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Chapman B, Cameron C, Keatley D, Coumbaros J, Maker G. A controlled method for the identification of forensic traces from clandestine grave fill. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 357:111985. [PMID: 38522322 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Deceased human remains are often buried as a forensic countermeasure or method of disposal by homicide perpetrators. Owing to this, the excavation of clandestine grave sites is a task that forensic crime scene teams may only encounter a few times a year. Not all crime scene units have specialised teams for this task, and even those that do, may not have specific protocols for the optimal recovery of forensic traces retained within grave fill as procedures such as sieving require optimisation for the specific soil conditions of the jurisdiction. This study aimed to define the optimal sieving conditions for a sandy environment when searching for minute traces of paint, glass, hair and fibres. Furthermore, this study justifies the practice of retaining grave fill and examining it under controlled laboratory conditions, rather than in-situ adjacent to the grave site. The results demonstrate that using sieve mesh sizes as fine as 0.1 mm can recover up to 82% of the deposited traces and almost all paint, hair and glass traces. The processing of grave fill in the laboratory lead to increased yield of forensic evidence, which on a case-basis may warrant the increased time needed. These findings merit consideration for clandestine grave crime scenes where evidence is scarce or the case is likely to become cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Chapman
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Cold Case Review, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Courtney Cameron
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Forensic Biology Laboratory, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David Keatley
- School of Law, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - John Coumbaros
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Garth Maker
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Berezowski V, Moffat I, Shendryk Y, MacGregor D, Ellis J, Mallett X. A multidisciplinary approach to locating clandestine gravesites in cold cases: Combining geographic profiling, LiDAR, and near surface geophysics. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 5:100281. [PMID: 35966608 PMCID: PMC9372742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
By nature, clandestine burials are difficult to locate, an issue that can complicate the legal process, and interrupt the natural grief process of the family. The purpose of this paper is to present a three-step process to search for clandestine graves using (1) geographic profiling, (2) light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and (3) near surface geophysics. Each process incrementally decreases the geographic area being searched, while increasing the level of detail provided to investigators. Using two well-known Australian cases and one experimental study, this paper will demonstrate how (1) can highlight potential search areas, (2) can further narrow down the location of potential burial sites within these search areas, and (3) can assist with locating the clandestine grave. Although each technique on its own can successfully locate graves, combining the techniques can provide the most efficient approach to locate those who are missing and buried.
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Passalacqua NV, Pilloud MA, Congram D. Forensic Anthropology as a Discipline. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080691. [PMID: 34439924 PMCID: PMC8389313 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Forensic anthropology in the United States is a specialization within the overall field of anthropology. Forensic anthropologists are specially educated and trained to search, recover, and examine human remains within a medicolegal context. Over time, forensic anthropology has become increasingly specialized and distinct from other specializations within anthropology. As such, we argue that forensic anthropology should be considered its own discipline, with a unique knowledge base, separate from other similar forms of anthropology, such a bioarchaeology. We argue that forensic anthropologists have unique expertise, making them the only type of anthropologist qualified to perform medicolegal examinations of human remains. Finally, we contend that to perform or represent yourself as a forensic anthropologist without the appropriate expertise is ethical misconduct. The value of this paper is that it explains the importance of expertise and knowledge, and how forensic anthropology has diverged from other specializations of anthropology enough to be considered its own discipline. Abstract This paper explores the current state of forensic anthropology in the United States as a distinct discipline. Forensic anthropology has become increasingly specialized and the need for strengthened professionalization is becoming paramount. This includes a need for clearly defined qualifications, training, standards of practice, certification processes, and ethical guidelines. Within this discussion, the concept of expertise is explored in relation to professionalization and practice, as both bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology have different areas of specialist knowledge, and therefore unique expertise. As working outside one’s area of expertise is an ethical violation, it is important for professional organizations to outline requisite qualifications, develop standards and best practice guidelines, and enforce robust preventive ethical codes in order to serve both their professional members and relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V. Passalacqua
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Marin A. Pilloud
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Derek Congram
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
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Mansegosa DA, Giannotti PS, Marchiori JI, Jofré FN, Aballay FH, Fernandez Aisa C. The story of a homicide: The location, exhumation, and multidisciplinary analysis of a clandestine burial. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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5
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Alfsdotter C. Forensic archaeology and forensic anthropology within Swedish law enforcement: current state and suggestions for future developments. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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6
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A First World War example of forensic archaeology. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 314:110394. [PMID: 32622181 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Between 1919 and 1921, the First World War battlefields of France and Belgium were searched by the British Army for the single graves and small cemeteries containing the bodies of British and Commonwealth soldiers. This process was called "concentration". When found, these graves were exhumed, the bodies within were examined to try and establish or confirm identification, and were subsequently reburied in newly built. Imperial War Grave Commission cemeteries. This task was carried out by military staff working for the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries. They had no forensic or medical experience and yet in less than three years they moved hundreds of thousands of graves, on a scale never seen before or since. Written records were issued for the soldiers working on exhumation in 1919 giving detailed instructions on how to search for buried or unburied individuals, the method to follow for excavating these graves and directions for the examination of bodies. These instructions are very similar to those used in modern forensic archaeology when excavating single or mass graves, or when dealing with multiple bodies following mass disasters. They show an awareness of the effects of human burials on the surrounding environment and address search and excavation problems that are still experienced. The example given here in France and Belgium is one of the earliest examples of Forensic Archaeology for humanitarian purposes, and the instructions issued are probably the earliest written instructions for a Forensic Archaeological excavation.
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Ghaleb SS, Elwahab Hassan DA, Elroby FA, Mogassabi KR, Attia Alemam A. Identification of victims from mass grave discovery near Benghazi, Libya. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 67:24-27. [PMID: 31377682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mass grave is any site that containing two or more associated corpses, at random or on purpose placed, of people who have died as a result of extra-judicial or random executions, not including those people who have died from armed confrontations or known major catastrophes. CASE PRESENTATION The purpose of this paper is to explain how to reconstruct a biological profile of decomposed or skeletonized bodies and clarify the efforts done by the Libyan scientist after 2011 revolution and to set a reference for other researcher. The alleged location of the grave, as well as the alleged number and identities of the persons buried in the grave were obtained exclusively from witnesses' and relatives' testimonies. CONCLUSION As the testimonies said, the grave was located at the alleged location and seven skeletons were exhumed. Also, the osteological and DNA study made investigators to identify the exhumed skeletons. And the dental analysis support the identification of a seven man alleged to have been buried in the grave, 7 victims were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherein S Ghaleb
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | | | - Fadwa A Elroby
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Khaled R Mogassabi
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Benghazi University, Libya.
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Vehit U, Christensen AM. Bilateral Asymmetry of Nutrient Foramen Position in Forearm Bones: Implications for its Use in Sorting Commingled Remains. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:186-189. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uyum Vehit
- The Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP) P.O. Box 21642 Nicosia 1590 Cyprus
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Pilli E, Boccone S, Agostino A, Virgili A, D'Errico G, Lari M, Rapone C, Barni F, Moggi Cecchi J, Berti A, Caramelli D. From unknown to known: Identification of the remains at the mausoleum of fosse Ardeatine. Sci Justice 2018; 58:469-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Archer MS, Jones SD, Wallman JF. Delayed reception of live blowfly ( Calliphora vicina and Chrysomya rufifacies) larval samples: implications for minimum postmortem interval estimates. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 3:27-39. [PMID: 30483649 PMCID: PMC6197129 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1408550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic entomology evidence collected by police and mortuary staff may be delayed in getting to the entomologist. Live samples may continue developing and alter minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) estimates. This study investigated development of simulated evidential samples of Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) maggots. Maggots of each species were studied in three developmental classes: “small” (late second/early third instar), “mid” (mid third instar) and “large” (late third instar). Seven replicates of 11 maggots in each class were assigned without food to four treatments: (1) 24 h at 20 °C; (2) 24 h at 4 °C; (3) 48 h at 20 °C and (4) 48 h at 4 °C. There was a significant difference in absolute length change across treatments, reflecting size for C. vicina, and interaction between size, time and temperature for Ch. rufifacies. Calliphora vicina maggots showed minimal mortality, and most second instar larvae moulted by the experiment's end. Chrysomya rufifacies showed heavy mortality and minimal moulting from the second to third instar. Only “large” Ch. rufifacies maggots kept at room temperature for 48 h pupariated. Since these results confirm that development can continue in live unfed maggot samples after their collection, it is not advisable to delay their preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Archer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University/Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Australia
| | - Stephanie D Jones
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - James F Wallman
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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11
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Back to the Future - Part 1. The medico-legal autopsy from ancient civilization to the post-genomic era. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1069-1083. [PMID: 28439696 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Part 1 of the review "Back to the Future" examines the historical evolution of the medico-legal autopsy and microscopy techniques, from Ancient Civilization to the Post-Genomic Era. In the section focusing on "The Past", the study of historical sources concerning the origins and development of the medico-legal autopsy, from the Bronze Age until the Middle Ages, shows how, as early as 2000 BC, the performance of autopsies for medico-legal purposes was a known and widespread practice in some ancient civilizations in Egypt, the Far East and later in Europe. In the section focusing on "The Present", the improvement of autopsy techniques by Friedrich Albert Zenker and Rudolf Virchow and the contemporary development of optical microscopy techniques for forensic purposes during the 19th and 20th centuries are reported, emphasizing, the regulation of medico-legal autopsies in diverse nations around the world and the publication of international guidelines or best practices elaborated by International Scientific Societies. Finally, in "The Future" section, innovative robotized and advanced microscopy systems and techniques, including their possible use in the bio-medicolegal field, are reported, which should lead to the improvement and standardization of the autopsy methodology, thereby achieving a more precise identification of natural and traumatic pathologies.
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12
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Ossowski A, Kuś M, Kupiec T, Bykowska M, Zielińska G, Jasiński ME, March AL. The Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarianisms. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 258:41-9. [PMID: 26646737 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the creation of the Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarianism and the first research conducted under this project. On September 28th 2012, the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin and the Institute of National Remembrance-Commission for Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation agreed to support the creation of the Polish Genetic Database of Victims of Totalitarianism (PBGOT, www.pbgot.pl). The purpose was to employ state-of-the-art methods of forensic genetics to identify the remains of unidentified victims of Communist and Nazi totalitarian regimes. The database was designed to serve as a central repository of genetic information of the victim's DNA and that of the victim's nearest living relatives, with the goal of making a positive identification of the victim. Along the way, PGBOT encountered several challenges. First, extracting useable DNA samples from the remains of individuals who had been buried for over half a century required forensic geneticists to create special procedures and protocols. Second, obtaining genetic reference material and historical information from the victim's closest relatives was both problematic and urgent. The victim's nearest living relatives were part of a dying generation, and the opportunity to obtain the best genetic and historical information about the victims would soon die with them. For this undertaking, PGBOT assembled a team of historians, archaeologists, forensic anthropologists, and forensic geneticists from several European research institutions. The field work was divided into five broad categories: (1) exhumation of victim remains and storing their biological material for later genetic testing; (2) researching archives and historical data for a more complete profile of those killed or missing and the families that lost them; (3) locating the victim's nearest relatives to obtain genetic reference samples (swabs), (4) entering the genetic data from both victims and family members into a common database; (5) making a conclusive, final identification of the victim. PGBOT's first project was to identify victims of the Communist regime buried in hidden mass graves in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. Throughout 2012 and 2013, PGBOT carried out archaeological exhumations in the Powązki Military Cemetery that resulted in the recovery of the skeletal remains of 194 victims in several mass graves. Of the 194 sets of remains, more than 50 victims have been successfully matched and identified through genetic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ossowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M Kuś
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - T Kupiec
- Institute of Forensic Research in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Bykowska
- Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G Zielińska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - M E Jasiński
- Department of Historical Studies, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A L March
- Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Dalva M, Moore TR, Kalacska M, Leblanc G, Costopoulos A. Nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide dynamics from experimental pig graves. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 247:41-7. [PMID: 25544693 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twelve pig carcasses were buried in single, shallow and deep (30 and 90 cm, respectively) graves at an experimental site near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, with three shallow and three deep wrapped in black plastic garbage bags. An additional six carcasses were left at the surface to decompose, three of which were bagged. Six reference pits without remains were also dug. The objective of this three-year study was to examine the biogeochemistry and utility of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in grave detection and whether grave depth or cadaver condition (bagged versus bare) affected soil pore air concentrations and emission of the three gases. Graves showed significantly higher (α=0.05) concentrations and surface fluxes of N2O and CO2 than reference pits, but there was no difference in CH4 between graves and reference pits. While CH4 decreased with depth in the soil profiles, N2O and CO2 showed a large increase compared to reference pits. Shallow graves showed significantly higher emissions and pore air concentrations of N2O and CO2 than deep graves, as did bare versus bagged carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dalva
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9.
| | - T R Moore
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9.
| | - M Kalacska
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9.
| | - G Leblanc
- National Research Council Canada, Flight Research Laboratory, 1920 Research Rd., Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
| | - A Costopoulos
- Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2T7.
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Sutlovic D, Boric I, Zulim T, Vucinovic A. Identification process of skeletal remains from mass graves: Our experience and proposal guidelines. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2014; 17:102-8. [PMID: 25465673 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this paper is to present our experience and proposal guidelines for reducing the number of samples for DNA analysis of skeletal remains from mass graves, whether for scientific purpose or for the identification of mass graves victims. Therefore, the analysis of 94 bone fragments included the following measurements: femur length and the femoral head diameter, the diameter of the upper, wider portion and lower wider portion of the bone fragment, densitometry of the fragments and measurement of mass and volume of fragments. Bone density was determined on the basis of measured values of mass and volume. The results of fragment matching by physical analyses were compared with the pairing results obtained by previously conducted DNA analysis. Deviation in measured values of matching bone fragments that made a pair was calculated for all successfully matched fragments. By the results of DNA analysis 36 femoral pairs were successfully formed. Measured values were added to the DNA analysis. Out of 36 pairs, positively ascertained by the DNA analysis, 29 pairs were formed after adding the results of physical measurements and removing the data where femur samples were damaged. Total correspondence in measurements of the femoral length was noted in 25.9% pairs, while the correspondence within the 5% error was 100%. Density of the tested femurs was significantly different for the same person (DNA match), both for the left and the right femoral fragment. It would be optimal to choose only the whole-length left or right femur and thus reduce the number of samples by 50%. With regard to the results of our research and the observations deriving from them, as well as to the guidelines we used in the study, we suggested these guidelines be used both for scientific researches and to identify mass graves victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davorka Sutlovic
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Centre Split, 21 000 Split, Croatia; Department Forensic Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Igor Boric
- General Hospital Dubrovnik, Department of Pathology, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Tamara Zulim
- University of Split, University Department for Forensic Sciences, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Vucinovic
- University of Split, School of Medicine Split, Split, Croatia
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15
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Troutman L, Moffatt C, Simmons T. A Preliminary Examination of Differential Decomposition Patterns in Mass Graves. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:621-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Troutman
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Colin Moffatt
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
| | - Tal Simmons
- School of Forensic and Investigative Sciences; University of Central Lancashire; Preston PR1 2HE U.K
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16
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Exhumation research concerning the victims of political repressions in 1945–1956 in Poland: A new direction in forensic medicine. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 235:103.e1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Evidence excavacated from mass graves and clandestine burials has played an important role in the international prosecution of human rights abuses as well as in individual criminal cases. The archaeological dimension of forensic anthropological work is focused on the grave site and its immediate surrounding environment, making the work very visible and sometimes contentious. This review traces the ways in which forensic archaeological evidence is composed and evaluated, exploring how anthropologists have negotiated the sometimes competing demands and claims of the courts, scientific practice, and relatives of the dead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Crossland
- Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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18
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Ashby E. Forensic archaeology in New Zealand: Review and future directions. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.729610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Garrido Varas C, Intriago Leiva M. Managing commingled remains from mass graves: considerations, implications and recommendations from a human rights case in Chile. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 219:e19-24. [PMID: 22192578 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on a little discussed part of Chilean history and the efforts to resolve Human Rights cases from the period 1973 to 1990. A case file is presented to illustrate the different stages, problems and solutions found in one particularly challenging case studied by the Special Unit of Identification of Detained and Missing (UEIDDDD) of the Human Rights Program of the Forensic Service, Chile, during the period 2006-2009. A major complication found in this example was the fact that the remains studied were commingled, and in addition, were mixed with remains that were not of medico-legal interest - deposited prior to and after the case in question, but within the same common grave. Multiple burials and the consequences of commingled skeletal human remains are reviewed, paying special attention to the roles that different agents related to these types of cases play, how they influence the decision making process and the outcomes that can be expected in commingled cases due to the complexities and challenges they present. Effective communication between prosecutors and forensic practitioners is vital to optimize the resources. Equally important is the relationship that is built between the practitioners and the victims' families regarding communication, information and expectations that both parties may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Garrido Varas
- Special Unit of Detained and Missing of the Human Rights Program of the Forensic Service, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Rezos MM, Schultz JJ, Murdock RA, Smith SA. Controlled research utilizing a basic all-metal detector in the search for buried firearms and miscellaneous weapons. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Skinner M, Clegg L, Congram D, Katzenberg A, Lazenby R, Mundorff A, Peckmann T, Spence M, Stratton S, Waterhouse K. Taking the Pulse of Forensic Anthropology in Canada. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2010.10768136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kalacska ME, Bell LS, Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa G, Caelli T. The Application of Remote Sensing for Detecting Mass Graves: An Experimental Animal Case Study from Costa Rica*. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:159-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perera C, Briggs C. Guidelines for the effective conduct of mass burials following mass disasters: post-Asian tsunami disaster experience in retrospect. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2007; 4:1-8. [PMID: 19291463 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-007-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of mass disasters is increasing, demanding actions that deal with these promptly and effectively to secure human interests. An undeniable and inevitable reality of any mass disaster is the massive number of fatalities, which will give rise to a further chain of events ranging from the recovery of the deceased, to their transport, storage, identification and, finally, disposal. Past experience has shown that traditional human disposal methods should be redesigned according to the requisites of mass fatality scenarios, and it has been proven that a proper mass burial is by far the most appropriate and standard method for disposal of the dead due to mass disasters as it takes all its practical issues into consideration. A mass burial can be defined as burying more than one deceased of a single or related incident in a single grave or multiple graves simultaneously or separately within a restricted time period in a single or multiple burial sites located within an identified geographical area. In the present context, it is an utmost necessity that we develop uniform detailed guidelines for the proper conduct of mass burials that provide the deceased with all due respect to human dignity, as this will enable these guidelines to be incorporated into future national mass disaster management schemes as an integral component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Perera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.
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Jessee E, Skinner M. A typology of mass grave and mass grave-related sites. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 152:55-9. [PMID: 15876502 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass graves are archaeological features with humanitarian and forensic import. Their creation and subsequent modification by natural and human agents reflect complex site histories and site formation processes that create a diversity of mass graves that must be captured with adequate terminology. The purpose of this paper is to encourage specialized research within the newly emerging discipline of forensic bioarchaeology of mass grave and mass grave-related sites as they occur internationally. In doing so, the authors present a typology for describing several types of mass grave and mass grave-related sites according to their archaeologically distinctive characteristics. Several definitions are provided to synthesize the experiences of internationally active forensic bioarchaeologists. A series of standardized definitions will ease communication between the forensic bioarchaeology and international human rights communities. We distinguish among the following basic types: surface and grave execution sites, permanent and temporary deposition sites, primary and secondary inhumation sites and, finally, looted instances of the latter. This endeavor is intended to promote communication with legal agencies such as the International Criminal Tribunals (ICTY/ICTR) and International Criminal Court (ICC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Jessee
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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Skinner M, Sterenberg J. Turf wars: Authority and responsibility for the investigation of mass graves. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 151:221-32. [PMID: 15939156 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mass graves are complex products of large-scale crimes. Such scenes pose four conceptual challenges to investigators and forensic experts: the individual victim, the crime, the setting, and the statistical. Exhumation and post-mortem examination of mortal remains with associated personal and forensic evidence require integrated management of core forensic personnel including investigators, archaeologists, anthropologists, odontologists and pathologists, among whom there is overlapping expertise. The key to avoiding competition and ill-will among experts is to recognize that all such experts should be enabled to make known how their expertise matches with the temporal and spatial boundaries of victim, crime and setting. In turn, they should be apprised of where they fit into the overall judicial process and their limits within the investigation. Consequently, each expert requires access to the factual background of the case, to the site and its contents throughout the investigation. Each forensic team member has a responsibility to influence the investigation--throughout its course when possible--to make findings within their areas of expertise, and to make these available to the rest of the team so as to contribute most meaningfully to the aims of the investigation, both forensic and humanitarian. The on-site crime scene manager has an overarching role to enable integrated access to the complete scene and its contents by each forensic expert team member. In other words, the forensic scientist is given access and the ability to influence the investigation while control of evidence from the site as to identity and criminal activity are maintained by the crime scene manager. This contribution is directed at both the crime scene manager and each forensic expert; it describes the essential spatial and temporal parameters of an expert's opinion so as to encourage cooperation, and discourage conflict, within the forensic team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Skinner
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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