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Li YC, Wu CH, Le TH, Yuan Q, Huang L, Chen GF, Yang ML, Lam SH, Hung HY, Sun H, Wu YH, Kuo PC, Wu TS. A Modified 1H-NMR Quantification Method of Ephedrine Alkaloids in Ephedrae Herba Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11272. [PMID: 37511036 PMCID: PMC10378770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous 1H-NMR method allowed the quantification of ephedrine alkaloids; however, there were some disadvantages. The cyclized derivatives resulted from the impurities of diethyl ether were identified and benzene was selected as the better extraction solvent. The locations of ephedrine alkaloids were confirmed with 2D NMR. Therefore, a specific 1H-NMR method has been modified for the quantification of ephedrine alkaloids. Accordingly, twenty Ephedrae Herba samples could be classified into three classes: (I) E. sinica-like species; (II) E. intermedia-like species; (III) others (lower alkaloid contents). The results indicated that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the major alkaloids in Ephedra plants, but the concentrations vary greatly determined by the plant species and the collection locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Chiun Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Chia-Hung Wu
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Thi Ha Le
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Qingjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100010, China; (Q.Y.); (L.H.)
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100010, China; (Q.Y.); (L.H.)
| | - Guo-Fen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Sio-Hong Lam
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Handong Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Yi-Hung Wu
- Hsinhua Forest Station, The Experimental Forest Management Office, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (T.H.L.); (M.-L.Y.); (S.-H.L.); (H.-Y.H.)
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A Rapid and Feasible 1H-NMR Quantification Method of Ephedrine Alkaloids in Ephedra Herbal Preparations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061599. [PMID: 33805790 PMCID: PMC8001580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specific and sensitive proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) method has been developed for the quantification of ephedrine alkaloid derivatives in Ephedra herbal commercial prescriptions. At the region of δ 4.0 to 5.0 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum, the characteristic signals are separated well from each other, and six analogues in total, methylephedrine (ME), ephedrine (EP), norephedrine (NE), norpseudoephedrine (NP), pseudoephedrine (PE), and methylpseudoephedrine (MP) could be identified. The quantities of these compounds are calculated by the relative ratio of the integral values of the target peak for each compound to the known concentrations of the internal standard anthracene. The present method allows for a rapid and simple quantification of ephedrine alkaloid derivatives in Ephedra-related commercial prescriptions without any preliminary purification steps and standard compounds, and accordingly it can be a powerful tool to verify different Ephedra species. In comparison to conventional chromatographic methods, the advantages of this method include the fact that no standard compounds are required, the quantification can be directly performed on the crude extracts, a better selectivity for various ephedrine alkaloid derivatives, and the fact that a very significant time-gain may be achieved.
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Jeber JN. Quantitative Determination of Ephedrine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Injections by Highly Sensitive Turbidimetric and Reversed-Phase Combined with UFLC Methods. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht13.02.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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High‐throughput doping control analysis of 28 amphetamine‐type stimulants in equine plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:441-454. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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A solid colorimetric sensor for the analysis of amphetamine-like street samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:123-130. [PMID: 27769371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solid sensor obtained by embedding 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) into polydimethylsiloxane/tetraethylortosilicate/silicon dioxide nanoparticles composite has been developed to identify and determine amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). The analytes are derivatized inside the composite for 10 min to create a colored product which can be then quantified by measuring the diffuse reflectance or the color intensity after processing the digitalized image. Satisfactory limits of detection (0.002-0.005 g mL-1) and relative standard deviations (<10%) have been achieved. The proposed kit has been successfully validated and applied to the analysis of amphetamine-like drugs street samples. The kit allows the in-situ screening of the mentioned illicit drugs owing to its simplicity, rapidity and portability, with excellent sensor stability and at a very low-cost.
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Luan H, Yang L, Ji F, Cai Z. PCI-GC-MS-MS approach for identification of non-amino organic acid and amino acid profiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1047:180-184. [PMID: 27381571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl chloroformate have been wildly used for the fast derivatization of metabolites with amino and/or carboxyl groups, coupling of powerful separation and detection systems, such as GC-MS, which allows the comprehensive analysis of non-amino organic acids and amino acids. The reagents involving n-alkyl chloroformate and n-alcohol are generally employed for providing symmetric labeling terminal alkyl chain with the same length. Here, we developed an asymmetric labeling strategy and positive chemical ionization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PCI-GC-MS-MS) approach for determination of non-amino organic acids and amino acids, as well as the short chain fatty acids. Carboxylic and amino groups could be selectively labelled by propyl and ethyl groups, respectively. The specific neutral loss of C3H8O (60Da), C3H5O2 (74Da) and C4H8O2 (88Da) were useful in the selective identification for qualitative analysis of organic acids and amino acid derivatives. PCI-GC-MS-MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was applied for semi-quantification of typical non-amino organic acids and amino acids. This method exhibited a wide range of linear range, good regression coefficient (R2) and repeatability. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of targeted metabolites showed excellent intra- and inter-day precision (<5%). Our method provided a qualitative and semi-quantitative PCI-GC-MS-MS, coupled with alkyl chloroformate derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemi Luan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fenfen Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Temerdashev AZ, Grigor’ev IM, Rybal’chenko IV. Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dell’Acqua L, Roda G, Arnoldi S, Rusconi C, Turati L, Gambaro V. Improved GC method for the determination of the active principles of Catha edulis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dobos A, Hidvegi E, Somogyi GP. Comparison of Five Derivatizing Agents for the Determination of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants in Human Urine by Extractive Acylation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:340-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gambaro V, Arnoldi S, Colombo ML, Dell’Acqua L, Guerrini K, Roda G. Determination of the active principles of Catha Edulis: Quali–quantitative analysis of cathinone, cathine, and phenylpropanolamine. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Laussmann T, Meier-Giebing S. Forensic analysis of hallucinogenic mushrooms and khat (Catha edulisForsk) using cation-exchange liquid chromatography. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Andrade AS, Schmitt GC, Rossato LG, Russowsky D, Limberger RP. Gas Chromatographic Method for Analysis of p-Synephrine in Citrus aurantium L. Products. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0991-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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CHOODUM A, THAVARUNGKUL P, KANATHARANA P, SMITH NW. Ecstasy Analysis by Monolithic Materials-Capillary Electrochromatography. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:517-22. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aree CHOODUM
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Panote THAVARUNGKUL
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Proespichaya KANATHARANA
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University
| | - Norman W. SMITH
- Micro Separations Group, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King's College, London
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Bagheri H, Khalilian F, Ahangar LE. Liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction followed by HPLC with UV detection for quantitation of ephedrine in urine. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3212-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Feyissa AM, Kelly JP. A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1147-66. [PMID: 18561890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychostimulant khat (Catha edulis Forsk), is a herbal drug cultivated and chewed as a recreational and socializing drug in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for centuries. Due to increasing air transportation and the loosening of customs restrictions, it is now readily available in the Western Countries mainly used by immigrants from khat growing areas causing a concern to policy-makers. OBJECTIVE We conducted this review to further gain an insight to the neuropharmacological effects of khat. METHODOLOGY PubMed search engine with key terms 'khat' or 'qat' or 'mirra' or'qaad/jaad' or 'cathinone' was used to obtain articles relevant to khat chewing. In total 284 English written articles published from 1959 to 2007 were screened. RESULTS Most of the studies focused on cathinone, the postulated active psychostimulant alkaloid in khat. There were few studies which investigated the entire plant extract in either in vitro or animal studies. In the majority of the studies it was reported that both cathinone and cathine, another psychoactive constituent, have actions that are similar to those of amphetamine. CONCLUSIONS It seems that the well investigated khat alkaloids have many features similar to amphetamines; however there is a need for a more thorough examination of khat itself in well designed in vitro, animal and human studies with a range of comparator drugs before confirming the claim that khat is a "natural amphetamine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh M Feyissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Tzing SH, Ghule A, Liu JY, Ling YC. On-line derivatization gas chromatography with furan chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for screening of amphetamines in urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:76-83. [PMID: 17034801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple alternative method with minimal sample pretreatment is investigated for screening of amphetamines in small volume (using only 20 microL) of urine sample. The method is sensitive and selective. The method uses gas chromatography (GC) direct sample introduction (DSI) for on-line derivatization (acylation) of amphetamines to improve sensitivity. Furan as chemical ionization (CI) reagent in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is used to improve selectivity. Low background with sharp protonated molecular ion peaks of analytes is the evidence of improvement in sensitivity and selectivity. Blank urine samples spiked with known amounts of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine is analyzed. Selected ion monitoring of the characteristic product ions (m/z 119+136+150+163) using furan CI-MS/MS in positive ion mode is used for quantification. Limits of detection (LOD) between 0.4 and 1.0 ng mL(-1) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) between 1.0 and 2.0 ng mL(-1) are established. Linear response over the range of 1-1000 ng mL(-1) (r(2)>0.997) is observed for all analytes, except for methamphetamine (2.0-1000 ng mL(-1)). Good accuracy between 86 and 113% and precision ranging from 4 to 18% is obtained. The method is also tested on real samples of urine from suspected drug abusers. This method could be used for screening and determination of amphetamines in urine samples, however needs additional work for full validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hwa Tzing
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Meng P, Fang N, Wang M, Liu H, Chen DDY. Analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine by micellar capillary electrophoresis using cation-selective exhaustive injection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3210-7. [PMID: 16858725 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cation-selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) is used as an on-line concentration method for the high-sensitivity analysis of illicit amphetamines using CE. Optimum conditions for the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine and methylenedioxy-methamphetamine were investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (25 mM) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.9) with 20% methanol as organic additive was used as the background electrolyte for CE separation. The LOD, based on an S/N of 3:1, was about 0.01 microg/mL using normal capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography, while by using CSEI in combination with micellar sweeping the sensitivity increased up to 1000-fold with the LOD lower than 50 pg/mL. The reproducibility of CSEI combined with micellar sweeping for analyzing amphetamines was satisfactory (relative standard deviation around 10% by using area ratios against an internal standard). This method is highly sensitive and can be used to analyze trace amount amphetamines in human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinjia Meng
- Department of Forensic Science, China Peoples Public Security University, Beijing, China
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Abbasi K, Bhanger MI, Khuhawar MY. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of phenylpropanolamine in pharmaceutical preparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:998-1001. [PMID: 16632294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical procedure has been developed for the gas chromatographic determination of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) using trifluoroacetylacetone (FAA) as derivatizing reagent. Elution is carried out from the column HP-5 (30 mx0.32 mm i.d.) with film thickness 0.25 microm at initial column temperature 70 degrees C for 5 min, followed by heating rate 10 degrees C/min up to 120 degrees C. Injection port temperature was maintained at 270 degrees C. Nitrogen flow rate was 2 ml/min and detection was by FID. The linear calibration curve was obtained with 30-150 microg/ml PPA with detection limit of 6.0 microg/ml. The method was used for the determination of PPA from Sinutab and Tavegyl-D tablets. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparation was obtained within 0.4-0.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Abbasi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Novel fiber coated with β-cyclodextrin derivatives used for headspace solid-phase microextraction of ephedrine and methamphetamine in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mitrevski B, Zdravkovski Z. Rapid and simple method for direct determination of several amphetamines in seized tablets by GC–FID. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 152:199-203. [PMID: 15978345 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for direct simultaneous determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in seized tablets was developed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Separation of all six underivatized amphetamines, including diphenylamine as internal standard, was performed in about 6 min, using SPB-50 capillary column. Amphetamine and methamphetamine eluted with negligible tailing while the other amphetamines had highly symmetrical peaks. Sensitivity per component on-column was in the nanogram range, and reproducibility from 2.6 to 6.6% at low concentration (2.4 microg/mL) and from 1.2 to 2.6% at high (70 microg/mL) concentration. The method has a wide linear range, from Limit of detection (LOD) to almost 200 microg/mL, thus allowing analysis of different samples across a wide range of possible concentrations of amphetamines. This simple, fast and precise method using gas chromatography--flame ionization detector (GC--FID), in conjunction with other methods (TLC, IR, HPLC), can be used for identification of amphetamines and direct determination in seized tablets, especially in laboratories with heavy workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoj Mitrevski
- Forensic Science Unit, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Dimce Mircev bb, Skopje 1000, Macedonia.
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Ouyang J, Gao X, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR. Determination of ephedrine and related compounds in pharmaceutical preparations by ion chromatography with direct conductivity detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:266-71. [PMID: 15651083 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An ion chromatographic method with conductivity detection for the simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and norephedrine was developed. A mixture of 2.0 mmol/L HNO3 and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile was used as eluent. The three ephedrine-like compounds were separated and determined within 20 min. The linear ranges were 0.08-50 microg/mL for ephedrine, 0.08-40 microg/mL for pseudoephedrine and 0.06-40 microg/mL for norephedrine. The detection limits were 0.03 microg/mL for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and 0.02 microg/mL for norephedrine. The method has been applied successfully to the determination of these sympathomimetics in pharmaceutical preparations and in Ephedra herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ouyang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Li W, Chen Z, Liao Y, Liu H. Separation Methods for Toxic Components in Traditional Chinese Medicines. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:1019-29. [PMID: 16363468 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) with many unique functions for treating diseases have attracted the interest of people worldwide. They have been popularly utilized for therapy and health promotion in most Asian countries and even in many European and North American countries. However, it should be clearly noted that TCMs are mixtures with complicated composition usually containing hundreds, even thousands of chemically different constituents, and it is the multiple constituents that work synthetically to determine the ultimate effect of a formula of TCM. Meanwhile, some components with toxicity in some TCMs, having various negative effects on different parts of body, may do serious harm to people's health; such harm in particular requires our attention. In this article, applications of different chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in the analysis of toxic components in TCMs in recent decades have been comprehensively reviewed and some hyphenated procedures (combinations of two kinds of measurement) applied in this field are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The Key Lab of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
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Kataoka H. Gas Chromatography of Amines as Various Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(05)80016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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