. A skin fold in the dorsal region was fixed with two fenestrated titanium plates. A circular wound was made on one side of the skin fold. A metal cylinder with phosphate buffer was fixed into the window of the titanium plate. The concentration of penetrated drug was measured in the buffer. The skin fold was morphologically intact and had a healthy microcirculation. The drug appeared in the acceptor buffer after 30 min, and its concentration exhibited a continuous increase. The presence of ibuprofen was also detected in the plasma. In conclusion, this model allows an exact in vivo study of drug penetration and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Eros
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Ammar HO, Ghorab M, Mahmoud AA, Makram TS, Ghoneim AM. Rapid pain relief using transdermal film forming polymeric solution of ketorolac. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 18:1005-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.627867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Murdande SB, Pikal MJ, Shanker RM, Bogner RH. Solubility Advantage of Amorphous Pharmaceuticals, Part 3: Is Maximum Solubility Advantage Experimentally Attainable and Sustainable? J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4349-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santos P, Watkinson AC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Formulation issues associated with transdermal fentanyl delivery. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:155-9. [PMID: 21723931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturation has previously been studied as a mechanism to enhance membrane transport of fentanyl from propylene glycol:water formulations (PG:H(2)O) across silicone. In this study these supersaturated fentanyl formulations were evaluated in human skin. A number of polymers were also screened for their ability to stabilise the supersaturated formulations and permeation was evaluated for both infinite and finite doses. For infinite dose studies, permeation in skin increased linearly with increasing degree of drug saturation (DS) for formulations containing 0.5, 1, 2 DS of fentanyl and a 3 DS formulation stabilised with 1% (w/v) hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC). An excellent correlation was obtained for flux values in silicone compared with flux values in skin, for infinite dose studies for formulations containing 0.5, 1, 2 DS of fentanyl and the 3 DS formulation stabilised HPC. The concentration of the fentanyl in the stratum corneum also increased in proportion to the DS. However the same trend was not observed for finite dose studies. This is because the depletion of the solvent carrier promotes drug crystallisation with consequent implications for membrane transport. Tape-stripping experiments indicated that supersaturation of the drug is maintained in the outer layers of the stratum corneum. The ideal vehicle must, therefore, maintain the drug in solution on and in the skin in a sustained manner for effective transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of London, London, UK
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44
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Gillet A, Compère P, Lecomte F, Hubert P, Ducat E, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposome surface charge influence on skin penetration behaviour. Int J Pharm 2011; 411:223-31. [PMID: 21458550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular systems have shown their ability to increase dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Their mechanism of drug transport into and through the skin has been investigated but remains a much debated question. Several researchers have outlined that drug penetration can be influenced by modifying the surface charge of liposomes. In the present work we study the influence of particle surface charge on skin penetration. The final purpose is the development of a carrier system which is able to enhance the skin delivery of two model drugs, betamethasone and betamethasone dipropionate. Liposomes were characterised by their size, morphology, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and stability. Ex vivo diffusion studies using Franz diffusion cells were performed. Confocal microscopy was performed to visualise the penetration of fluorescently labelled liposomes into the skin. This study showed the potential of negatively charged liposomes to enhance the skin penetration of betamethasone and betamethasone dipropionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gillet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, CHU, Tour 4, Bat B36, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Van Gele M, Geusens B, Brochez L, Speeckaert R, Lambert J. Three-dimensional skin models as tools for transdermal drug delivery: challenges and limitations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:705-20. [PMID: 21446890 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.568937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal drug delivery has several known advantages over the oral route and hypodermic injections. The number of drugs that can be taken up transdermally is, however, limited owing to the innate barrier function of the skin. New transdermal drug candidates need to be tested extensively before being used on humans. In this regard, in vitro permeation methods are highly important to predict in vivo permeation of drugs. AREAS COVERED This review illustrates how different types of reconstructed skin models are being used as alternatives to human and pig skin for in vitro permeation testing of drugs. Insights into how various factors (including the physicochemical nature of molecules and formulations) or skin properties might affect the permeability of drugs in reconstructed skin models are provided. Also, opportunities and pitfalls of reconstructed skin models are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Many studies have revealed that the permeability of reconstructed skin models is much higher compared with human excised skin. This is in accordance with the incomplete barrier found in these models. Nevertheless, the reconstructed skin models available today are useful tools for estimating the rank order of percutaneous absorption of a series of compounds with different physicochemical properties. A major challenge in the further development of reconstructed skin models for drug delivery studies is to obtain a barrier function similar to in vivo skin. Whether this goal will be achieved in the near future is uncertain and will be, in the authors' opinion, a very difficult task.
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Abdullah GZ, Abdulkarim MF, Salman IM, Ameer OZ, Yam MF, Mutee AF, Chitneni M, Mahdi ES, Basri M, Sattar MA, Noor AM. In vitro permeation and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of nanoscaled emulsions containing ibuprofen for topical delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:387-96. [PMID: 21499428 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a topical delivery system, a nanoscaled emulsion is considered a good carrier of several active ingredients that convey several side effects upon oral administration, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). OBJECTIVE We investigated the in vitro permeation properties and the in vivo pharmacodynamic activities of different nanoscaled emulsions containing ibuprofen, an NSAID, as an active ingredient and newly synthesized palm olein esters (POEs) as the oil phase. METHODOLOGY A ratio of 25:37:38 of oil phase:aqueous phase:surfactant was used, and different additives were used for the production of a range of nanoscaled emulsions. Carbopol® 940 dispersion neutralized by triethanolamine was employed as a rheology modifier. In some circumstances, menthol and limonene were employed at different concentrations as permeation promoters. All formulae were assessed in vitro using Franz diffusion cell fitted with full-thickness rat skin. This was followed by in vivo evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the promising formulae and comparison of the effects with that of the commercially available gel. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among all other formulae, formula G40 (Carbopol® 940-free formula) had a superior ability in transferring ibuprofen topically compared with the reference. Carbopol® 940 significantly decreased the amount of drug transferred from formula G41 through the skin as a result of swelling, gel formation, and reduction in drug thermodynamic activity. Nonetheless, the addition of 10% w/w of menthol and limonene successfully overcame this drawback since, relative to the reference, higher amount of ibuprofen was transferred through the skin. By contrast, these results were relatively comparable to that of formula G40. Pharmacodynamically, the G40, G45, and G47 formulae exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared with other formulae. CONCLUSION The ingredients and the physical properties of the nanoscaled emulsions produced by using the newly synthesized POEs succeeded to deliver ibuprofen competently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Z Abdullah
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Gillet A, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposomes and parameters affecting their skin penetration behaviour. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Warren DB, Benameur H, Porter CJH, Pouton CW. Using polymeric precipitation inhibitors to improve the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs: A mechanistic basis for utility. J Drug Target 2010; 18:704-31. [PMID: 20973755 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.525652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dallas B Warren
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Wu Z, Tucker IG, Razzak M, Yang L, McSporran K, Medlicott NJ. Absorption and tissue tolerance of ricobendazole in the presence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin following subcutaneous injection in sheep. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Carafa M, Marianecci C, Rinaldi F, Santucci E, Tampucci S, Monti D. Span®and Tween®neutral and pH-sensitive vesicles: Characterization andin vitroskin permeation. J Liposome Res 2009; 19:332-40. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100903014994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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