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DemİrtÜrk E, Nemutlu E, Şahİn S, Öner L. Development and validation of an HPLC method for determination of rofecoxib in bovine serum albumin microspheres. Turk J Chem 2021; 44:647-655. [PMID: 33488183 PMCID: PMC7671206 DOI: 10.3906/kim-1912-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and reliable HPLC method was developed and validated for determination of rofecoxib in bovine serum albumin microsphere. The analyses were performed on a C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) at room temperature with UV detection at 272 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-0.1% o-phosphoric acid solution in water (1:1, v/v) mixture, and flow rate was set to 1 mL/min. The method was validated according to the international guidelines with respect to stability, linearity range, limit of quantitation and detection, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness. The detection and quantification limit of the method were 1.0 μg/mL and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively. The method was linear in the range of 2.5-25 μg/mL with excellent determination coefficients (R2 >0.99). Intra-day and inter-day precision (<1.76% RSD) and accuracy (<0.55 % Bias) values of the method also fulfilled the required limits. It was concluded that the developed method was accurate, sensitive, precise, and reproducible according to the evaluation of the validation parameters. The applicability of the method was confirmed for in vitro quantification of rofecoxib in bovine serum albumin microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra DemİrtÜrk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Turkey
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Turkey
| | - Selma Şahİn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Turkey
| | - Levent Öner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University Turkey
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2
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Starek M. Review of the applications of different analytical techniques for coxibs research. Talanta 2011; 85:8-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Harry EL, Bristow AWT, Wilson ID, Creaser CS. Real-time reaction monitoring using ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:1728-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00700e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Starek M, Krzek J, Dechnik J. Separation and determination of rofecoxib and its degradation products by TLC chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193480906015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Navas N, Ureña R, Capitan-Vallvey LF. Determination of Celecoxib, Rofecoxib, Sodium Diclofenac and Niflumic Acid in Human Serum Samples by HPLC with DAD Detection. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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El-Henawee MM, Ibraheim M, Osman S, Ayad MM. Stability-Indicating Methods for the Determination of Rofecoxib. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Hsieh YH, Lin SJ, Chen SH. Simultaneous determination of celecoxib, meloxicam, and rofecoxib using capillary electrophoresis with surfactant and application in drug formulations. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1009-17. [PMID: 16833234 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective CE using surfactant with UV detection is described for the simultaneous determination of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, celecoxib, meloxicam, and rofecoxib. The simultaneous analysis of celecoxib, meloxicam, and rofecoxib was performed in Tris buffer (10 mM; pH 11) with 60 mM sodium octane-sulfonate and 20% ACN as an anionic surfactant and organic modifier, respectively. Under this condition, good separation with high efficiency and the required short analysis time is achieved. The linear ranges of the method for the determination of celecoxib, meloxicam, and rofecoxib were over 5-100 microg/mL; the detection limits at 200 nm (S/N = 3; injection 3.45 kPa, 5 s) were 2, 1, and 1 microg/mL, respectively. The small amount of sample required and the expeditiousness of the procedure allow content uniformity to be determined in individual pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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. MA, . MPH, . HAE, . MD, . AS. Determination of Rofecoxib in Serum with Pre-column Derivatization and Fluorescence
Detection. INT J PHARMACOL 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2005.332.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Nageswara Rao R, Meena S, Raghuram Rao A. An overview of the recent developments in analytical methodologies for determination of COX-2 inhibitors in bulk drugs, pharmaceuticals and biological matrices. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:349-63. [PMID: 16009523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry related journals has been conducted and the instrumental analytical methods which were developed and used for determination of COX-2 inhibitors in bulk drugs, formulations and biological fluids have been reviewed. This review covers the time period from 1995 to 2004 during which 138 analytical methods including all types of spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques were reported. HPLC with UV detection was found to be the technique of choice for many workers and more than 100 methods were based on LC and UV. A critical analysis of the reported data has been carried out and the present state-of-art of the analytical techniques for determination of celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, etodolac, nimesulide and meloxicam has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Division, Discovery Lab, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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10
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Amini M, Hamedani MP, Vosooghi M, Nabavi M, Shafiee A. Pre-column derivatization of rofecoxib for determination in serum by HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1265-8. [PMID: 15906007 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 03/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method for determination of rofecoxib in human serum is presented. The method is based on pre-column derivatization of analyte to a phenanthrene derivative of the drug. Rofecoxib and the internal standard were extracted from serum using liquid-liquid extraction. Upon exposure to UV light, the drug was found to undergo a photocyclization reaction, giving a species with high absorbance. Validation of the method has been studied in the concentration range 10-500 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Gandhimathi M, Ravi TK, Varghese SJ. Simultaneous LC determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:183-5. [PMID: 15664760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method to determine tizanidine (TZ) and rofecoxib (RF) in combination is proposed and applied to the pharmaceuticals. This method allows the determination of 0.1-0.5 microg/ml of TZ and 1.2-6.0 microg/ml of RF along with 10 microg/ml of nimesulide (internal standard), in a mobile phase consisting of 1% (v/v) triethylamine (pH adjusted to 2.5 using dilute orthophosphoric acid):acetonitrile in the ratio 55:45% (v/v). Detection wavelength of 303 nm and flow rate of 0.8 ml/min were fixed for the study. The limit of detection (LOD) for TZ and RF were found to be 10 and 1 ng/ml, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for TZ and RF were found to be 80 and 12 ng/ml, respectively. The amount of drug present in the tablet and the recovery studies were also carried out. The % R.S.D. of recovery studies for TZ and RF were found to be 0.0673 and 0.0146, respectively. The method is validated for accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gandhimathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Coimbatore 641044, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kaul N, Dhaneshwar SR, Agrawal H, Kakad A, Patil B. Application of HPLC and HPTLC for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in pharmaceutical dosage form. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:27-38. [PMID: 15664740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods are described for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in binary mixture. The first method was based on HPTLC separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 311 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using toluene:methanol:acetone (7.5:2.5:1.0, v/v/v) as mobile phase. The linear regression analysis data was used for the regression line in the range of 10-100 and 100-1500 ng/spot for tizanidine and rofecoxib, respectively. The second method was based on HPLC separation of the two drugs on the reversed phase kromasil column [C18 (5 microm, 25 cm x 4.6 mm, i.d.)] at ambient temperature using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer pH 5.5 and methanol (45:55, v/v). Flow rate was 1.0 ml/min with an average operating pressure of 180 kg/cm2. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 235 nm based on peak area with linear calibration curves at concentration ranges 10-200 and 100-2000 microg/ml for tizanidine and rofecoxib, respectively. Both methods have been successively applied to pharmaceutical formulation. No chromatographic interference from the tablet excipients was found. Both methods were validated in terms of precision, robustness, recovery and limits of detection and quantitation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were applied to correlate the results of tizanidine and rofecoxib determination in dosage form by means of HPTLC and HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kaul
- Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
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Rao RN, Meena S, Nagaraju D, Rao ARR. Development and validation of a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for separation and simultaneous determination of COX-2 inhibitors in pharmaceuticals and its application to biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:362-8. [PMID: 15627281 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for separation and simultaneous determination of COX-2 inhibitors, viz., celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, nimesulide and nabumetone, using 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline as internal standard. Good chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed-phase Inertsil C(18) column with mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.05% aqueous glacial acetic acid (68:32 v/v) using photodiode array (PDA) detector at 230 nm. It was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and quantification. The linearity range was found to be 1.0--20 microg/mL and the percentage recoveries were between 97.55 and 100.14. The method is suitable not only for the estimation of active ingredients in pharmaceutical dosage forms but also in vitro estimations in human plasma. It is simple, rapid, selective and capable of detecting and determining COX-2 inhibitors with a detection limit of 0.127--1.040 microg/mL simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- HPLC/UV Group, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Discovery Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 50 0007, India.
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Shehata MA, Ashour A, Hassan NY, Fayed AS, El-Zeany BA. Liquid chromatography and chemometric methods for determination of rofecoxib in presence of its photodegradate and alkaline degradation products. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Davies NM, Teng XW, Skjodt NM. Pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib: a specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 42:545-56. [PMID: 12793839 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200342060-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib is a commonly used specific cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. Rofecoxib has high bioavailability, poor aqueous solubility, an elimination half-life suitable for daily administration and a volume of distribution approximating body mass. Species-specific, predominantly hepatic, metabolism occurs, with novel enterohepatic circulation in rats and O-glucuronidation by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 2B7 and 2B15 in human liver microsomes. Discrepancies in studies of postoperative analgesia can be putatively explained by known pharmacokinetics. Changes in rofecoxib disposition and pharmacokinetics are evident between races, in elderly patients, in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Despite the selective action of COX-2 inhibitors, there remains the potential for significant drug interactions. Rofecoxib has been shown to have interactions with rifampicin (rifampin), warfarin, lithium and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and theophylline. COX-2 inhibitors represent a major therapeutic advance in terms of gastrointestinal safety; however, long-term safety in other organ systems and with concomitant drug administration still remain to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal M Davies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
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16
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Shehata MA, Hassan NY, Fayed AS, El-Zeany BA. Derivative spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods for determination of rofecoxib in tablets and in human plasma in presence of its photo-degradation product. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:139-45. [PMID: 14871506 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rofecoxib (I) has been determined in the presence of its photo-degradation product (II) using first derivative spectrophotometry ((1)D) and first derivative of the ratio spectra ((1)DD) by measuring the amplitude at 316.3 and 284 nm for (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. (I) can be determined in the presence of up to 70% and 80% of (II) by the (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. The linearity range of both the methods was the same (5.8-26.2 microg ml(-1)) with mean percentage recovery of 100.08 +/- 0.84 and 100.06 +/- 1.06 for (1)D and (1)DD, respectively. (1)D method was used to study kinetics of (I) photo-degradation that was found to follow a first-order reaction. The t(1/2) was 20.2 min while K (reaction rate constant) was 0.0336 mol min(-1). Both methods were applied to the analysis of (I) in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations. Also a spectrofluorimetric method is described to determine (I) at very low concentrations (25-540 ng ml(-1)) where (I) is converted to its photo-degradate (II), which possesses a native fluorescence that could be measured. The proposed method was applied for the analysis of tablets containing rofecoxib as well as to rofecoxib-spiked human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Shehata
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasrel Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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Savaşer A, Özkan Y, Özkan CK, Taş Ç, Özkan SA. RP‐HPLC Assay of Rofecoxib from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Human Plasma and Its Drug Dissolution Studies. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120027775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Nageswara Rao R, Nagaraju V. An overview of the recent trends in development of HPLC methods for determination of impurities in drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:335-77. [PMID: 14550856 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An extensive survey of the literature published in various analytical and pharmaceutical chemistry related journals has been conducted and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods which were developed and used for determination of process-related impurities in drugs have been reviewed. This review covers the time period from 1995 to 2001 during which around 450 analytical methods including all types of chromatographic and hyphenated techniques were reported. HPLC with UV detection was found to be the technique of choice for many workers and more than 200 methods were developed using LC-UV alone. A critical analysis of the reported data has been carried out and the present state-of-art of HPLC for determination of impurities of analgesic, antibiotic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, anti-depressant, gastro-intestinal and anti-neoplastic agents has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- HPLC Group, Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Ahuja N, Singh A, Singh B. Rofecoxib: an update on physicochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:859-94. [PMID: 12906745 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rofecoxib (MK-966) is a new generation non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that exhibits promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. It selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 isoenzyme in a dose-dependent manner in man. No significant inhibition of COX-1 is observed with rofecoxib up to doses of 1000 mg. The pharmacokinetics of rofecoxib has been found to be complex and variable. Mean oral bioavailability after single dose of rofecoxib (12.5, 25 or 50 mg) is 93% with t(max) varying widely between 2 and 9 h. It is highly plasma-protein bound and is metabolized primarily by cytosolic reductases to inactive metabolites. Rofecoxib is eliminated predominantly by hepatic metabolism with a terminal half-life of approximately 17 h during steady state. Various experimental models and clinical studies have demonstrated rofecoxib to be superior, or at least equivalent, in anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic efficacy to comparator nonselective NSAIDs in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other pain models. Emerging evidence suggests that rofecoxib may also find potential use as supportive therapy in various pathophysiologic conditions like Alzheimer's disease, and in various malignant tumours and polyps, where COX-2 is overly expressed. Rofecoxib is generally well-tolerated. Analysis of data pooled from several trials suggests that rofecoxib is associated with fewer incidences of clinically symptomatic gastrointestinal ulcers and ulcer complications vis-à-vis conventional NSAIDs. However, this gastropreserving effect may be negated by concurrent use of low-dose aspirin for cardiovascular risk reduction. Rofecoxib tends to show similar tolerability for renal and cardiothrombotic events as compared with nonnaproxen nonselective NSAIDs. No clinically significant drug interaction has been reported for rofecoxib except with diuretics, where it reverses their salt-wasting effect and thus can be clinically exploited in electrolyte-wasting disorders. There is only modest information about the physicochemical and pharmaceutical aspects of rofecoxib. Being poorly water soluble, its drug delivery has been improved using varied formulation approaches. Although it is stable in solid state, rofecoxib is photosensitive and base-sensitive in solution form with its degradation mechanistics elucidated. Analytical determinations of rofecoxib and its metabolites in biological fluids employing HPLC with varied types of detectors have been reported. Isolated studies have also been published on the chromatographic and spectrophotometric assay of rofecoxib and its degradants in bulk samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The current article provides an updated overview on the physicochemical, pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic vistas of rofecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Ahuja
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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Krishna Reddy KVSR, Moses Babu J, Dubey PK, Chandra Sekhar B, Om Reddy G, Vyas K. Isolation and characterisation of process-related impurities in rofecoxib. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:355-60. [PMID: 12062697 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two unknown impurities in rofecoxib bulk drug at levels below 0.1% were detected by a simple isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These impurities were isolated from crude sample of rofecoxib using reverse phase preparative HPLC. (1)H, (13)C and Mass spectroscopic investigations revealed the structures of the impurities as 4-[4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-5-hydroxyfuran-2-one (I) and 4-[4-(methylsulphonyl)phenyl]-3-phenyl-2,5-furandione (II), respectively. These structures were further confirmed by prepared synthetic standards of the impurities. The tentative mechanism for the formation of these impurities was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V S R Krishna Reddy
- Department of Analytical Research, Dr. Reddy's Research Foundation, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 050, India
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