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Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030555. [PMID: 33800096 PMCID: PMC8000452 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinary drugs are used to treat livestock and aquatic diseases and thus are introduced into animal-derived foods, endangering consumer health and safety. Antibiotic resistance is rapidly becoming a major worldwide problem, and there has been a steady increase in the number of pathogens that show multi-drug resistance. Illegal and excessive use of veterinary drugs in animals and aquaculture has serious adverse effects on humans and on all other environmental organisms. It is necessary to develop simple extraction methods and fast analytical methods to effectively detect veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods. This review summarizes the application of various sample extraction techniques and detection and quantification methods for veterinary drug residues reported in the last decade (2010-2020). This review compares the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction techniques and detection methods and describes advanced methods, such as those that use electrochemical biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, optical biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymer biosensors. Finally, the future prospects and trends related to extraction methods, detection methods and advanced methods for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods are summarized.
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Sadeghi AS, Mohsenzadeh M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Ramezani M. Development and characterization of DNA aptamers against florfenicol: Fabrication of a sensitive fluorescent aptasensor for specific detection of florfenicol in milk. Talanta 2018; 182:193-201. [PMID: 29501140 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Specific ssDNA aptamers for the antibiotic florfenicol (FF) were developed from an enriched nucleotide library using magnetic beads-based SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) technique with high-binding affinity. After 12 rounds of selection, thirty-six sequences were obtained that were then divided into five major families, according to the primary sequence similarity. Binding affinity analyses of three fluorescently tagged aptamers belonging to different families demonstrated that the dissociation constants (Kd) were in the low nanomolar range (Kd = 52.78-211.4 nmol L-1). Furthermore, to verify the potential application of the aptamers, a fluorescent aptasensor was fabricated for detecting the FF residue in raw milk samples based on the energy transfer between graphene oxide as the acceptor and fluorescently tagged FF-specific aptamer as the donor. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor displayed a wide linear range from 5 to 1200 nmol L-1 and a detection limit of 5.75 nmol L-1 with excellent selectivity in milk. The recovery rate in the milk was between 101% ± 0.14% and 110% ± 2.8%, indicating high accuracy. This fluorescent aptasensor possessed considerable potential for rapid analysis of FF in raw milk because of its simplicity of detection. Moreover, the interaction between the aptamer and FF was studied using molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sarafan Sadeghi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohsenzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Wang C, Qu L, Liu X, Zhao C, Zhao F, Huang F, Zhu Z, Han C. Determination of a metabolite of nifursol in foodstuffs of animal origin by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:671-676. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxian Wang
- Shanghai Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Shanghai China
| | - Li Qu
- Shanghai Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Shanghai China
| | - Xia Liu
- Shanghai Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Shanghai China
| | - Chaomin Zhao
- Shanghai Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Shanghai China
| | - Fengjuan Zhao
- Food Inspection Center of Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine; Shenzhen China
| | - Fuzhen Huang
- Wenzhou Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Wenzhou China
| | - Zhenou Zhu
- Wenzhou Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Wenzhou China
| | - Chao Han
- Wenzhou Entry−Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C; Wenzhou China
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Chierentin L, Salgado HRN. Review of Properties and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Norfloxacin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:22-39. [PMID: 26398574 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.941456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The first-generation quinolones have their greatest potency against Gram-negative bacteria, but newly developed molecules have exhibited increased potency against Gram-positive bacteria, and existing agents are available with additional activity against anaerobic microorganisms. Norfloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone used against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (aerobic organisms). There are different analytical methods available to determine norfloxacin applied in quality control of this medicine in order to ensure its effectiveness and safety. The authors present an overview of the fourth generation of quinolones, followed by the properties, applications, and analytical methods of norfloxacin. These results show several existing analytical techniques that are flexible and broad-based methods of analysis in different matrices. This article focuses on bionalytical and pharmaceutical quality-control applications, such as thin-layer chromatography, microbiological assay, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chierentin
- a School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara , São Paulo , Brazil
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5
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Alaboudi A, Basha EA, Musallam I. Chlortetracycline and sulfanilamide residues in table eggs: Prevalence, distribution between yolk and white and effect of refrigeration and heat treatment. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Samsonova JV, Cannavan A, Elliott CT. A Critical Review of Screening Methods for the Detection of Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol Residues in Foodstuffs. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2012.629951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Nowakowska J, Pikul P, Rogulski P. TLC of aclarubicin and doxycycline with mixed n-alcohol mobile phases. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Lee KS, Park SH, Won SY, Shim YB. Electrophoretic total analysis of trace tetracycline antibiotics in a microchip with amperometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3219-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Lara FJ, del Olmo Iruela M, Cruces-Blanco C. Applications of capillary electrophoresis to the determination of antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:967-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Bailón-Pérez MI, García-Campaña AM, del Olmo Iruela M, Cruces-Blanco C, Gracia LG. Multiresidue determination of penicillins in environmental waters and chicken muscle samples by means of capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1708-17. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Huang H, Hsieh S. Sample stacking for the analysis of penicillins by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3905-15. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi‐Ya Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung‐Li, Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Huan Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung‐Li, Taiwan
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12
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Pajchel G, Michalska K, German R, Tyski S. Assay of the Related Compounds Thiamphenicol, Florphenicol, and Chloramphenicol by CE. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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A review of analytical methods for the determination of aminoglycoside and macrolide residues in food matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Shihabi ZK. Direct injection of organic solvent extracts for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1672-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Injac R, Mlinaric A, Djorjevic-Milic V, Karljikovic-Rajic K, Strukelj B. Optimal conditions for determination of zinc bacitracin, polymyxin B, oxytetracycline and sulfacetamide in animal feed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:424-31. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030701584058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Bailón-Pérez M, García-Campaña A, Cruces-Blanco C, del Olmo Iruela M. Trace determination of β-lactam antibiotics in environmental aqueous samples using off-line and on-line preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Bailón-Pérez MI, García-Campaña AM, Cruces-Blanco C, del Olmo Iruela M. Large-volume sample stacking for the analysis of seven β-lactam antibiotics in milk samples of different origins by CZE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4082-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Vlasova II, Asrieli TV, Gavrilova EM, Danilov VS. Determination of antibiotics using luminescent Escherichia coli and blood serum. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Injac R, Kocevar N, Kreft S. Precision of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in the determination of seven antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and feedstuffs. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:119-27. [PMID: 17560393 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Validation of analytical procedures is important for their efficient and reliable application. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmacopoeia guidelines achieved a great deal in harmonising the definitions of the required validation characteristics. It is well known that poor reproducibility limits the practical implementation of capillary electrophoresis (CE). A precision study on four different MEKC methods was performed with 11 samples, containing seven antibiotics, by two analysts, in few days, on two capillary electrophoresis instruments. Five pharmaceutical preparations and three animal feeds were used. Precision was statistically analysed using migration time, peak area and height of each compound, as well as electroosmotic front (EOF). In 25 of 31 cases, the reproducibility of peak area, peak height and migration time was good (<5%). In most cases the reproducibility of peak area was much better than the reproducibility of peak height. The worst reproducibility that we observed was 12.7% for peak height and 7.6% for peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rade Injac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Sun HW, He P, Lv YK, Liang SX. Effective separation and simultaneous determination of seven fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:145-51. [PMID: 17336601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and accurate method has been developed for effective separation and simultaneous determination of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and pefloxacin residues in porcine tissue by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detector. The separation conditions were investigated and optimized. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and a mixture consisted of 25 mM NaH(2)PO(4), 25 mM Na(2)B(4)O(7) and 25 mM H(3)BO(3) (pH 9.0) was used as a running buffer. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area for each compound was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5-100 mg/L with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9994. For analysis of porcine tissue, the detection limits of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and pefloxacin were 0.013, 0.012, 0.023, 0.040, 0.037, 0.035 and 0.034 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries are in the range of 72-93%. The intra-day precision is less than 5%, and the inter-day precision is less than 10%. The proposed method has high resolution, speed and the extremely small sample volume required. It can permit to confirm the presence of the studied seven fluoroquinolones in porcine tissue at the required maximum residue limit (MRL) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Sun
- College of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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Pérez MIB, Rodríguez LC, Cruces-Blanco C. Analysis of different β-lactams antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:746-52. [PMID: 16978821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) for analyzing nine beta-lactams antibiotics (cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, nafcillin, piperacillin, amoxicillin) in different pharmaceutical preparations, have been demonstrated. An experimental design strategy has been applied to optimize the main variables: pH and buffer concentration, concentration of the micellar medium, separation voltage and capillary temperature. Borate buffer (26mM) at pH 8.5 containing 100mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was used as the background electrolyte. The method was validated. Linearity, limit of detection and quantitation and precision were established for each compound. The analysis of some of the beta-lactams in Orbenin capsules, Britapen tables and in Veterin-Micipen injectable, all used in human and veterinary medicine, have demonstrated the applicability of these technique for quality control in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Bailón Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Jabeen R, Payne D, Wiktorowicz J, Mohammad A, Petersen J. Capillary electrophoresis and the clinical laboratory. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2413-38. [PMID: 16718719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, CE as an analytical tool has shown great promise in replacing many conventional clinical laboratory methods, such as electrophoresis and HPLC. CE's appeal was that it was fast, used very small amounts of sample and reagents, was extremely versatile, and was able to separate large and small analytes, whether neutral or charged. Because of this versatility, numerous methods have been developed for analytes that are of clinical interest. Other than molecular diagnostic and forensic laboratories CE has not been able to make a major impact in the United States. In contrast, in Europe and Japan an increasing number of clinical laboratories are using CE. Now that automated multicapillary instruments are commercially available along with cost-effective test kits, CE may yet be accepted as an instrument that will be routinely used in the clinical laboratories. This review will focus on areas where CE has the potential to have the greatest impact on the clinical laboratory. These include analyses of proteins found in serum and urine, hemoglobin (A1c and variants), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, forensic and therapeutic drug screening, and molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukhsana Jabeen
- University of Texas Medical Branch--Pathology, Galveston, TX 77555-0551, USA
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Pérez-Lozano P, García-Montoya E, Orriols A, Miñarro M, Ticó JR, Suñé-Negre JM. Stability evaluation of amoxicillin in a solid premix veterinary formulation by monitoring the degradation products through a new HPLC analytical method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:192-9. [PMID: 16765013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A methodology (by VICH guidelines) for the stability evaluation of amoxicillin in granular premixes is described. This method is based on the monitoring of the degradation products formed during the stability study by a new HPLC-RP method, which has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and its degradation products. The method uses a Nucleosil 120 C18 column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and buffer solution pH 3+/-0.05 at different proportion according to a time-schedule programme, pumped at a flow rate of 1.750 ml min(-1). The DAD detector was set at 230 nm. The validation study was carried out fulfilling the VICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics showed the capacity of analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity (LOD, LOQ) and robustness. The method was applied during the stability study of an amoxicillin premix in order to quantify the drug (amoxicillin) and all its degradation products to evaluate the shelf life of the new veterinary dosage form. The method also proved to be suitable as a rapid and reliable quality control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pérez-Lozano
- Unit of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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García-Ruiz C, Marina ML. Recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:266-82. [PMID: 16421954 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the main aspects related to the separation of different groups of antibiotics by CE as well as the different applications reported in the literature from the beginning 2003 till May 2005 will be provided to the readers. Firstly, the experimental conditions employed to achieve the analysis of antibiotics by CE are given. Then, the main applications performed in the pharmaceutical, clinical, food, and environmental fields have been reviewed making emphasis on sample preparation requirements needed in each case. Finally, the main conclusions and future prospects in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:283-303. [PMID: 16307427 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the latest developments in the application of capillary electromigration methods for the analysis of foods and food components. Nowadays, methods based on CE techniques are becoming widely used in food analytical and research laboratories. This review covers the application of CE to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions, chiral compounds, and other compounds in foods, as well as to investigate food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips as well as other foreseen trends in CE analysis of foods is discussed. Papers that were published during the period June 2002-June 2005 are included following the previous review by Frazier and Papadopoulou (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4095-4105).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cifuentes
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Vahl M. Analysis of nifursol residues in turkey and chicken meat using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:120-7. [PMID: 15824001 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500037670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nifursol (3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (5-nitrofurfurylidene) hydrazide) is mainly used as a feed additive for the prevention of blackhead disease in turkeys. The objective of the present work was to establish information on nifursol residues in turkey and chicken meat. The analytical method was based on conversion of nifursol and its metabolites with an intact 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid hydrazide (DNSH) side chain to the 2-nitrophenyl analogue of nifursol (NPDNSH) by treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid and 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Nifuroxazide (salicylic acid (5-nitrofurfurylidene) hydrazide) added as an internal standard was converted to the 2-nitrophenyl analogue NPSH. After the addition of ammonia, proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column and negative-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed using m/z 183 and 226 (daughter ions of the NPDNSH phenolate ion m/z 374) for quantification and m/z 93 (daughter ion of the NPSH phenolate ion m/z 284) as a retention time reference. The decision limit (CCa) and detection capability (CCbeta) of the analytical method were 0.05 and 0.08 microg kg(-1), respectively. In the range 0.5-1 microg kg(-1), the repeatability, within-laboratory reproducibility and trueness were 8, 11 and -1%, respectively. A total of 37 samples of turkey meat and 16 samples of chicken meat were purchased at retail outlets in early spring, summer and winter 2003, and analysed for nifursol residues. No residues were found in the chicken samples, but nine of 18 samples of turkey meat collected in the spring had between 0.05 and 0.6 microg kg(-1) (average 0.25 microg kg(-1)) nifursol residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vahl
- Department of Food Chemistry, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg, Denmark.
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Castañeda G, Rodríguez-Flores J, Ríos A. Analytical approaches to expanding the use of capillary electrophoresis in routine food analysis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:915-24. [PMID: 16013817 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is becoming an ever more powerful analytical technique for the separation, identification, and quantification of a wide variety of compounds of interest in many application fields. Particularly in food analysis this technique can offer interesting advantages over chromatographic techniques because of its greater simplicity and efficiency. Nevertheless, CE needs to advance with regard to compatibility with sample matrices, sensitivity, and robustness of the methodologies in order to gain even wider acceptance in food analysis laboratories, specially for routine work. This article presents various approaches to expanding the analytical usefulness of CE in food analysis, discussing their advantages over conventional CE. These approaches focus on sample screening, automated sample preparation with on-line CE arrangements, and the automatic integration of calibration in routine analytical work with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Castañeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla--La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, 10, E-13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Juan-García A, Font G, Picó Y. Determination of organic contaminants in food by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:793-812. [PMID: 16013808 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in the analysis of organic contaminants, such as antibiotics, pesticides, biological toxins, and food-borne pathogens, in foods by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Special attention is paid to those aspects that increase sensitivity and/or selectivity, such as sample extraction and concentration, on-line preconcentration techniques (stacking), affinity capillaries or/and specific detectors (laser induced fluorescence (LIF), mass spectrometry (MS)). The various CE modes used to separate the compounds and the quantification strategies are also examined. As a result, this work presents an updated overview on the principal applications of CE, together with a discussion of their main advantages and drawbacks, and an outline of future trends in the analysis of organic contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicología, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, València, Spain
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29
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Puig P, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Sample stacking for the analysis of eight penicillin antibiotics by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:954-961. [PMID: 15669005 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied the use of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for separating eight penicillins. The method consists of (i) an electrophoretic separation based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, which uses sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant; (ii) a sample stacking technique called reverse electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM); and (iii) direct UV detection. The background electrolyte that gave complete separation contained 20 mM sodium borate buffer and 60 mM SDS. The sensitivity of the method was improved by an enrichment step that used on-column stacking. The limits of detection were at the microg.L(-1) level for the penicillins and did not detract from the peak resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Puig
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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30
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Mulder PPJ, Zuidema T, Keestra NGM, Kooij PJF, Elbers IJW, van Rhijn JA. Determination of nifursol metabolites in poultry muscle and liver tissue. Development and validation of a confirmatory method. Analyst 2005; 130:763-71. [PMID: 15852149 DOI: 10.1039/b414320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the identification and quantitative determination of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid hydrazide (DSH), the marker residue of nifursol metabolites in poultry (turkey, broiler) muscle and liver tissue. The method is based on the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of tissue-bound metabolites to free DSH and in situ derivatisation with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde to the corresponding nitrophenyl derivative NPDSH. A structural analogue of DSH, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid hydrazide (HBH) was synthesised to serve as an internal standard. The analytes were isolated from the matrix by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Determination was performed by LC-MS/MS with negative electrospray ionisation. The [M - H](+) ions of NPDSH and NPHBH at m/z 374 were fragmented by collision induced dissociation (CID) producing transition ions at m/z 182, 183 and 226. The transition ions at m/z 182 and 226 were selected for monitoring of NPDSH while the transition ion at m/z 183 was selected for NPHBH. The method has been validated according to the EU criteria of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 microg kg(-1) in muscle and liver tissue. A decision limit (CC(alpha)) was obtained of 0.04 and 0.025 microg kg(-1) in muscle and liver, respectively. Similarly a detection capability (CC(beta)) was obtained of 0.10 and 0.05 microg kg(-1) in muscle and liver, respectively. The introduction of HBH as an internal standard did not lead to a significant improvement of the quantitative performance of the method. In fact for liver better performance characteristics were obtained when the IS was not taken into account. Nevertheless, as a qualitative marker for recovery, HBH could still be very useful in the analysis of unknown samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P J Mulder
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 450, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Hillaert S, Van den Bossche W. Optimization and validation of a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the analysis of florfenicol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:437-40. [PMID: 15522515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have optimized a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the separation of florfenicol and florfenicol amine, its degradation product. The separation was carried out using a 50mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 25mM of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The method selectivity was proven by the simultaneous separation of florfenicol and two structural antibiotics, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. The same system can also be applied for the quantitative determination of these antibiotics. The method was then validated regarding linearity, precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillaert
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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