Maladies parodontales : connaissances actuelles

Correlation of periodontitis with hepatic and intestinal inflammation and glycemic control, and effects of bioconverted Artemisia herba-alba by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMFM2016-RK

Periodontitis has been linked to systemic inflammation, however research on its role in causing systemic diseases remains limited. Recent studies explore probiotics for microbiome modulation and enhancing natural compound bioavailability. This study investigated periodontitis-related systemic disease mechanisms, and evaluated the mitigation effects of bioconversion product using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMFM2016-RK and Artemisia herba-alba extracts. Four types of bioconverted milk [BM1 (L. plantarum SMFM2016-RK), BM2 (BM1 + A. herba-alba ethanol extract), BM3 (BM1 + A. herba-alba hot-water extract), and BM4 (BM1+ both A. herba-alba extracts)] were studied in a periodontitis-induced rat model. Rats were divided into six groups: normal control, skim milk with ligature, and four BM groups with ligature.   Periodontitis induction elevated trabecular resorption (0.325 ± 0.057 mm³) and histopathological symptoms. Serum ALT (55.6 ± 6.6 U/L), glucose (261.7 ± 64.3 mg/dL), insulin (1.90 ± 0.87 ng/mL), inflammation in the liver and colon, and gluconeogenesis-related enzyme expression increased. Periodontitis-induced rats showed gut dysbiosis, with decreased Lactobacillaceae level and increased Oscillospiraceae level. BM3 administration significantly reduced the serum glucose (190.9 ± 27.8 mg/dL), ALT (40.5 ± 5.0 U/L), inflammation, and gluconeogenesis-related enzymes, while increasing tight junction proteins expression and phylum Actinobacteria levels in the gut microbiome. The findings highlight the systemic impact of periodontitis on inflammation, glycemic control, and gut microbiome balance. BM3 effectively alleviated these effects suggesting therapeutic potential.

Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) fermentum ALAL020, a Probiotic Candidate Bacterium, Produces a Cyclic Dipeptide That Suppresses the Periodontal Pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia

Periodontal disease develops as a result of oral microbiota in dysbiosis, followed by the growth of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. In case of acute symptoms, antibacterial agents and disinfectants are administered, however the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria and allergies cause problems. In recent years, studies on the effects of probiotics have been conducted as an alternative therapy for periodontitis. However, the basic mechanism of the inhibitory effect of probiotic bacteria on periodontal disease has not been clearly elucidated. To clarify the antibacterial mechanism of probiotics against periodontal pathogens, we used Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) fermentum ALAL020, which showed the strongest antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia among 50 screened lactic acid bacteria strains. The antibacterial substances produced were identified and structurally analyzed. After neutralizing the MRS liquid culture supernatant of ALAL020 strain, the molecular weight (m/z) of the main antibacterial substance separated by gel filtration column chromatography and reverse phase HPLC was 226.131. This low molecular weight compound was analyzed by LC-MS and disclosed the composition formula C₁₁H₁₈O₃N₂, however the molecular structure remained unknown. Then, structural analysis by NMR revealed C₁₁H₁₈O₃N₂ as the cyclic dipeptide, “hexahydro-7-hydroxy-3- (2-methylpropyl) pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dion cyclo (Hyp-Leu) “. Based on the results of this analysis, cyclo (Hyp-Leu) was chemically synthesized and the antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was measured. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 2.5 g/L and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was shown to be less than 5 g/L. In addition, an in vitro epithelial tissue irritation test at 10 g/L showed no tissue toxicity. So far there are no reports of this peptide being produced by probiotic bacteria. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of this cyclic dipeptide against periodontal disease bacteria has not been confirmed. The results of this study might lead to a comprehensive understanding of the antibacterial mechanism against periodontal disease bacteria in future, and are considered applicable for the prevention of periodontal disease.

Probiotics-Mediated Bioconversion and Periodontitis

Novel bioactive metabolites have been developed through a bioconversion of dairy products or other foods using probiotics isolated from dairy products or other fermented foods. These probiotics-mediated bioconversion (PMB) metabolites show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, epithelial barrier, and anticancer activities. In addition, the effect of PMB metabolites in periodontitis is recently reported in several studies. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by infections, and the tooth support tissue is destroyed. Common treatments for periodontitis include scaling and root planning with systemic antibiotics. However, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms and disturbs the beneficial bacteria, including lactobacilli in the oral cavity. For this reason, PMB metabolites, such as fermented milk, have been suggested as substitutes for antibiotics to reduce periodontitis. This paper reviews the recent studies on the correlation between periodontitis and PMB metabolites and classifies the efficacy of major PMB metabolites for periodontitis. The review suggests that PMB is effective for periodontitis, and further studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic effect of PMB metabolites on periodontitis.

Effects of Lactobacillus Reuteri Lozenges (Prodentis) as Adjunctive Therapeutic Agent in Non-Surgical Therapy of Periodontitis

Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus reuteri lozenges as an adjunctive therapeutic agent in combination with scaling and root planing in a randomized, clinical trial of volunteers with periodontitis stage IV.

Material and Methods: The study included 40 patients diagnosed with periodontitis divided into 2 groups of 20 patients by random sample method. The first group of patients used Lactobacillus reuteri lozenges after nonsurgical periodontal therapy for a period of 40 days while the second group of patients was treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy without lozenges. Periodontal clinical parameters were registered for all patients before treatment and after 40 days. Samples of saliva from patients before and 40 days after treatment were analyzed by the PCR method for pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Assessments were made on day 0 before treatment for patients of both groups and after 40 days.

Results: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis show a statistically significant difference between the two study groups. Results were not statistically significant for Prevotella intermedia (P= 0.5598).

Conclusions: The present study confirms the positive effects of L. reuteri lozenges after non-surgical periodontal therapy and the maintenance phase of periodontal treatment. Considering the beneficial effects of probiotics, L.reuteri could serve as a useful adjunct or maybe even as an alternative to periodontal treatment when scaling and root planing might be contraindicated or has to be postponed.

Mucoadhesive Buccal Films for Local Delivery of Lactobacillus brevis

The aim of this work was to prepare mucoadhesive buccal films for local release of Lactobacillus brevis CD2, which shows interesting anti-inflammatory properties due to its high levels of arginine deiminase. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based films were prepared by means of a modified casting method, which allowed L. brevis CD2 loading on one side of the film, before its complete drying. Three batches of films were prepared, stored at +2-8 °C and +23-25 °C for 48 weeks and characterized in terms of physico-chemical and functional properties. For each batch, the L. brevis viable count and arginine deiminase activity were evaluated at different time points in order to assess functional property maintenance over time. Moreover, the mucoadhesive properties and ability of the films to release L. brevis CD2 were evaluated. A good survival of L. brevis CD2 was observed, particularly at the storage temperature of +2-8 °C, while the activity of arginine deiminase was maintained at both temperature values. Films showed good mucoadhesive properties and guaranteed a prolonged release of viable lactobacilli, which can be directed towards the whole buccal cavity or specific mucosa lesions. In conclusion, the proposed preparative method can be successfully employed for the production of buccal films able to release viable L. brevis CD2 cells that maintain the anti-inflammatory enzymatic activity.

Role of prebiotics and probiotics in oral health

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on the utilisation of pre- and probiotics for oral care and the state of knowledge at this time.

Design/methodology/approach

Pre- and probiotics describe beneficial carbohydrates and microbiota, respectively, for optimal gut health. Carbohydrates provide energy selectively for the gut-friendly bacteria. The use of both carbohydrates and bacteria is, however, being expanded into other areas of the body – including the skin, vagina and oral cavity – for health-related applications.

Findings

There is increased interest in both pre- and probiotics for oral care products. The importance of oral microflora and their selective substrates is discussed against a background of contemporary oral care approaches. The issues and benefits are discussed in this review.

Originality/value

It is clear that consumption of prebiotics and probiotics may play a role as potential prophylactic or therapeutic agents for reducing the presence of organisms in the mouth associated with tooth decay. To confirm a beneficial effect of pre- and probiotics further in vivo studies involving healthy human volunteers should be considered.

Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from four plants on bacterial isolates from periodontitis patients

Four aqueous extracts of different plant organs are the following: Artemisia herba-alba, Opuntia ficus-indica, Camellia sinensis and Phlomis crinita were evaluated against two bacterial strains: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, which are implicated in periodontal diseases. By using a disc method, these plant extracts demonstrated powerful bacterial activity against these Gram-negative strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the four plant extracts varied between 0.03 and 590.82 mg/ml for the microbes. Another assay using commercial antibiotics and antibacterials as positive controls was also conducted. Values obtained after statistical analysis of inhibition diameters of all plant extracts demonstrated that for P. gingivalis, the aqueous extracts of A. herba-alba and O. ficus-indica were most effective, followed by those of C. sinensis and P. crinita. For P. intermedia, aqueous extracts of O. ficus-indica and C. sinensis appeared to be more efficient with significantly different (P > 0.05) inhibition diameters, followed by those of O. ficus-indica and P. crinita. In summary, the statistical results reveal that these plant extracts exert stronger antibacterial activity on P. intermedia germ as compared to P. gingivalis.

Scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges

Probiotics and prebiotics, mainly commercialised as food ingredients and also as supplements, are considered highly profitable niche markets. However, in recent years, the food industry has suffered from a series of health claim restrictions on probiotics and prebiotics in many parts of the world, including those made by the European Food Safety Authority. Therefore, we reviewed the core benefits of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on health. A number of studies have examined the prevention and/or management of intestinal infections, respiratory tract infections, CVD, osteoporosis, urogenital infections, cavities, periodontal disease and halitosis, allergic reactions, inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome and Helicobacter pylori gastric infections. In fact, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in human microbiota and immune system modulation by probiotics and prebiotics relies on continuous efforts to establish suitable biomarkers of health and diseases risk factors for the design of clinical trials required for health claim approval. In spite of the promising results, the performance of large, long-term, well-planned, well-aligned clinical studies is crucial to provide more reliability and a more solid basis for the outcomes achieved and to support the potential use of probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice.

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus on secretion of IL1B, IL6, and IL8 by gingival epithelial cells

Porphyromonas gingivalis alters cytokine expression in gingival epithelial cells, stimulating inflammatory responses that may lead to periodontal disease. This study explored the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the specific expressions of the interleukins (ILs) IL1B, IL6, and IL8 induced by the pathogen. Human gingival epithelial cells were co-cultured with P. gingivalis, L. acidophilus, or L. acidophilus + P. gingivalis; the control group consisted of the cells alone. Protein and gene expression levels of the ILs were detected using ELISA and qRT-PCR, respectively. The supernatant from the P. gingivalis group held significantly higher protein and mRNA levels of IL1B, IL6, and IL8, compared to the control group. In the mixed bacterial group (L. acidophilus + P. gingivalis), the levels of all three ILs decreased with increasing concentrations of L. acidophilus and were significantly different from the P. gingivalis group. This suggests that in gingival cells, L. acidophilus offsets the P. gingivalis-induced secretion of these ILs in a dose-dependent manner.

Periodontal health status in a colony of 109 cats

Periodontal disease has not been well characterized in the cat, and it is not known if feline tooth resorptions (TR) are equivalent to those observed in humans and dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the different patterns of periodontal inflammation in cats, and to evaluate their prevalence in a standardized healthy population (n = 109). Particular emphasis was placed on the potential associations between TR and periodontal parameters, as well as the influence of potential risk factors (including breed, sex, and age). A single complete periodontal examination was performed, including periodontal probing of each tooth and exploration of the tooth surface using a dental explorer; at least 10 radiographs were taken for each cat. Missing teeth with radiographic evidence of root apices were present in 34.0% of cats. Periodontal disease was common, and 13.0% of cats had aggressive periodontitis. All of the cats had some form of periodontal inflammation, and only 4.0% of cats were free from gingival inflammation. Moderate to severe gingivitis was present in 13.0% of teeth. Dental furcation exposure was present in 18.0% of all multi-rooted teeth. Periodontal bone loss was observed in 31.2% of teeth, with the majority (98.2%) of all cats having some form of periodontal bone loss. Breed effects were identified for some variables. Eight of 14 periodontal variables were statistically correlated with Type 1 TR. Two of 14 variables (and age) were statistically correlated with Type 2 TR. In conclusion, the cats of this colony had a wide range of periodontal inflammation, including aggressive periodontitis. Type 1 TR and Type 2 TR were identified to be two significantly different manifestations of TR, with a strong association between Type 1 TR and periodontal disease.

Influence of fluoride, hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid on the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium

Titanium is widely used in dental implantology and orthopaedics due to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, it has been reported that Ti is sensitive to F(-), H(2)O(2) and lactic acid. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the corrosion resistance of CP-Ti disks after 9 days immersion in different test solutions, based on artificial saliva containing F(-) (0.5% and 2.5%), H(2)O(2) (0.1% and 10%) and/or lactic acid. Because activated macrophages and bacteria can also release locally some of these oxidative compounds, we investigated the role of these cells when plated onto titanium disks. The surface roughness (R(a)) was highly increased when titanium disks were immersed in artificial saliva containing F(-), H(2)O(2) and lactic acid. After 21 days of cell culture, R(a) was significantly increased on disks incubated with activated-J774.2 cells or Streptococcus mitis. AFM appeared to be more sensitive than SEM in evaluating the corrosion of the titanium. Chemical species, either environmental or those released by macrophages and bacteria, can provoke a marked attack of the titanium surface.