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Martins YA, Gonçalves TM, Lopez RFV. HPLC methods for choloroquine determination in biological samples and pharmaceutical products. Daru 2021; 29:223-239. [PMID: 33738722 PMCID: PMC8149527 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review and assess pharmaceutical and clinical characteristics of chloroquine including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods used to quantify the drug in pharmaceutical products and biological samples. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was undertaken on the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scielo databases using the following keywords related to the investigated subject: 'chloroquine', 'analytical methods', and 'HPLC'. RESULTS For more than seven decades, chloroquine has been used to treat malaria and some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. There is growing interest in chloroquine as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of HIV, Q fever, Whipple's disease, fungal, Zika, Chikungunya infections, Sjogren's syndrome, porphyria, chronic ulcerative stomatitis, polymorphic light eruption, and different types of cancer. HPLC coupled to UV detectors is the most employed method to quantify chloroquine in pharmaceutical products and biological samples. The main chromatographic conditions used to identify and quantify chloroquine from tablets and injections, degradation products, and metabolites are presented and discussed. CONCLUSION Research findings reported in this article may facilitate the repositioning, quality control, and biological monitoring of chloroquine in modern pharmaceutical dosage forms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Araújo Martins
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Talita Mota Gonçalves
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Avenida José de Sá Maniçoba, s/n, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Barbosa LRA, da Silva EL, de Almeida ACG, Salazar YEAR, Siqueira AM, Alecrim MDGC, Vieira JLF, Bassat Q, de Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Melo GC. An Ultra-Sensitive Technique: Using Pv-mtCOX1 qPCR to Detect Early Recurrences of Plasmodium vivax in Patients in the Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010019. [PMID: 33396824 PMCID: PMC7823330 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early recurrence of Plasmodium vivax is a challenge for malaria control in the field, particularly because this species is associated with lower parasitemia, which hinders diagnosis and monitoring through blood smear testing. Early recurrences, defined as the persistence of parasites in the peripheral blood despite adequate drug dosages, may arise from resistance to chloroquine. The objective of the study was to estimate early recurrence of P. vivax in the Brazilian Amazon by using a highly-sensitive detection method, in this case, PCR. METHODS An ultra-sensitive qPCR that targeted mitochondrial DNA was used to compare a standard qPCR that targeted 18S rDNA to detect early recurrence of P. vivax in very low densities in samples from patients treated with chloroquine. RESULTS Out of a total of 312 cases, 29 samples (9.3%) were characterized as recurrences, from which 3.2% (10/312) were only detected through ultra-sensitive qPCR testing. CONCLUSIONS Studies that report the detection of P. vivax early recurrences using light microscopy may severely underestimate their true incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila R. A. Barbosa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle L. da Silva
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- UNINILTONLINS—Universidade Nilton Lins, Unicenter, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil
| | - Anne C. G. de Almeida
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
- FAMETRO—Faculdade Metropolitana de Manaus, Campus Central, Av. Constantino Nery, Chapada, Manaus 69050-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Yanka E. A. R. Salazar
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
| | - André M. Siqueira
- Fiocruz-Manguinhos—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Maria das Graças Costa Alecrim
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Clínic per la Recerca Biomédica, Maputo 1929, Mozambique
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Campus Clínic, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 1867 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcus V. G. de Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, ILMD-Fiocruz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus 69057-070, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
| | - Gisely C. Melo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil; (L.R.A.B.); (E.L.d.S.); (A.C.G.d.A.); (Y.E.A.R.S.); (M.d.G.C.A.); (M.V.G.d.L.); (W.M.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus 69040-200, AM, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-92-99159-8604
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Influence of CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 Host Genotypes on Early Recurrence of Plasmodium vivax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02125-19. [PMID: 32366712 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02125-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of chloroquine (CQ), but the role of the different profiles of metabolism of this drug in relation to Plasmodium vivax recurrences has not been properly investigated. To investigate the influence of the CYP genotypes associated with CQ metabolism on the rates of P. vivax early recurrences, a case-control study was carried out. The cases included patients presenting with an early recurrence (CQ-recurrent individuals), defined as a recurrence during the first 28 days after initial infection and plasma concentrations of CQ plus desethylchloroquine (DCQ; the major CQ metabolite) higher than 100 ng/ml. A control group with no parasite recurrence over the follow-up (the CQ-responsive group) was also included. CQ and DCQ plasma levels were measured on day 28. CQ-metabolizing CYP (CYP2C8, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5) genotypes were determined by real-time PCR. An ex vivo study was conducted to verify the efficacy of CQ and DCQ against P. vivax isolates. The frequency of alleles associated with normal and slow metabolism was similar between the cases and the controls for the CYP2C8 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51 to 4.14, P = 0.570), CYP3A4 (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 0.92 to 6.19, P = 0.105), and CYP3A5 (OR = 4.17, 95% CI = 0.79 to 22.04, P = 1.038) genes. DCQ levels were higher than CQ levels, regardless of the genotype. Regarding the DCQ/CQ ratio, there was no difference between groups or between those patients who had a normal genotype and those patients who had a mutant genotype. DCQ and CQ showed similar efficacy ex vivo CYP genotypes had no influence on early recurrence rates. The similar efficacy of CQ and DCQ ex vivo could explain the absence of therapeutic failure, despite the presence of alleles associated with slow metabolism.
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High sensitivity methods to quantify chloroquine and its metabolite in human blood samples using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:333-347. [PMID: 30873854 PMCID: PMC6562699 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug used in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Three methods to quantify chloroquine and its metabolite in blood matrices were developed and validated. Methodology & results: Different high-throughput extraction techniques were used to recover the drugs from whole blood (50 μl), plasma (100 μl) and dried blood spots (15 μl as punched discs) followed by quantification with LC–MS/MS. The intra- and inter-batch precisions were below 15%, and thus meet regulatory acceptance criteria. Conclusion: The developed methods demonstrated satisfactory validation performance with high sensitivity and selectivity. The assays used simple and easy to automate extraction techniques. All methods were reliable with robust performance and demonstrated to be suitable to implement into high-throughput routine analysis of clinical pharmacokinetic samples.
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Siqueira AM, Alencar AC, Melo GC, Magalhaes BL, Machado K, Alencar Filho AC, Kuehn A, Marques MM, Manso MC, Felger I, Vieira JLF, Lameyre V, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Lacerda MVG. Fixed-Dose Artesunate-Amodiaquine Combination vs Chloroquine for Treatment of Uncomplicated Blood Stage P. vivax Infection in the Brazilian Amazon: An Open-Label Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 64:166-174. [PMID: 27988484 PMCID: PMC5215218 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, the artesunate–amodiaquine combination was more effective in preventing Plasmodium vivax recurrence. With a favorable safety profile, this antimalarial treatment proved to be a good first-line alternative. Chloroquine resistance is probably underestimated in the area. Background. Despite increasing evidence of the development of Plasmodium vivax chloroquine (CQ) resistance, there have been no trials comparing its efficacy with that of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in Latin America. Methods. This randomized controlled trial compared the antischizontocidal efficacy and safety of a 3-day supervised treatment of the fixed-dose combination artesunate-amodiaquine Winthrop® (ASAQ) versus CQ for treatment of uncomplicated P. vivax infection in Manaus, Brazil. Patients were followed for 42 days. Primary endpoints were adequate clinical and parasitological responses (ACPR) rates at day 28. Genotype-adjustment was performed. Results. From 2012 to 2013, 380 patients were enrolled. In the per-protocol (PP) analysis, adjusted-ACPR was achieved in 100% (165/165) and 93.6% (161/172) of patients in the ASAQ and CQ arm (difference 6.4%, 95% CI 2.7%; 10.1%) at day 28 and in 97.4% (151/155) and 77.7% (129/166), respectively (difference 19.7%, 95% CI 12.9%; 26.5%), at day 42. Apart from ITT D28 assessment, superiority of ASAQ on ACPR was demonstrated. ASAQ presented faster clearance of parasitaemia and fever. Based on CQ blood level measurements, CQ resistance prevalence was estimated at 11.5% (95% CI: 7.5-17.3) up to day 42. At least one emergent adverse event (AE) was recorded for 79/190 (41x6%) in the ASAQ group and for 85/190 (44x7%) in the CQ group. Both treatments had similar safety profiles. Conclusions. ASAQ exhibited high efficacy against CQ resistant P. vivax and is an adequate alternative in the study area. Studies with an efficacious comparator, longer follow-up and genotype-adjustment can improve CQR characterization. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01378286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, .,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Aline C Alencar
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus
| | - Gisely C Melo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus
| | - Belisa L Magalhaes
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus
| | - Kim Machado
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado
| | | | - Andrea Kuehn
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Center for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus.,Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
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Van Pham T, Pham Nguyen P, Nguyen Duc Khanh T, Nguyen Thanh Thuy N, Nguyen Thuy Nha C, Pouplin T, Farrar J, Thwaites GE, Tran Tinh H. An HPLC method with diode array detector for the simultaneous quantification of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in plasma and whole blood samples from Plasmodium vivax patients in Vietnam, using quinine as an internal standard. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1104-1111. [PMID: 26578224 PMCID: PMC4913743 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, simple method for quantification of chloroquine (CQ) and desethylchloroquine (MCQ) in whole blood and plasma from Plasmodium vivax patients has been developed using HPLC with diode array detection (DAD). Solid‐phase extraction on Isolute‐96‐CBA was employed to process 100 μL of plasma/whole blood samples. CQ, MCQ and quinine were separated using a mobile phase of phosphate buffer 25 mm, pH 2.60–acetonitrile (88:12, v/v) with 2 mm sodium perchlorate on a Zorbax SB‐CN 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, at ambient temperature in 10 min, with the DAD wavelength of 343 nm. The method was linear over the range of 10–5000 ng/mL for both CQ and MCQ in plasma and whole blood. The limit of detection was 4 ng/mL and limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL in both plasma and blood for CQ and MCQ. The intra‐, inter‐ and total assay precision were <10% for CQ and MCQ in plasma and whole blood. In plasma, the accuracies varied between 101 and 103%, whereas in whole blood, the accuracies ranged from 97.0 to 102% for CQ and MCQ. The method is an ideal technique with simple facilities and instruments, bringing about good separation in comparison with previous methods. © 2016 The Authors Biomedical Chromatography Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Affiliation(s)
- Toi Van Pham
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Pham Nguyen
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tho Nguyen Duc Khanh
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhien Nguyen Thanh Thuy
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ca Nguyen Thuy Nha
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Pouplin
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hien Tran Tinh
- Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City-In Partnership with Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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7
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Gomes MDSM, Vieira JLF, Machado RLD, Nacher M, Stefani A, Musset L, Legrand E, Menezes RAO, Júnior AAP, Sousa APM, Couto VSCD, Couto ÁARD. Efficacy in the treatment of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in Oiapoque, Brazil, on the border with French Guiana: the importance of control over external factors. Malar J 2015; 14:402. [PMID: 26453152 PMCID: PMC4600333 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax malaria is an important public health issue in the Amazon region, and it accounts for approximately 84 % of cases of the disease. Migration across the border between Brazil and French Guiana contributes to the maintenance of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and parasitological responses of patients with P. vivax malaria treated with chloroquine and primaquine in the socio-environmental context of cross-border interactions between Brazil and French Guiana. The factors controlled were diagnostic agreement, adherence, adjustment of primaquine doses for patient weight, and quality of the drugs used.
Methods A prospective study was conducted in 2011 with 103 individuals aged 10–60 years with a positive diagnosis of P. vivax treated with chloroquine (10 mg base/kg on the first day, followed by 7.5 mg/kg on the second and third days) and primaquine for 7 days, who were followed for 28 days. The primaquine doses were adjusted for the patients’ weight. A number of factors were determined: epidemiological characteristics, origin of patients, signs and symptoms, initial parasitaemia and parasitaemia clearance time, blood concentrations of chloroquine and primaquine, quality of anti-malarial drugs and diagnostic agreement. Results Ninety-five patients were followed for 28 days. There was a 100 % agreement in microscopic diagnosis between field laboratory and reference centre. The adhesion to the treatment was 100 %. Of these patients, 32.6 % received a weight-adjusted dose of primaquine. The chloroquine and primaquine tablets were consistent with the optimal quality limits for human consumption. The investigated patients achieved optimal blood exposure to anti-malarial drugs. The parasitological and therapeutic response was adequate in 99.0 % of cases. Conclusions In the municipality of Oiapoque, the therapeutic regime used for the treatment of P. vivax malaria using chloroquine combined with primaquine remains effective, when external factors are controlled, such as the quality of anti-malarial drugs, the adhesion to the treatment prescribed, the correct diagnostic and the adjustment of primaquine dose for patient body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete do Socorro M Gomes
- Central Laboratory of Public Health of Amapá (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amapá - LACEN-AP), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil. .,Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz F Vieira
- Federal University of Pará (Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Mathieu Nacher
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. .,Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidémiologie Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC-EC INSERM CIE 802), Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Aurélia Stefani
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana. .,Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Lise Musset
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Eric Legrand
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Rubens A O Menezes
- Central Laboratory of Public Health of Amapá (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amapá - LACEN-AP), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
| | - Aldo A P Júnior
- Central Laboratory of Public Health of Amapá (Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Amapá - LACEN-AP), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil. .,Federal University of Amapá (Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
| | - Ana P M Sousa
- Federal University of Amapá (Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
| | - Vanja S C D'Almeida Couto
- Amapá State Health Department (Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Amapá - SESA), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.
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Validation of a method for the simultaneous quantification of chloroquine, desethylchloroquine and primaquine in plasma by HPLC-DAD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 95:200-6. [PMID: 24682018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important aspects regarding the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarials is its quantification in biologic fluids. The detection and measurement of antimalarial drug levels is important for demonstrating (1) adequate absorption of the drug being given, (2) compliance in taking the full regimen required for treatment and (3) the level of drug in the blood at any time during the test period that parasites reappear. There is a lack of validated methods that simultaneously quantify different antimalarials administered at the same time, such as the use of chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) in infections caused by Plasmodium vivax. In this study, a bioanalytical method was validated for the simultaneous quantification of primaquine (PQ), chloroquine (CQ) and desethylchloroquine (DSCQ) in human plasma using liquid-liquid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The PQ was evaluated over a concentration range of 100-3000 nM and the CQ and DSCQ was evaluated over a concentration range of 20-2000 nM. The selectivity of the method was verified by checking for interference by commonly used antimalarials and plasma samples. The accuracy and precision of the method was assessed for drugs spiked into human plasma and recoveries of 83.7%, 92.3%, and 76.5% were obtained for CQ, DSCQ, and PQ, respectively. The applicability of this method was also demonstrated with blood samples from patients with vivax malaria that received combination CQ plus PQ treatment. The simultaneous detection and accurate measurement of CQ, DSCQ, and PQ levels in human plasma provides an important and economical method for validating and monitoring sensitivity/resistance of P. vivax to more common treatment regimen.
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9
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Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance and anemia in the western Brazilian Amazon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:342-7. [PMID: 24165179 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02279-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Latin America is limited, even with the current research efforts to sustain an efficient malaria control program in all these countries where P. vivax is endemic and where malaria still is a major public health issue. This study estimated in vivo CQ resistance in patients with uncomplicated P. vivax malaria, with use of CQ and primaquine simultaneously, in the Brazilian Amazon. Of a total of 135 enrolled subjects who accomplished the 28-day follow-up, parasitological failure was observed in 7 (5.2%) patients, in whom plasma CQ and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) concentrations were above 100 ng/dl. Univariate analysis showed that previous exposure to malaria and a higher initial mean parasitemia were associated with resistance but not with age or gender. In the multivariate analysis, only high initial parasitemia remained significant. Hemoglobin levels were similar at the beginning of the follow-up and were not associated with parasitemia. However, at day 3 and day 7, hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in patients presenting CQ resistance. The P. vivax dhfr (pvdhfr), pvmrp1, pvmdr1, and pvdhps gene mutations were not related to resistance in this small sample. P. vivax CQ resistance is already a problem in the Brazilian Amazon, which could be to some extent associated with the simultaneous report of anemia triggered by this parasite, a common complication of the disease in most of the areas of endemicity.
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Doddaga S, Peddakonda R. Chloroquine-N-oxide, a major oxidative degradation product of chloroquine: identification, synthesis and characterization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 81-82:118-25. [PMID: 23644906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) (1) which has endured as one of the most powerful antimalarial drugs was subjected to oxidative stress conditions and the degradation profile was studied. The oxidative stress condition of CQ furnished one major degradation product along with other minor degradation products. The unknown major degradation product was identified in HPLC and pure impurity was isolated using column chromatography. The structure of this major product was elucidated using UV, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, 2D NMR (HSQC) and mass spectral data. Based on the results obtained from the different spectroscopic studies, it was confirmed that the N-oxide was formed at the tertiary amine nitrogen instead of the pyridine nitrogen. Subsequently, an efficient and simple synthetic approach was developed for the synthesis of chloroquine-N-oxide using a work-up procedure that does not require chromatography techniques for further purification. It was observed that the spectral data of the isolated degradation product coincided appropriately with the synthesized product spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Doddaga
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502, India.
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Rivas-Granizo P, Jorge Santos SRC, Ferraz HG. Development of a Stability-Indicating LC Assay Method for Determination of Chloroquine. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Guthmann JP, Pittet A, Lesage A, Imwong M, Lindegardh N, Min Lwin M, Zaw T, Annerberg A, de Radiguès X, Nosten F. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine in Dawei, southern Myanmar. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13:91-8. [PMID: 18291007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria in in Dawei District, southern Myanmar. METHODS Enrolled patients at Sonsinphya clinic >6 months of age were assessed clinically and parasitologically every week for 28 days. To differentiate new infections from recrudescence, we genotyped pre- and post-treatment parasitaemia. Blood chloroquine was measured to confirm resistant strains. RESULTS Between December 2002 and April 2003, 2661 patients were screened, of whom 252 were included and 235 analysed. Thirty-four per cent (95% CI: 28.1-40.6) of patients had recurrent parasitaemia and were considered treatment failures. 59.4% of these recurrences were with a different parasite strain. Two (0.8%) patients with recurrences on day 14 had chloroquine concentrations above the threshold of 100 ng/ml and were considered infected with chloroquine resistant parasites. 21% of failures occurred during the first 3 weeks of follow-up: early recurrence and median levels of blood chloroquine comparable to those of controls suggested P. vivax resistance. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine seems to be emerging in Dawei, near the Thai-Burmese border. While chloroquine remains the first-line drug for P. vivax infections in this area of Myanmar, regular monitoring is needed to detect further development of parasite resistance.
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Ibrahim H, Bouajila J, Siri N, Rozing G, Nepveu F, Couderc F. Very small injected samples to study chloroquine and quinine in human serum using capillary-LC and native fluorescence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:481-7. [PMID: 17227720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A comparison between HPLC with conventional fluorescence detection and capillary-LC (microHPLC) with native laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was done to determine chloroquine (CQ) and quinine (Q) in human serum. HPLC experiments were run with parameters of the conventional fluorimeter set at the highest level of sensitivity. Results were compared with those obtained on microHPLC coupled to a ZETALIF (He-Cd 325 nm) detector which provided a 50-fold increase in sensitivity. In microHPLC-LIF injection volumes were 200 nL instead of 10 microL in conventional HPLC. The separation was completed within 3 min (6 min on HPLC). The limit of detection on microHPLC-LIF was 1.9 and 1.3 fmol for CQ and Q, respectively. Both experiments were validated on serum samples. The mean recovery was more than 95% for CQ and Q. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were found to be within the acceptable limits (<10%).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ibrahim
- UMR 152-IRD-Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Pruvost A, Levi M, Zouhiri F, Ménier I, Benech H. Sensitive and specific LC–ESI–MS/MS method for the determination of a styrylquinoline, BA011FZ041, a potent HIV anti-integrase agent, in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:259-66. [PMID: 17161029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A LC-MS/MS method was validated for the determination of BA011FZ041, a styrylquinoline derivative. After addition of BA011FZ055 as internal standard (IS), the method involved solid phase extraction (SPE), LC separation with an ether-phenyl column and quantification by MS/MS after positive ESI. The calibration curve, ranging from 1 to 500 ng/mL was fitted to a 1/x-weighted quadratic regression model. Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1 ng/mL using 100 microL of plasma. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy values were within the regulatory limits. The method was successfully applied to the determination of BA011FZ041 in rat plasma and PBMCs after i.v. dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Pruvost
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Singhal P, Gaur A, Behl V, Gautam A, Varshney B, Paliwal J, Batra V. Sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of chloroquine in dog plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:293-9. [PMID: 17317340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of chloroquine, an antimalarial drug, in plasma using its structural analogue, piperazine bis chloroquinoline as internal standard (IS). The method is based on simple protein precipitation with methanol followed by a rapid isocratic elution with 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer/methanol (25/75, v/v, pH 4.6) on Chromolith SpeedROD RP-18e reversed phase chromatographic column and subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM). The precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 320.3-->247.2 and m/z 409.1-->205.2 were used to measure the analyte and the IS, respectively. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 2.0-489.1 ng/mL for chloroquine in dog plasma. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 0.4 and 2.0 ng/mL, respectively in 0.05 mL plasma. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range of 2.0-489.1 ng/mL. A run time of 2.0 min for a sample made it possible to achieve a throughput of more than 400 plasma samples analyzed per day. The validated method was successfully used to analyze samples of dog plasma during non-clinical study of chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puran Singhal
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Department, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Plot # 20, Sector-18, Udhyog Vihar Industrial Area, Gurgaon, Haryana 122015, India
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Blessborn D, Neamin G, Bergqvist Y, Lindegårdh N. A new approach to evaluate stability of amodiaquine and its metabolite in blood and plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:207-12. [PMID: 16307860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A stability study for amodiaquine (AQ) and desethylamodiaquine (AQm) in whole blood and plasma is reported. AQ, AQm and chloroquine (CQ) were simultaneously analysed and the ratios AQ/CQ and AQm/CQ were used to ensure correct interpretation of the stability results. CQ was stable in whole blood and plasma at all tested temperatures enabling it to be a stability marker in stability studies. Simultaneous analysis of compounds, of which at least one is already known to be stable, permits a within sample ratio to be used as a stability indicator. The new approach significantly reduced bias when compared to the traditional approach. AQ and AQm were stable in plasma at -86 degrees C and -20 degrees C for 35 days, at 4 degrees C for 14 days and at 22 degrees C for 1 day. AQ and AQm were stable in blood at -86 degrees C and 4 degrees C for 35 days, at -20 degrees C and 22 degrees C for 7 days and at 37 degrees C for 1 day.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Blessborn
- Dalarna University College, S-781 88 Borlänge, Sweden
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Dua VK, Gupta NC, Sharma VP, Subbarao SK. Liquid chromatographic determination of amodiaquine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 803:371-4. [PMID: 15063350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using dichloromethane- methanol-1M perchloric acid (100:10:0.9, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min(-1) on a LiChrospher Si column with UV (254 nm) detection has been developed for the determination of amodiaquine and its metabolites desethyl amodiaquine and bisdesethyl amodiaquine in plasma. The limit of quantification was 5 ng ml(-1). Mean within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation (CV) were 4.10 and 6.27% for amodiaquine, 3.43 and 4.80% for desethyl amodiaquine and 3.53 and 5.23% for bisdesethyl amodiaquine, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of amodiaquine, desethyl amodiaquine and bisdesethyl amodiaquine from plasma were 82.48, 74.50 and 69.65%, respectively. Chloroquine and its metabolite desethyl chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine and primaquine do not interfere in the detection of amodiaquine, desethyl amodiaquine and bisdesethyl amodiaquine in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra K Dua
- Malaria Research Centre, Field Station, Sector III, BHEL, Hardwar 249403, India.
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Automated solid-phase extraction for determination of amodiaquine, chloroquine and metabolites in capillary blood on sampling paper by liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhong L, Eisenhandler R, Yeh KC. Determination of famotidine in low-volume human plasma by normal-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:736-741. [PMID: 11473396 DOI: 10.1002/jms.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and robust assay procedure using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for the determination of famotidine in human plasma and urine is described. Famotidine and the internal standard were isolated from plasma samples by cation-exchange solid-phase extraction with benzenesulfonic acid (SCX) cartridges. The urine assay used direct injection of a diluted urine sample. The chromatographic separation was accomplished by using a BDS Hypersil silica column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water containing trifluoroacetic acid. The MS/MS detection of the analytes was set in the positive ionization mode using electrospray ionization for sample introduction. The analyte and internal standard precursor-product ion combinations were monitored in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Assay calibration curves were linear in the concentration range 0.5--500 ng ml(-1) and 0.05--50 microg ml(-1) in plasma and urine, respectively. For the plasma assay, a 100 microl sample aliquot was subjected to extraction. To perform the urine assay, a 50 microl sample aliquot was used. The intra-day relative standard deviations at all concentration levels were <10%. The inter-day consistency was assessed by running quality control samples during each daily run. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng ml(-1) in plasma and 0.05 microg ml(-1) in urine. The methods were utilized to support clinical pharmacokinetic studies in infants aged 0-12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhong
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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