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Ameur E, Sarra M, Yosra D, Mariem K, Nabil A, Ibrahim J, Alarjani KM, Lynen F, Larbi KM. Chemical compositions of Eucalyptus sp. Essential oils and the evaluation of their combinations as a promising treatment against ear bacterial infections. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:220. [PMID: 38849805 PMCID: PMC11157906 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical composition and biological activities of Eucalyptus essential oils (EOs) have been documented in numerous studies against multiple infectious diseases. The antibacterial activity of individual Eucalyptus EOs against strains that cause ear infections was investigated in our previous study. The study's antibacterial activity was promising, which prompted us to explore this activity further with EO blends. METHODS We tested 15 combinations (9 binary combinations and 6 combinations of binary combinations) of Eucalyptus EOs extracted by hydrodistillation from eight Tunisian Eucalyptus species dried leaves against six bacterial strains responsible for ear infections: three bacterial isolates (Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three reference bacteria strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ATTC 9027; Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538; and Escherichia coli, ATCC 8739). The EOs were analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The major compounds, as well as all values obtained from the bacterial growth inhibition assay, were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS The antibacterial activity of the EO blends exhibited significant variation within Eucalyptus species, bacterial strains, and the applied methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), based on the diameters of the inhibition zone, facilitated the identification of two major groups and ten subgroups based on the level of antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for the mixture of EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (paac) as well as E. panctata, E. wandoo, E. accedens, and E. cladoclayx (pwac) using the disc diffusion method. Additionally, significant activity was noted with EOs extracted from E. panctata, E. wandoo (pw) and E. panctata, E. accedens (pa) using the broth microdilution method. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that certain EO combinations (paac, pwac, pw, and pa) could be considered as potential alternative treatment for ear infections due to their demonstrated highly promising antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaissi Ameur
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Moumni Sarra
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Derbali Yosra
- Chemical, Pharmacological and Gallenic Development Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avenue Avicennne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khouja Mariem
- Water, and Forestry. INRGREF. Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, University of Carthage, The National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Abid Nabil
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jlasssi Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances LR99ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4 Bis, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Khouja Mohamed Larbi
- Water, and Forestry. INRGREF. Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Forest Resources, University of Carthage, The National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, 2080, Ariana, Tunisia
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Carreño H, Stashenko EE, Escobar P. Essential Oils Distilled from Colombian Aromatic Plants and Their Constituents as Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062872. [PMID: 36985843 PMCID: PMC10057770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the enhanced effects of essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as penetration enhancers (PEs) for transdermal drug delivery (TDD) of caffeine. A 1% w/w solution of eight EOs and seven PDMs was included in the 1% caffeine carbopol hydrogel. Franz diffusion cell experiments were performed using mice with full-thickness skin. At various times over 24 h, 300 μL of the receptor were withdrawn and replaced with fresh medium. Caffeine was analyzed spectrophotometrically at 272 nm. The skin irritation effects of the hydrogels applied once a day for 21 days were investigated in mice. The steady-state flux (JSS) of the caffeine hydrogel was 30 ± 19.6 µg cm-2 h-1. An increase in caffeine JSS was induced by Lippia origanoides > Turnera diffusa > eugenol > carvacrol > limonene, with values of 150 ± 14.1, 130 ± 47.6, 101 ± 21.7, 90 ± 18.4, and 86 ± 21.0 µg cm-2 h-1, respectively. The Kp of caffeine was 2.8 ± 0.26 cm h-1, almost 2-4 times lower than that induced by Lippia origanoides > Turnera diffusa > limonene > eugenol > carvacrol, with Kp values of 11 ± 1.7, 8.8 ± 4.2, 6.8 ± 1.7, 6.3 ± 1.2, and 5.15 ± 1.0 cm h-1, respectively. No irritating effects were observed. Lippia origanoides, Turnera diffusa, eugenol, carvacrol, and limonene improved caffeine's skin permeation. These compounds may be as effective as the PE in TDD systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heider Carreño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas (CIBIMOL), Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
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Kumar B, Pandey M, Aggarwal R, Sahoo PK. A comprehensive review on invasomal carriers incorporating natural terpenes for augmented transdermal delivery. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the most widely used drug administration routes, which offer several advantages over other routes of drug delivery. The apical layer of the skin called the stratum corneum is the most dominant obstacle in the transdermal drug delivery, which restricts the passage of drugs across the skin. Considerable strategies have been applied to enhance the rate of permeation across the epithelial cells; however, the most widely used strategy is the use of sorption boosters, also known as permeation enhancers.
Main body
Terpenes were considered as efficient skin permeation enhancers and are generally recognized as safe as per Food and Drug Administration. Terpenes improve the permeability of drugs either by destructing the stratum corneum’s tightly packed lipid framework, excessive diffusivity of drug in cell membrane or by rampant drug partitioning into epithelial cells. Various vesicular systems have been developed and utilized for the transdermal delivery of many drugs. Invasomes are one such novel vesicular system developed which are composed of phospholipids, ethanol and terpenes. The combined presence of ethanol and terpenes provides exceptional flexibility to the vesicles and improves the permeation across the barrier offered due to the stratum corneum as both ethanol and terpenes act as permeation enhancers. Therefore, utilization of invasomes as carriers to facilitate higher rate of drug permeation through the skin can be a very useful approach to improve transdermal drug delivery of a drug.
Conclusion
The paper focuses on a broad updated view of terpenes as effective permeation enhancers and invasomes along with their applications in the pharmaceutical formulations.
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Using Chitosan-Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles-Thermosensitive Hydrogels in association with Limonene as Skin Drug Delivery Strategy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9165443. [PMID: 35434138 PMCID: PMC9010220 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9165443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Topical delivery of local anesthetics (LAs) is commonly used to decrease painful sensations, block pain throughout procedures, and alleviate pain after surgery. Dermal and/or transdermal delivery of LAs has other advantages, such as sustained drug delivery and decreased systemic adverse effects. This study reports the development of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with chitosan for the sustained release and topicality of benzocaine (BZC) and topical delivery. BZC PLGA nanoparticles or nonencapsulated drugs were further incorporated into Poloxamer hydrogels (Pluronic™ F-127). The nanoparticles showed a mean diameter of 380 ± 4 nm, positive zeta potential after coating with chitosan (23.3 ± 1.7 mV), and high encapsulation efficiency (96.7 ± 0.02%). Cellular viability greater than 70% for both fibroblasts and keratinocytes was observed after treatment with nanoparticles, which is in accordance with the preconized guidelines for biomedical devices and delivery systems. Both the nanoparticles and hydrogels were able to modulate BZC delivery and increase drug permeation when compared to the nonencapsulated drug. Furthermore, the incorporation of limonene into hydrogels containing BZC-loaded nanoparticles increased the BZC permeation rates. Non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behaviors were observed for all hydrogel nanoformulations with or without nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that the hydrogel-nanoparticle hybrids could be a promising delivery system for prolonged local anesthetic therapy.
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Enhancing the Bioavailability and Efficacy of Vismodegib for the Control of Skin Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020126. [PMID: 35215238 PMCID: PMC8874937 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most frequent cancer throughout the world. Vismodegib (VSD) is a hedgehog blocker approved for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer. VSD, however, is poorly bioavailable and has been linked to side effects. This work focused on designing a nano-invasome gel as a vehicle for enhancing the permeation, bioavailability, and efficacy of VSD. Additionally, the combined effect of terpenes and ethanol was studied on the permeation of VSD compared with liposomes. The prepared VSD-loaded invasomes (VLI) formulation included cineole (1%v/v), cholesterol (0.15%w/w), phospholipid (2%w/w), and ethanol (3%v/v) and displayed an entrapment efficiency of 87.73 ± 3.82%, a vesicle size of 188.27 ± 3.25 nm, and a steady-state flux of 9.83 ± 0.11 µg/cm2/h. The VLI formulation was vigorously stirred into a carbopol base before being characterized in vivo to investigate the permeation, bioavailability, and efficacy of VSD. The VLI gel enhanced the dermal permeation of VSD and, as a result, had 3.59 times higher bioavailability with excellent antitumor action as compared to oral VSD. In summary, as an alternative to oral administration for skin cancer treatment, invasomes are efficient carriers for delivering VSD and enhancing its transdermal flux into deep skin layers.
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Abualhasan M, Assali M, Mahmoud A, Zaid AN, Malkieh N. Synthesis of rutin derivatives to enhance lipid solubility and development of topical formulation with a validated analytical method. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:117-128. [PMID: 34931961 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666211220162535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rutin is available on the market as a topical formulation for the treatment of several conditions, such as internal bleeding, hemorrhoids, and varicose veins. However, these gels have low solubility and limited bioavailability due to their decreased lipid solubility. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to synthesize potentially novel lipophilic rutin prodrugs. The suggested library of these rutin prodrugs includes changing the solubility profile to facilitate rutin transport across biological barriers, thereby improving drug delivery through topical application. METHODS Six rutin derivatives were synthesized based on the ester prodrug strategy. The synthesized compounds were formulated as topical ointments, and their permeability via Franz diffusion was measured. An ultraviolet (UV) analytical method was developed in our laboratories to quantify rutin derivatives both as raw materials and in final dosage forms. The analytical method was then validated. RESULT The results of Franz diffusion analyses showed that transdermal permeability increased by 10_Fo.jpgl height=""d for decaacetylated rutin compared to the other esterified rutins. A simple analytical method for the analysis of the formulated rutin ester was developed and validated. Moreover, the formulated ointment of decaacetylated rutin in our research laboratory was found to be stable under stability accelerated conditions. Synthesis of potentially more lipophilic compounds would yield novel rutin prodrugs suitable for topical formulation. CONCLUSION This project provides a synthetic approach for many similar natural products. The research idea and strategy followed in this research project could be adapted by pharmaceutical and herbal establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Abualhasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus. Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Mohyeddin Assali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus. Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Abeer Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus. Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Abdel Naser Zaid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus. Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Numan Malkieh
- Jerusalem Pharmaceuticals Co, Al Bireh-Ramallah. Palestinian Territory, Occupied
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Combination of cypermethrin and thymol for control of Rhipicephalus microplus: Efficacy evaluation and description of an action mechanism. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101874. [PMID: 34839252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used to control this tick, and the selection of resistant populations is a huge problem worldwide. The activity of thymol, a natural monoterpene, free or in combination with other compounds, has been demonstrated against different species of ticks. However, the mode of action is not fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and the potential mode of action of the combination of cypermethrin and thymol on ticks from two populations with different levels of susceptibility to cypermethrin (low and high susceptibility). The isolated acaricidal activity of cypermethrin and thymol on larvae was carried out in different concentrations. The combination with different concentrations of cypermethrin and fixed concentrations of thymol (1300 µg/mL for the low susceptibility population; 690 µg/mL for the high susceptibility population) were performed. Adult engorged females were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20): 1) Control group untreated; 2) Control group: 2.0% (v/v) DMSO; 3) Thymol group: 1300 µg/mL thymol; 4) Cypermethrin group: 3700 µg/mL cypermethrin; 5) Association of cypermethrin (3700 µg/mL) + thymol (1300 µg/mL). A subgroup was used to study the efficacy of the reproductive parameters and another subgroup, with ten adults from each treatment, was used to quantify thymol and cypermethrin by HPLC chromatographic analysis. All compounds tested were effective on larvae from both populations, and the combination with thymol decreased the LC50 of cypermethrin (232.4 to 52.7 µg/mL) on the low-susceptibility population. The combination of thymol and cypermethrin was effective in both populations of R. microplus (reproductive performance of engorged females) when compared to the untreated control group, even with higher percent control values (pop. 1: 93.5 ± 5.6% and pop. 2: 92.7 ± 1.1%) than the group treated only with cypermethrin (pop. 1: 87.3 ± 7.3% and pop. 2: 83.5 ± 1.2%). From the HPLC analyzes, a higher concentration of cypermethrin (pop. 1: 30.3 ± 6.9 and pop. 2: 45.4 ± 17.7 ng/mg) was detected in the tissues of engorged females treated with the combination compared to analyte concentrations in groups treated with cypermethrin only (pop. 1: 12.4 ± 4.4 pop. 2: 25.5 ± 9.4 ng/mg). This was the first study to investigate the acaricidal efficacy of the combination of thymol + cypermethrin on R. microplus and demonstrate that the presence of thymol increases the concentration of cypermethrin in the internal tissues of engorged females through a possible mechanism for increasing the penetration of cypermethrin at the cuticular level.
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Gaynanova G, Vasileva L, Kashapov R, Kuznetsova D, Kushnazarova R, Tyryshkina A, Vasilieva E, Petrov K, Zakharova L, Sinyashin O. Self-Assembling Drug Formulations with Tunable Permeability and Biodegradability. Molecules 2021; 26:6786. [PMID: 34833877 PMCID: PMC8624506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on key topics in the field of drug delivery related to the design of nanocarriers answering the biomedicine criteria, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and the ability to overcome biological barriers. For these reasons, much attention is paid to the amphiphile-based carriers composed of natural building blocks, lipids, and their structural analogues and synthetic surfactants that are capable of self-assembly with the formation of a variety of supramolecular aggregates. The latter are dynamic structures that can be used as nanocontainers for hydrophobic drugs to increase their solubility and bioavailability. In this section, biodegradable cationic surfactants bearing cleavable fragments are discussed, with ester- and carbamate-containing analogs, as well as amino acid derivatives received special attention. Drug delivery through the biological barriers is a challenging task, which is highlighted by the example of transdermal method of drug administration. In this paper, nonionic surfactants are primarily discussed, including their application for the fabrication of nanocarriers, their surfactant-skin interactions, the mechanisms of modulating their permeability, and the factors controlling drug encapsulation, release, and targeted delivery. Different types of nanocarriers are covered, including niosomes, transfersomes, invasomes and chitosomes, with their morphological specificity, beneficial characteristics and limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Gaynanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (L.V.); (R.K.); (D.K.); (R.K.); (A.T.); (E.V.); (K.P.); (L.Z.); (O.S.)
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Dsouza L, Chaudhari P, Brahmam B, Lewis SA. Derma roller mediated transdermal delivery of tizanidine invasomes for the management of skeletal muscle spasms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105920. [PMID: 34192586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) is a skeletal muscle relaxant used to treat spasms, a sudden involuntary muscle contraction. The currently available oral dosage forms exhibit low oral bioavailability due to high first-pass metabolism. Frequent administration of the drug is thus necessary because of the short half-life of the drug. Transdermal delivery is an excellent alternative, but the skin's outer stratum corneum barrier prevents most drugs from being effectively delivered into the bloodstream. Here we present a pre-clinical investigation of derma roller mediated delivery of TIZ invasome gel as a potential approach for treating muscle spasm. Further, specific terpenes namely limonene and pinene in different concentrations and their impact on the properties of the prepared TIZ invasomes, including particle size, drug entrapment, and ex vivo drug release, were investigated. TIZ invasomes were incorporated into a gel and delivered to rats with and without pre-treatment of the skin with a derma roller. Pre-treated skin achieved maximum drug plasma concentrations within 3 ± 0.00 h of gel application and maintained for 24 h. In the untreated skin the maximum plasma drug levels was achieved at the end of 6 ± 0.00 h. The findings were further supported by in vivo efficacy studies conducted using rotarod and actophotometer. Overall, the study indicates that derma roller mediated transdermal delivery of TIZ loaded invasomes is a promising strategy for enhancing the bioavailability of TIZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonna Dsouza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Pinal Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Bheemisetty Brahmam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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de Moura DF, Rocha TA, de Melo Barros D, da Silva MM, Dos Santos Santana M, Neta BM, Cavalcanti IMF, Martins RD, da Silva MV. Evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activity of the sesquiterpene nerolidol. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4303-4311. [PMID: 34110480 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of nerolidol. The antioxidant activity of nerolidol was determined using the total antioxidant activity method. Antibacterial activity was performed using the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against seven standard strains of the ATCC and four bacterial clinical isolates with a resistance profile, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The antibiofilm activity of nerolidol was performed using the crystal violet method. The results of the antioxidant test revealed a total antioxidant activity of 93.94%. Nerolidol inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 1 mg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 4 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL). For clinical isolates, nerolidol showed an inhibitory potential against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (MIC = 0.5 mg/mL), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MIC = 2 mg/mL), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MIC = 2 mg/mL). Nerolidol showed similar antibacterial activity against ATCC strains and hospital clinical isolates with resistance profile, suggesting that even though these strains are resistant to antibiotics, they are still sensitive to nerolidol. Nerolidol exerted a dose-dependent effect on the inhibition of biofilm formation, even at subinhibitory concentrations. Nerolidol inhibited bacterial biofilms of ATCC strains at a rate ranging from 51 to 98%, at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 4 mg/mL. For clinical bacterial isolates, biofilm inhibition ranged from 6 to 60%. Therefore, the present study showed the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antibiofilm properties of nerolidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Feijó de Moura
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Alves Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dayane de Melo Barros
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Marllyn Marques da Silva
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia, Biotecnologia e Cultura de células, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcielle Dos Santos Santana
- Laboratório do Microbiologia e Imunologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Rua do Alto do Reservatório S/N, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mendes Neta
- Laboratório do Microbiologia e Imunologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Rua do Alto do Reservatório S/N, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Isabella Macário Ferro Cavalcanti
- Laboratório do Microbiologia e Imunologia, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Rua do Alto do Reservatório S/N, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, 55608-680, Brazil. .,Setor de Microbiologia Clínica do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (LIKA/UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - René Duarte Martins
- Espaço Farmácia Viva, Centro Acadêmico de Vitoria, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (CAV/UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Márcia Vanusa da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Núcleo de Bioprospecção da Caatinga, Instituto Nacional do Semiárido, Paraíba, Brazil
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Novel Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Astaxanthin for Topical Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050649. [PMID: 34063593 PMCID: PMC8147608 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (ASX) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant derived from the natural pigment that gives marine animals their distinctive red-orange colour and confers protection from ultraviolet radiation. Self nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have been successfully developed and evaluated to increase the skin penetration of ASX and target its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential to the epidermis and dermis. SNEDDS were prepared using a low-temperature spontaneous emulsification method, and their physical characteristics, stability, antioxidant activity, and skin penetration were characterized. Terpenes (D-limonene, geraniol, and farnesol) were included in the SNEDDS formulations to evaluate their potential skin penetration enhancement. An HPLC assay was developed that allowed ASX recovery from skin tissues and quantification. All SNEDDS formulations had droplets in the 20 nm range, with low polydispersity. ASX stability over 28 days storage in light and dark conditions was improved and antioxidant activity was high. SNEDDS-L1 (no terpene) gave significantly increased ASX penetration to the stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis-dermis-follicle region (E + D + F) compared to an ASX in oil solution and a commercial ASX facial serum product. The SNEDDS-containing D-limonene gave the highest ASX permeation enhancement, with 3.34- and 3.79-fold the amount in the SC and E + D + F, respectively, compared to a similar applied dose of ASX in oil. We concluded that SNEDDS provide an effective formulation strategy for enhanced skin penetration of a highly lipophilic molecule, and when applied to ASX, have the potential to provide topical formulations for UV protection, anti-aging, and inflammatory conditions of the skin.
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Enzyme-assisted extraction of carotenoids and phenolic compounds from sunflower wastes using green solvents. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:405. [PMID: 32904061 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop an optimized enzymatic assisted extraction methodology to extract carotenoids and phenolic compounds from sunflower wastes (petals and florets) using natural hydrophobic green solvents. Several natural green hydrophobic solvents were used as well as natural hydrophobic eutectic solvents composed of d,l-menthol and different acids, with different hydrophobicity. The multi-enzyme complex Viscozyme® was used to disrupt the cell wall of petals and disc florets. The extracted carotenoids content into the hydrophobic phase was quantified using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the carotenoids profile was studied using high-performance liquid and thin layer chromatography. The amount of total sugars in the aqueous phase was also analyzed using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method to infer about the enzymatic action in cell wall. Phenolic compounds also in the aqueous phase were analyzed by Folin Denis method. The eutectic solvent d,l-menthol:d,l-lactic acid (M:HLac) (1:2) was the best solvent for extraction of carotenoids from sunflower wastes, with 147 ppm of carotenoids extracted, in comparison to 115 ppm obtained with the standard solvent, n-hexane. In what concerns phenolic compounds, M:HLac was again better than the standard solvent. The use of the multi-enzyme complex Viscozyme® had different responses, depending on the solvent tested. For the green solvent M:HLac, the enzyme improved the carotenoids extraction, achieving 335 ppm of carotenoids in the extract. The role of enzyme, solvent, water and sunflower quantity in the carotenoid extraction was evaluated and optimized through a central composite rotatable design (CCRD), using the M:HLac as solvent. According to the analysis of CCRD, the most efficient extractions were carried out using more solvent and less raw material, whose best result reached 1449 mg carotenoids/100 g biomass ppm of carotenoids. This work emphasizes the possibility of developing more sustainable enzyme-assisted separation processes, through the substitution of toxic solvents with natural, environmentally friendly, solvents.
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Antifungal Properties of Nerolidol-Containing Liposomes in Association with Fluconazole. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10090194. [PMID: 32825411 PMCID: PMC7558210 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Infections by Candida species represent a serious threat to the health of immunocompromised individuals. Evidence has indicated that nerolidol has significant antifungal properties. Nonetheless, its use is restricted due to a low water solubility and high photosensitivity. The incorporation into liposomes may represent an efficient alternative to improve the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of this compound. The present study aimed to characterize the antifungal properties of liposomal nerolidol, alone or in combination with fluconazole. Of note, this is the first study reporting the antifungal activity of liposomal nerolidol and its potentiating effect in association with fluconazole. (2) Methods: The Inhibitory Concentration 50%-IC50 and minimum fungicide concentrations (MFC) of the substances against Candida albicans (CA), Candida tropicalis (CT), and Candida krusei (CK) were established by subculture in a solid medium. To evaluate the antifungal-enhancing effect, the MFC of fluconazole was determined in the presence or absence of subinhibitory concentrations of nerolidol (free or liposomal). The analysis of fungal dimorphism was performed through optical microscopy and the characterization of liposomes was carried out considering the vesicular size, polydispersion index, and zeta medium potential, in addition to a scanning electron microscopy analysis. (3) Results: The physicochemical characterization revealed that liposomes were obtained as homogenous populations of spherical vesicles. The data obtained in the present study indicate that nerolidol acts as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, in addition to potentiating (only in the liposomal form) the effect of fluconazole. However, the compound had little inhibitory effect on fungal dimorphism. (4) Conclusions: The incorporation of nerolidol into liposomes improved its antifungal-modulating properties.
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Riesmeier M, Mattonai M, Wong SS, Veall MA, Betts J, Johnston M, Ribechini E, Devièse T. Molecular profiling of Peru Balsam reveals active ingredients responsible for its pharmaceutical properties. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5311-5316. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1753056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marabel Riesmeier
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Szu Shen Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Margaret-Ashley Veall
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Betts
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, UK
| | | | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Thibaut Devièse
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Ricarte LP, Bezerra GP, Romero NR, Silva HCDA, Lemos TLG, Arriaga AMC, Alves PB, Santos MBD, Militão GCG, Silva TDS, Braz-Filho R, Santiago GMP. Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils from Vitex-agnus castus, Ocimum campechianum and Ocimum carnosum. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180569. [PMID: 32321015 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from fresh leaves of Vitex agnus-castus and Ocimum campechianum, and from fresh inflorescences of Ocimum carnosum were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major components of V. agnus-castus essential oil were identified as 1,8-cineole (47.9%), terpinyl α-acetate (11.6%), sabinene (11.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.7%), while in the O. campechianum essential oil were eugenol (72.1%), β-elemene (6.8%), (E)-caryophyllene (6.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.2%). Linalool (79.0%), α-epi-cadinol (5.4%), terpinen-4-ol (3.2%) and 1,8-cineole (2.8%) were the major constituents in the O. carnosum essential oil. The essential oils were subsequently evaluated for their larvicidal and cytotoxic activities. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of V. agnus-castus, O. campechianum and O. carnosum essential oils showed LC50 values of 97.55 ± 0.35, 81.45 ± 0.35 and 109.49 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the essential oils has been evaluated on breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung carcinoma (NCI-H292), pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60), and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) human cell lines, and pro-myelocytic leukemia cells lines (HL-60) were found to be the most sensitive to all the essential oils tested than the others. This is the first report on larvicidal and cytotoxic activities of these essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Ricarte
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210, Porangabuçu, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrieli P Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210, Porangabuçu, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nirla R Romero
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210, Porangabuçu, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Horlando C DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Pici, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Telma L G Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Pici, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Angela M C Arriaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Pici, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Péricles B Alves
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, 49100-000 São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Gardenia C G Militão
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Professor Morais Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago D S Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Professor Morais Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Setor de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013-600 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.,Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, Km 07, s/n, Zona Rural, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilvandete M P Santiago
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210, Porangabuçu, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro, 1210, Porangabuçu, 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Pici, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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16
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Novel Nanocarriers for Targeted Topical Skin Delivery of the Antioxidant Resveratrol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020108. [PMID: 32013204 PMCID: PMC7076350 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant with a low aqueous solubility. Novel nanoformulations have been successfully developed and evaluated to increase the potential of resveratrol as a skin targeting antioxidant. Nanoformulations were prepared using a spontaneous emulsification method, and characterized and evaluated for their capabilities to penetrate/permeate the skin. In nanoformulations, the thermodynamic activity of the RSV penetration into/permeation through the skin was correlated with the thermodynamic activity of the RSV in the formulations. When terpenes were incorporated into the nanoformulations, the permeation of RSV through the skin increased and correlated with an increasing lipophilicity of the terpene. The nanoemulsion containing eugenol showed the highest RSV penetration into the stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis-dermis-follicle region, whereas the limonene containing nanoemulsion had the highest RSV permeation through the skin (the enhancement ratios, compared to a saturated solution of RSV, were (i) 9.55 and (ii) 12.61, respectively, based on the average RSV amount (i) in each skin region and (ii) permeation through skin).
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17
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Alonso L, Fernandes KS, Mendanha SA, Gonçalves PJ, Gomes RS, Dorta ML, Alonso A. In vitro antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of nerolidol are associated with changes in plasma membrane dynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1049-1056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Ephrem E, Najjar A, Charcosset C, Greige-Gerges H. Selection of nerolidol among a series of terpenic and phenolic compounds for its potent activity against Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 9338. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Santos HS, Santiago GMP, de Oliveira JPP, Arriaga AMC, Marques DD, Lemos TLG. Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity against Aedes Aegypti of Essential Oils from Croton Zehntneri. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700201208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves, stalks and inflorescences of Croton zehntneri obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC-MS and CG-FID. E-Anethole was the main component of the essential oils of all plant parts. Essential oils of leaves, stalks, inflorescences and E-anethole were tested at different concentrations against instar III larvae of Aedes aegypti and showed LC50 values of 56.2 ± 0.3, 51.3 ± 0.3, 57.5 ± 0.1 and 69.2 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélcio S. Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, CEP 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Gilvandete M. P. Santiago
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro 1210, CEP 60430-370 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João P. P. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Capitão Francisco Pedro 1210, CEP 60430-370 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Angela M. C. Arriaga
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Délcio D. Marques
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Telma L. G. Lemos
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CEP 60451-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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20
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Calatayud-Pascual MA, Sebastian-Morelló M, Balaguer-Fernández C, Delgado-Charro MB, López-Castellano A, Merino V. Influence of Chemical Enhancers and Iontophoresis on the In Vitro Transdermal Permeation of Propranolol: Evaluation by Dermatopharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040265. [PMID: 30544534 PMCID: PMC6321337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess, in vitro, the possibility of administering propranolol transdermally and to evaluate the usefulness of the dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) method in assessing the transport of drugs through stratum corneum, using propranolol as a model compound. Four chemical enhancers (decenoic and oleic acid, laurocapram, and R-(+)-limonene) and iontophoresis at two current densities, 0.25 and 0.5 mA/cm2 were tested. R-(+)-limonene, and iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm2 were proven to be the most efficient in increasing propranolol transdermal flux, both doubled the original propranolol transdermal flux. Iontophoresis was demonstrated to be superior than the chemical enhancer because it allowed faster delivery of the drug. The DPK method was sufficiently sensitive to detect subtle vehicle-induced effects on the skin permeation of propranolol. The shorter duration of these experiments and their ability to provide mechanistic information about partition between vehicle and skin and diffusivity through skin place them as practical and potentially insightful approach to quantify and, ultimately, optimize topical bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Aracely Calatayud-Pascual
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - María Sebastian-Morelló
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - Cristina Balaguer-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - M Begoña Delgado-Charro
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Alicia López-Castellano
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain.
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universidad de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés sn, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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Nerolidol, the main constituent of Piper aduncum essential oil, has anti-Leishmania braziliensis activity. Parasitology 2017; 144:1179-1190. [PMID: 28482935 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is a protozoan that causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which is an infectious disease that affects more than 12 million people worldwide. The available treatment is limited, has side-effects or is inefficient. In a search for alternative compounds of natural origin, we tested the microbicidal activity of Piper aduncum essential oil (PaEO) on this parasite. Our data showed that PaEO had an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. braziliensis promastigotes with an IC50/24 h=77·9 µg mL-1. The main constituent (nerolidol: 25·22%) presented a similar inhibitory effect (IC50/24 h = 74·3 µg mL-1). Ultrastructural observation of nerolidol-treated parasites by scanning and transmission electron microscopies revealed cell shrinkage and morphological alterations in the mitochondrion, nuclear chromatin and flagellar pocket. Flow cytometry analysis showed a reduction in the cell size, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA degradation, which when associated with the morphological changes indicated that nerolidol induced incidental cell death in the L. braziliensis promastigotes. The results presented here indicate that nerolidol derivatives are promising compounds for further evaluation against Leishmania parasites.
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22
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Ribes S, Fuentes A, Talens P, Barat JM, Ferrari G, Donsì F. Influence of emulsifier type on the antifungal activity of cinnamon leaf, lemon and bergamot oil nanoemulsions against Aspergillus niger. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Kang JH, Kim HS, Shin US. Thermo conductive carbon nanotube-framed membranes for skin heat signal-responsive transdermal drug delivery. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Smart carbon nanotube (CNT)-framed (SCNF) membranes were prepared by self-assembly of highly thermo conductive CNT molecules hybridized with chitosan (Chit) in a core–shell structure and then by chemical integration of a temperature-responsive copolymer, poly(NIPAAm-co-BVIm) (or pNIBIm), as an additional outer shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PlUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Dankook University
- Cheonan
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
| | - Han-Sem Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PlUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Dankook University
- Cheonan
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
| | - Ueon Sang Shin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PlUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Dankook University
- Cheonan
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
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24
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Yang S, Wang R, Wan G, Wu Z, Guo S, Dai X, Shi X, Qiao Y. A Multiscale Study on the Penetration Enhancement Mechanism of Menthol to Osthole. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2234-2242. [PMID: 27768312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a widely used penetration enhancer in clinical medicine due to its high efficiency and relative safety. However, details of the penetration enhancement mechanism of menthol on the molecular level is rarely involved in the discussion. In this work, the penetration enhancement (PE) mechanism of menthol is explored by a multiscale method containing molecular dynamics simulations, in vitro penetration experiments, and transmission electron microscopy. Osthole is chosen to be the tested drug due to its common use in external preparations and because it often accompanies menthol as a PE in the preparations. The results show that menthol in each testing concentration can impair the lipid packing of stratum corneum (SC) and promote osthole permeating into SC, and the penetration promoting effect has an optimal concentration. At a low concentration, menthol causes the bilayer to relax with a reduction in thickness and increment in the lipid headgroup area. At a high concentration, menthol destroys the bilayer structure of SC and causes lipids to form a reversed micelle structure. The penetration enhancement mechanism of menthol is characterized mainly by the disruption of the highly ordered SC lipid in low concentrations and an improvement in the partitioning of drugs into the SC in high concentrations. The results can provide some assistance for additional studies and applications of menthol as a penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, China
| | - Guang Wan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shujuan Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xingxing Dai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102, China.,Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, Beijing 100102, China
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Duangjit S, Nimcharoenwan T, Chomya N, Locharoenrat N, Ngawhirunpat T. Computational design strategy: an approach to enhancing the transdermal delivery of optimal capsaicin-loaded transinvasomes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:98-107. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1220575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sureewan Duangjit
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovation Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tassanan Nimcharoenwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nutcha Chomya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Natthaporn Locharoenrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovation Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Chan WK, Tan LTH, Chan KG, Lee LH, Goh BH. Nerolidol: A Sesquiterpene Alcohol with Multi-Faceted Pharmacological and Biological Activities. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050529. [PMID: 27136520 PMCID: PMC6272852 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerolidol (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol) is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene alcohol that is present in various plants with a floral odor. It is synthesized as an intermediate in the production of (3E)-4,8-dimethy-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), a herbivore-induced volatile that protects plants from herbivore damage. Chemically, nerolidol exists in two geometric isomers, a trans and a cis form. The usage of nerolidol is widespread across different industries. It has been widely used in cosmetics (e.g., shampoos and perfumes) and in non-cosmetic products (e.g., detergents and cleansers). In fact, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also permitted the use of nerolidol as a food flavoring agent. The fact that nerolidol is a common ingredient in many products has attracted researchers to explore more medicinal properties of nerolidol that may exert beneficial effect on human health. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile and consolidate the data on the various pharmacological and biological activities displayed by nerolidol. Furthermore, this review also includes pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies of nerolidol. In summary, the various pharmacological and biological activities demonstrated in this review highlight the prospects of nerolidol as a promising chemical or drug candidate in the field of agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Keong Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, 56000 Phayao, Thailand.
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, 56000 Phayao, Thailand.
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Santosomes as natural and efficient carriers for the improvement of phycocyanin reepithelising ability in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 103:149-158. [PMID: 27045470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
New biocarriers, named santosomes, were formulated using Santolina insularis essential oil and hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine. They were modified by adding propylene glycol, a hydrophylic penetration enhancer, and loaded with phycocyanin, a protein found in cyanobacteria, which possesses antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. The essential oil was expected to modify the bilayer structure and improve the delivery and efficacy of the protein due to a synergistic effect of the phospholipid and S. insularis terpenes. Santosomes were small in size (∼118nm), unilamellar and with polyhedral shape. SAXS patterns showed that phycocyanin strongly interacted with the polar heads of the vesicle bilayer. Phycocyanin-loaded vesicles did not show any toxic effect in vitro: cell viability was ∼100% in endothelial cells and ∼120% in keratinocytes, at all the concentrations tested. In addition, phycocyanin-loaded vesicles protected the cells against free radical damage. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate the ability of santosomes to inhibit chemically-induced oedema and inflammation in mice. Results demonstrated that the application of phycocyanin-loaded santosomes produced an evident amelioration of the skin lesion, confirming their great potential for wound healing.
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Caon T, Campos CEM, Simões CMO, Silva MAS. Novel perspectives in the tuberculosis treatment: Administration of isoniazid through the skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:463-70. [PMID: 26319631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite its high efficacy in anti-tuberculosis therapy, the oral administration of isoniazid (INH) may lead to poor patient compliance due to hepatotoxicity events. In this context, the transdermal administration of INH was evaluated, for the first time, since this route avoids hepatic first pass effect. INH was applied to porcine skin in Franz diffusion chambers alone and with 5% menthol, limonene or Transcutol(®). Infrared and DSC analyses were selected for mechanistic studies. The transdermal absorption of INH was sufficient to ensure a systemic therapeutic effect. Menthol was not able to improve the absorption of INH, but it increased the drug accumulation in skin compared to the control (1.4-fold). Transcutol(®) reduced permeation flux of INH (2.2-fold) and also increased the amount of drug retained in skin (1.7-fold). Limonene was the most effective excipient since it increased permeation flux of INH (1.5-fold) and lag time was greatly shortened (2.8-fold). DSC and FTIR analyses of limonene-treated skin suggest higher degree of disorder in lipid bilayers. Transdermal delivery of INH was positively correlated with logP of chemical enhancers. INH can be efficiently delivered by skin route and specific excipients may be selected depending on intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Caon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Maduro Campos
- Laboratório de Difração de Raios-X, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Segatto Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Herman A, Herman AP. Essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:473-85. [PMID: 25557808 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, we focused on essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery, mechanism of their action as well as their possible toxicity. KEY FINDINGS Essential oils and their volatile constituents can penetrate through the skin as well as enhance penetration of different drug from topical formulation into the lower skin layers using different mechanisms of action based on (1) disintegration of the highly ordered intercellular lipid structure between corneocytes in stratum corneum, (2) interaction with intercellular domain of protein, which induces their conformational modification, (3) increase the partitioning of a drug. After application to the skin, essential oils and their components are rapidly metabolized, not accumulated in the organism and fast excreted what strongly suggest that they can be successfully use as safe penetration enhancers. SUMMARY Essential oils and their constituents may be preferred over the traditionally used synthetics materials as safe and suitable permeation enhancers to promote the percutaneous absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs from topical formulation into the lower skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Academy of Cosmetics and Health Care, Warsaw, Poland
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Vashisth I, Ahad A, Aqil M, Agarwal SP. Investigating the potential of essential oils as penetration enhancer for transdermal losartan delivery: Effectiveness and mechanism of action. Asian J Pharm Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Teixeira RS, Cova TFGG, Silva SMC, Oliveira R, Araújo MJ, Marques EF, Pais AACC, Veiga FJB. Lysine-based surfactants as chemical permeation enhancers for dermal delivery of local anesthetics. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:212-22. [PMID: 25108047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of new, biocompatible, lysine-based surfactants as chemical permeation enhancers for two different local anesthetics, tetracaine and ropivacaine hydrochloride, topically administered. Results show that this class of surfactants strongly influences permeation, especially in the case of the hydrophilic and ionized drug, ropivacaine hydrochloride, that is not easily administered through the stratum corneum. It is also seen that the selected permeation enhancers do not have significant deleterious effects on the skin structure. A cytotoxicity profile for each compound was established from cytotoxicity studies. Molecular dynamics simulation results provided a rationale for the experimental observations, introducing a mechanistic view of the action of the surfactants molecules upon lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Teixeira
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia F G G Cova
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio M C Silva
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Oliveira
- Life Sciences Department, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Araújo
- CIQ-UP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F Marques
- CIQ-UP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Life Sciences Department, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco J B Veiga
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Silva SMC, Sousa JJS, Marques EF, Pais AACC, Michniak-Kohn BB. Structure activity relationships in alkylammonium C12-gemini surfactants used as dermal permeation enhancers. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 15:1119-27. [PMID: 23959685 PMCID: PMC3787226 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the ability and the safety of a series of alkylammonium C12-gemini surfactants to act as permeation enhancers for three model drugs, namely lidocaine HCl, caffeine, and ketoprofen. In vitro permeation studies across dermatomed porcine skin were performed over 24 h, after pretreating the skin for 1 h with an enhancer solution 0.16 M dissolved in propylene glycol. The highest enhancement ratio (enhancement ratio (ER)=5.1) was obtained using G12-6-12, resulting in a cumulative amount of permeated lidocaine HCl of 156.5 μg cm−2. The studies with caffeine and ketoprofen revealed that the most effective gemini surfactant was the one with the shorter spacer, G12-2-12. The use of the latter resulted in an ER of 2.4 and 2.2 in the passive permeation of caffeine and ketoprofen, respectively. However, Azone was found to be the most effective permeation enhancer for ketoprofen, attaining a total of 138.4 μg cm−2 permeated, 2.7-fold over controls. This work demonstrates that gemini surfactants are effective in terms of increasing the permeation of drugs, especially in the case of hydrophilic ionized compounds, that do not easily cross the stratum corneum. Skin integrity evaluation studies did not indicate the existence of relevant changes in the skin structure after the use of the permeation enhancers, while the cytotoxicity studies allowed establishing a relative cytotoxicity profile including this class of compounds, single chain surfactants, and Azone. A dependence of the toxicity to HEK and to HDF cell lines on the spacer length of the various gemini molecules was found.
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33
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Ye X, Li X, He K. Synergy effects of herb extracts: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis. Fitoterapia 2014; 92:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Thanki K, Gangwal RP, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Oral delivery of anticancer drugs: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2013; 170:15-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Erdal MS, Peköz AY, Aksu B, Araman A. Impacts of chemical enhancers on skin permeation and deposition of terbinafine. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:565-70. [PMID: 23841559 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.813538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Sedef Erdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Beyazıt , Istanbul , Turkey and
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36
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Warren DB, Bergström CAS, Benameur H, Porter CJH, Pouton CW. Evaluation of the Structural Determinants of Polymeric Precipitation Inhibitors Using Solvent Shift Methods and Principle Component Analysis. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2823-48. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300576u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dallas B. Warren
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization
and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and
Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and
Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Can AS, Erdal MS, Güngör S, Özsoy Y. Optimization and characterization of chitosan films for transdermal delivery of ondansetron. Molecules 2013; 18:5455-71. [PMID: 23666010 PMCID: PMC6270495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop novel transdermal films of ondansetron HCl with high molecular weight chitosan as matrix polymer and 2-(2-ethoxy-ethoxy) ethanol (Transcutol®) as plasticizer. In this context, firstly the physicochemical properties of gels used to formulate transdermal films were characterized and, physicochemical properties and bioadhesiveness of the transdermal films prepared with chitosan gels were assessed. The impact of three different types of terpenes, namely limonene, nerolidol and eucalyptol on in vitro skin permeation of ondansetron from transdermal films were also examined. ATR-FTIR measurements were performed to investigate the effects of the chitosan film formulations on in vitro conformational order of stratum corneum intercellular lipids after 24 h permeation study. The results showed that the chitosan gels consisting of Transcutol® as plasticizer and terpenes as penetration enhancer may be used to prepare transdermal films of ondansetron due to the good mechanical properties and bioadhesiveness of the transdermal films. Eucalyptol (1%) showed higher permeation enhancer effect than the other terpenes and control. ATR-FTIR data confirmed that finding in which eucalyptol induced a blue shift in the both CH₂ asymmetric and symmetric absorbance peak positions indicating increased lipid fluidity of stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yıldız Özsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey; E-Mails: (A.S.C.); (M.S.E.); (S.G.)
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Prasanthi D, Lakshmi PK. Terpenes: Effect of lipophilicity in enhancing transdermal delivery of alfuzosin hydrochloride. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2013; 3:216-23. [PMID: 23378942 PMCID: PMC3560127 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has attracted much attention as an alternative to intravenous and oral methods of delivery. But the main barrier is stratum corneum. Terpenes classes of chemical enhancers are used in transdermal formulations for facilitating penetration of drugs. The aim of the study is to evaluate terpenes as skin penetration enhancers and correlate its relationship with permeation and lipophilicity. In this study, alfuzosin hydrochloride (AH) hydrogels were prepared with terpenes using Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. The formulations contained one of eight terpenes, based on their lipophilicity (log P 2.13-5.36). The percutaneous permeation was studied in rat skin using diffusion cell technique. Flux, cumulative amount, lag time and skin content of AH were measured over 24 hours and compared with control gels. Nerolidol with highest lipophilicity (log P 5.36 ± 0.38) showed highest cumulative amount (Q24) of 647.29 ± 18.76 μg/cm2 and fluxrateof 28.16 ± 0.64 μg/cm2/hour. It showed decreased lag time of 0.76 ± 0.15 hours. Fenchone (2.5%) (log P 2.13 ± 0.30) produced the longest lag time 4.8 ± 0.20 hours. The rank order of enhancement effect was shown as nerolidol > farnesol > limonene > linalool > geraniol > carvone > fenchone > menthol. Lowest skin content was seen with carvone. Increase in lipophilicity of terpenes showed increase in flux, cumulative amount (Q24), and enhancement ratio which was significant with P < 0.000. But lag time was decreased and no correlation was found between lipophilicity and skin content. Histological studies showed changes in dermis which can be attributed to disruption of lipid packing of stratum corneum due to effect of nerolidol within lipid lamellae. It was found that small alcoholic terpenes with high degree of unsaturation enhance permeation of hydrophilic drugs, liquid terpenes enhance better than solid terpenes and terpenes with high lipophilicity are good penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Prasanthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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Shamsher AA, Charoo NA, Rahman Z, Pillai KK, Kohli K. Tulsi oil as a potential penetration enhancer for celecoxib transdermal gel formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:21-30. [PMID: 23281713 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.751403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the present study was to develop and evaluate the transdermal system of celecoxib. Transdermal gels composed of carbopol 940 in propylene glycol (PG) containing penetration enhancers. The formulations were characterized by permeation, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and histopathology. Celecoxib permeation across excised rat skins were statistically (p < 0.05) enhanced by tulsi oil compared to turpentine oil containing formulations. In comparison to orally administered formulations, the pharmacokinetic parameters of gel and control formulations were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) obtained with formulations containing 4% turpentine and 6% tulsi oil was, respectively, 1.52 and 2.41 times higher than the formulations without penetration enhancer. Similarly, area under the curve (AUC) of these formulations was 1.70 and 2.40 times higher than the formulations without penetration enhancers. Anti-inflammatory studies demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) pharmacodynamics profile for the transdermal gel formulations compared to orally administered and control celecoxib formulations. Histopathological studies revealed some disruption in the epidermis without any toxic effect on the dermis layer of skin by penetration enhancers. In summary, the transdermal gel formulations of celecoxib containing penetration enhancers sustained drug level in the blood and will reduce the dose frequency as required with its conventional oral formulation.
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40
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Gee CM, Nicolazzo JA, Watkinson AC, Finnin BC. Assessment of the Lateral Diffusion and Penetration of Topically Applied Drugs in Humans Using a Novel Concentric Tape Stripping Design. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2035-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Microencapsulation of citronella oil for mosquito-repellent application: Formulation and in vitro permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The transdermal route of administration offers an alternative pathway for systemic drug delivery with numerous advantages over conventional routes. Regrettably, the stratum corneum forms a formidable barrier that hinders the percutaneous penetration of most drugs, offering an important protection mechanism to the organism against entrance of possible dangerous exogenous molecules. Different types of penetration enhancers have shown the potential to reversibly overcome this barrier to provide effective delivery of drugs across the skin. Although certain chemical and physical skin penetration enhancers are already employed by the pharmaceutical industry in commercially available transdermal products, some skin penetration enhancers are associated with irritating and toxic effects. This emphasizes the need for the discovery of new, safe and effective skin penetration enhancers. Penetration enhancers from natural origin have become popular as they offer several benefits over their synthetic counterparts such as sustainable mass production from a renewable resource and lower cost depending on the type of extraction used. The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive summary of the results from scientific research conducted on skin penetration enhancers of natural origin. The discussions on these natural penetration enhancers have been organized into the following chemical classes: essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josias H. Hamman
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-18-299-4035; Fax: +27-18-293-5219
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M, Ali A. Role of novel terpenes in transcutaneous permeation of valsartan: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:583-96. [PMID: 21469947 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.532219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The greatest obstacle for transdermal delivery is the barrier property of the stratum corneum. Many approaches have been employed to breach the skin barrier; the most widely used one is that of chemical penetration enhancers. Of the penetration enhancers, terpenes are arguably the most highly advanced and proven category. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to study effectiveness and mechanism of seven novel terpenes, namely iso-eucalyptol, β-citronellene, valencene, rose oxide, safranal, lavandulol acetate, and prenol, as potential penetration enhancers for improved skin permeation of valsartan through rat skin and human cadaver skin (HCS) with reference to established terpene eucalyptol. METHODS Skin permeation studies were carried out using Automated Transdermal Diffusion Cell Sampling System (SFDC 6, LOGAN Instruments Corp., NJ) on rat skin and HCS. The mechanism of skin permeation enhancement of valsartan by terpenes treatment was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram, and histopathological examination. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among all study enhancers, iso-eucalyptol produced the maximum enhancement via rat skin [enhancement ratio (ER) = 7.4] and HCS (ER = 3.60) over control. FT-IR spectra and DSC thermogram of skin treated with aforesaid terpenes indicated that permeation occurred due to the disruption of lipid bilayers. No apparent skin irritation (erythema, edema) was observed on treatment with terpenes except β-citronellene, safranal, lavandulol acetate, and prenol, which caused mild irritation. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the iso-eucalyptol can be successfully used as safe and potential penetration enhancer for enhancement of skin permeation of lipophilic drug such as valsartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Hamdard University, M. B. Road, New Delhi, India
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Okyar A, Nuriyev M, Yildiz A, Pala-Kara Z, Ozturk N, Kaptan E. The effect of terpenes on percutaneous absorption of tiaprofenic acid gel. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1781-8. [PMID: 21116781 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tiaprofenic acid is a potent analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and like any other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, oral administration of the conventional dosage forms of tiaprofenic acid invariably causes gastrointestinal side effects. In an effort to eliminate these side effects while enhancing the drug concentration at the target tissue, an epidermal application of tiaprofenic acid seems to be an effective alternative drug delivery modality. This study attempts to demonstrate the influence of different terpenes (d-limonene, menthol and nerolidol) in various combinations of preparations on the percutaneous penetration of tiaprofenic acid from Carbopol(®) 940 based gel formulations (1%) in an ex vivo experiment using Franz-type diffusion cells. The enhancement effect of terpenes on skin absorption of tiaprofenic acid was further evaluated by an in vivo method in rats. Amongst the terpenes used, d-limonene was the most outstanding penetration enhancer that was reference to penetration of tiaprofenic acid through rat skin ex vivo. In vivo penetration study shows that the AUC₀(-)₄₈(h) was increased by about 10 fold by the addition of 5% d-limonene to the formulation. Histological studies show that d-limonene causes disruption on the skin surface and is responsible for enhanced penetration of tiaprofenic acid. Since tiaprofenic acid is known to cause gastrointestinal disturbances following systemic administration, topical formulations of tiaprofenic acid in gel form including 5% d-limonene could be suggested as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University, Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey.
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Miller JA, Thompson PA, Hakim IA, Chow HHS, Thomson CA. d-Limonene: a bioactive food component from citrus and evidence for a potential role in breast cancer prevention and treatment. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Transdermal therapeutic system of isradipine: Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrix on In Vitro and Ex vivo characteristics. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1025-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chantasart D, Li SK. Relationship between the enhancement effects of chemical permeation enhancers on the lipoidal transport pathway across human skin under the symmetric and asymmetric conditions in vitro. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1825-36. [PMID: 20568001 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, the mechanisms of action of chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) were studied, and a quantitative structure-enhancement relationship for the lipoidal transport pathway of the stratum corneum was established under symmetric and equilibrium conditions. The present study examined whether the effects of CPEs under the asymmetric conditions could be predicted by those determined using the symmetric transport experimental approach. METHODS Both symmetric (same CPE concentration in both donor and receiver chambers) and asymmetric (CPE in the donor chamber only and phosphate-buffered saline solution in the receiver) transport experiments were carried out in a two-chamber side-by-side diffusion cell with human epidermal membrane (HEM). Corticosterone was the model permeant to probe the effects of CPEs upon the HEM lipoidal pathway under these conditions. RESULTS A correlation between the experimental enhancement factors under the asymmetric conditions (E (Asym)) and those under the symmetric conditions (E (Sym)) was observed. The potencies of CPEs based on their donor concentrations are related to their lipophilicities. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the symmetric configuration findings in the previous studies can be used to explain the effects of CPEs under the asymmetric condition likely encountered in practice and to understand drug delivery enhancement in transdermal enhancer formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayudhaya Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Oliveira RVMD, Ohara MT, Vila MMDC, Gonçalves MM. In vitro evaluation of copaiba oil as a kojic acid skin enhancer. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of copaíba oil to act as a skin penetration enhancer for the depigmenting agent kojic acid was evaluated using an in vitro diffusion system with static flux and shed rattlesnake skin membrane, Crotalus durissus terrificus, in saline solution at 34±2 ºC as the fluid receptor. The quantities of kojic acid liberated into the fluid receptor were determined by spectrophotometry at 268 nm with intervals of one and a half hours. The membranes, pretreated with copaíba oil at 25% and 50% v/v, gave flux values of 8.0 and 12.7 µg/cm²/h, permeability values of 2.0 and 3.3 cm×10-4/h, and promotion factors of 4.1 and 3.7, respectively. These results indicate that copaíba oil, at the two concentrations studied, has the capacity to promote penetration of kojic acid.
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Cheng YS, Ng KM, Wibowo C. Product Design: a Transdermal Patch Containing a Traditional Chinese Medicinal Tincture. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie901554s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuen S. Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ka M. Ng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Christianto Wibowo
- ClearWaterBay Technology, Inc., 4000 West Valley Boulevard, Suite 100, Pomona, California 91789
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Ho S, Calder RJ, Thomas CP, Heard CM. In-vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid from borage oil containing ethanol and 1,8-cineole. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:1357-64. [PMID: 15525441 DOI: 10.1211/0022357044599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol and 1,8-cineole on the transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer therapy. Formulations containing tamoxifen and varying concentrations of borage oil (∼25% GLA), 1,8-cineole and ethanol were prepared and the simultaneous permeation of tamoxifen and GLA determined across full-thickness pig skin using Franz-type diffusion cells over 48 h. Analysis of tamoxifen and GLA (as methyl ester) were by reverse-phase HPLC. The highest flux of tamoxifen of 488.2 ± 191 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1 was observed with a formulation containing 20% 1,8-cineole and 20% ethanol. The same formulation also provided the greatest flux of GLA, 830.6 times 10−3 μg cm−2 h−1. The findings from this work demonstrate the ability of 1,8-cineole and ethanol to enhance the in-vitro permeation of tamoxifen and GLA across the skin and support the plausibility of simultaneously delivering tamoxifen and GLA transcutaneously as a two-pronged anti-breast cancer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Ho
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, CF10 3XF, UK
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