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Mehta A, Vavilin I, Nguyen AH, Batchelor WB, Blumer V, Cilia L, Dewanjee A, Desai M, Desai SS, Flanagan MC, Isseh IN, Kennedy JLW, Klein KM, Moukhachen H, Psotka MA, Raja A, Rosner CM, Shah P, Tang DG, Truesdell AG, Tehrani BN, Sinha SS. Contemporary approach to cardiogenic shock care: a state-of-the-art review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1354158. [PMID: 38545346 PMCID: PMC10965643 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1354158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a time-sensitive and hemodynamically complex syndrome with a broad spectrum of etiologies and clinical presentations. Despite contemporary therapies, CS continues to maintain high morbidity and mortality ranging from 35 to 50%. More recently, burgeoning observational research in this field aimed at enhancing the early recognition and characterization of the shock state through standardized team-based protocols, comprehensive hemodynamic profiling, and tailored and selective utilization of temporary mechanical circulatory support devices has been associated with improved outcomes. In this narrative review, we discuss the pathophysiology of CS, novel phenotypes, evolving definitions and staging systems, currently available pharmacologic and device-based therapies, standardized, team-based management protocols, and regionalized systems-of-care aimed at improving shock outcomes. We also explore opportunities for fertile investigation through randomized and non-randomized studies to address the prevailing knowledge gaps that will be critical to improving long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mehta
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Ilan Vavilin
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Andrew H. Nguyen
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Wayne B. Batchelor
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Vanessa Blumer
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Lindsey Cilia
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Virginia Heart, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Aditya Dewanjee
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Mehul Desai
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Shashank S. Desai
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Michael C. Flanagan
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Iyad N. Isseh
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Jamie L. W. Kennedy
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Katherine M. Klein
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Hala Moukhachen
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Mitchell A. Psotka
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Anika Raja
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Carolyn M. Rosner
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Palak Shah
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Daniel G. Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Alexander G. Truesdell
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Virginia Heart, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Behnam N. Tehrani
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Shashank S. Sinha
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Inova Schar Heart and Vascular, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, United States
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Jentzer JC, Drakos SG, Selzman CH, Owyang C, Teran F, Tonna JE. Timing of Initiation of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support and Outcomes Among Patients With Cardiogenic Shock. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032288. [PMID: 38240232 PMCID: PMC11056129 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides full hemodynamic support for patients with cardiogenic shock, but optimal timing of ECMO initiation remains uncertain. We sought to determine whether earlier initiation of ECMO is associated with improved survival in cardiogenic shock. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed adult patients with cardiogenic shock who received venoarterial ECMO from the international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry from 2009 to 2019, excluding those cannulated following an operation. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between time from admission to ECMO initiation and in-hospital death. Among 8619 patients (median, 56.7 [range, 44.8-65.6] years; 33.5% women), the median duration from admission to ECMO initiation was 14 (5-32) hours. Patients who had ECMO initiated within 24 hours (n=5882 [68.2%]) differed from those who had ECMO initiated after 24 hours, with younger age, more preceding cardiac arrest, and worse acidosis. After multivariable adjustment, patients with ECMO initiated >24 hours after admission had higher risk of in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.06-1.36]; P=0.004). Each 12-hour increase in the time from admission to ECMO initiation was incrementally associated with higher adjusted in-hospital mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03-1.10]; P<0.001). The association between longer time to ECMO and worse outcomes appeared stronger in patients with lower shock severity. CONCLUSIONS Longer delays from admission to ECMO initiation were associated with higher a mortality rate in a large-scale, international registry. Our analysis supports optimization of door-to-support time and the avoidance of inappropriately delayed ECMO initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavros G. Drakos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research Training InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Craig H. Selzman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Clark Owyang
- Department of Emergency MedicineNew York Presbyterian Hospital‐Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Felipe Teran
- Department of Emergency MedicineNew York Presbyterian Hospital‐Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Joseph E. Tonna
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Behnes M, Rusnak J, Egner-Walter S, Ruka M, Dudda J, Schmitt A, Forner J, Mashayekhi K, Tajti P, Ayoub M, Weiß C, Akin I, Schupp T. Effect of Admission and Onset Time on the Prognosis of Patients With Cardiogenic Shock. Chest 2024; 165:110-127. [PMID: 37579943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spectrum of patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) has changed significantly over time. CS has become especially more common in the absence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), while this subset of patients was typically excluded from recent studies. Furthermore the prognostic impact of onset time and onset place due to CS has rarely been investigated. RESEARCH QUESTION Do the place of CS onset (out-of-hospital, ie, primary CS vs in-hospital, ie, secondary CS) and the onset time of out-of-hospital CS (ie, on-hours vs off-hours admission) affect the risk of all-cause mortality at 30 days? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective monocentric registry included consecutive patients with CS of any cause from 2019 until 2021. First, the prognostic impact of the place of CS onset (out-of-hospital, ie, primary CS vs during hospitalization, ie, secondary CS) was investigated. Thereafter, the prognostic impact of the onset time of out-of-hospital CS was investigated. Furthermore, the prognostic impact of causative AMI vs non-AMI was investigated. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier analyses, and univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-three patients with CS were included prospectively (64% with primary out-of-hospital CS). The place of CS onset was not associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality within the entire study cohort (secondary in-hospital CS: hazard ratio [HR], 1.532; 95% CI, 0.990-2.371; P = .06). However, increased risk of 30-day all-cause mortality was seen in patients with AMI related secondary in-hospital CS (HR, 2.087; 95% CI, 1.126-3.868; P = .02). Furthermore, primary out-of-hospital CS admitted during off-hours was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to primary CS admitted during on-hours (HR, 0.497; 95% CI, 0.302-0.817; P = .01), irrespective of the presence or absence of AMI. INTERPRETATION Primary and secondary CS were associated with comparable, whereas primary out-of-hospital CS admitted during off-hours was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality at 30 days. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT05575856; URL: www. CLINICALTRIALS gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Behnes
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Jonas Rusnak
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Sascha Egner-Walter
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Marinela Ruka
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Jonas Dudda
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Jan Forner
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Kambis Mashayekhi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Mediclin Heart Centre Lahr, Lahr
| | - Péter Tajti
- Gottsegen György National Cardiovascular Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohamed Ayoub
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center University of Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Christel Weiß
- Institute of Biomathematics and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University Medical Center, Mannheim
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim.
| | - Tobias Schupp
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim
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Bernhardt AM, Copeland H, Deswal A, Gluck J, Givertz MM. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation/Heart Failure Society of America Guideline on Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023; 42:e1-e64. [PMID: 36805198 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Bernhardt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hannah Copeland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lutheran Health Physicians, Fort Wayne, Indiana
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Gluck
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Michael M Givertz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Pozzi M, Payet C, Polazzi S, L'Hospital A, Obadia JF, Dueclos A. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: Insights from a French nationwide database. Int J Cardiol 2023; 380:14-19. [PMID: 36940821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to analyze the impact of timing of implantation (strategy-outcome relationship) and volume of procedures (volume-outcome relationship) on survival of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) for cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS We conducted an observational retrospective study through two propensity score-based analyses using a nationwide database between January 2013 and December 2019. We classified patients into early implantation (VA ECMO on the day of primary percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) and delayed implantation (VA ECMO beyond the day of PCI) groups. We classified patients into low- or high-volume groups based on the median hospital volume. RESULTS During the study period 649 VA ECMO were implanted across 20 French hospitals. Mean age was 57.1 ± 10.4 years, 80% were male. Overall, 90-day mortality was 64.3%. Patients in the early implantation group (n = 479, 73.8%) did not show a statistical difference in 90-day mortality than in the delayed group (n = 170, 26.2%) (HR: 1.18; 95% CI 0.94-1.48; p = 0.153). The mean number of VA ECMO implanted during the study period by low-volume centers was 21.3 ± 5.4 as compared to 43.6 ± 11.8 in high-volume centers. There was no significant difference in 90-day mortality between high-volume and low-volume centers (HR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.82-1.23; p = 0.995). CONCLUSIONS In this real-world nationwide study, we did not find a significant association between early VA ECMO implantation as well as high-volume centers and lower mortality in AMI-related refractory cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pozzi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France; Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Cécile Payet
- Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Health Data Department, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Stephanie Polazzi
- Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Health Data Department, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean Francois Obadia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, "Louis Pradel" Cardiologic Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Dueclos
- Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Health Data Department, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
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Bernhardt AM, Copeland H, Deswal A, Gluck J, Givertz MM. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation/Heart Failure Society of America Guideline on Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support. J Card Fail 2023; 29:304-374. [PMID: 36754750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Bernhardt
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hannah Copeland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lutheran Health Physicians, Fort Wayne, Indiana
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Gluck
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Michael M Givertz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Clinical characteristics and evolution of patients with cardiogenic shock in Argentina in the context of an acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation. Data from the nationwide ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101468. [PMID: 36261099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenic Shock is one of the main causes of death in ST segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. To know the clinical characteristics, in-hospital evolution and mortality of patients with Cardiogenic Shock. Patients enrolled in the ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry were analyzed. Predictors of Cardiogenic Shock and death during hospital stay were established. A total of 6122 patients were admitted between 2015 and 2022. Cardiogenic Shock was present in 10.75% of cases. Patients with CS were older (64.5 vs 60 years), more females (41% vs 36%), with more antecedents of infarction and a higher prevalence of anterior location of infarction and multivessel disease. They were also less revascularized (88.5% vs 91.5%) and had a higher incidence of failed angioplasty (15.7% vs 2.7%). They also evidenced a higher occurrence of mechanical complications (6.8% vs 0.4%), ischemic recurrence (7.4% vs 3.4%) and cardiac arrest on admission (44.8% vs 2.6%). All the differences described showed statistical significance with P < 0.05. Overall mortality was 58% in contrast to 2.77% in patients without Cardiogenic Shock (P < 0.001). Only age, DBT, and early cardiac arrest were independent predictors of shock on admission whereas age, female gender, cardiac arrest on admission and failed angioplasty were independent predictors of death. One out of 10 patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction presented cardiogenic shock. Its clinical characteristics were similar to those described more than 20 years ago. Despite a high use of reperfusion strategy cardiogenic shock continues to have a very high mortality Argentina.
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Morales G, Adedipe A, Morse S, McCabe J, Mahr C, Nichol G. Feasibility of Very Early Identification of Cardiogenic Shock by Semi-automated Ultrasound Exam in the Emergency Department. Cureus 2022; 14:e30927. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cardiogenic Shock Among Patients with and without Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Latin American Country: A Single-Institution Study. Glob Heart 2021; 16:78. [PMID: 34900569 PMCID: PMC8641529 DOI: 10.5334/gh.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Latin America has limited information about the full spectrum cardiogenic shock (CS) and its hospital outcome. This study sought to examine the temporal trends, clinical features and outcomes of patients with CS in a coronary care unit of single Mexican institution. Methods: This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients hospitalized with CS in a Mexican teaching hospital between 2006–2019. Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: Of 22,747 admissions, 833 (3.7%) exhibited CS. Among patients with AMI (n = 12,438), 5% had AMI–CS, and in patients without AMI (n = 10,309), 2.3% developed CS (non-AMI–CS). Their median age was 63 years and 70.5% were men. Cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent among the AMI–CS group, whereas a history of heart failure was greater in non-AMI–CS patients (70.1%). In AMI-CS patients, the median delay time was 17.2 hours from the onset of AMI symptoms to hospital admission. Overall, the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 30%. Patients with CS at admission showed end-organ dysfunction, evidenced by lactic acidosis, renal impairment, and elevated liver transaminases. Of the 620 AMI–CS patients, the main cause was left ventricular dysfunction in 71.3%, mechanical complications in 15.2% and right ventricular infarction in 13.5%. Among the 213 non-AMI–CS patients, valvular heart disease (49.3%) and cardiomyopathies (42.3%) were the most frequent etiologies. In-hospital all-cause mortality rates were 69.7% and 72.3% in the AMI–CS and non-AMI–CS groups, respectively. Among AMI–CS patients, renal dysfunction, diabetes, older age, depressed LVEF, absence of revascularization and the use of mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. However, in the non-AMI–CS group, only low LVEF and high lactate levels proved significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates differences in the epidemiology of CS compared to high-income countries; the high mortality reflects critically ill patients and the lack of contemporary effective therapies in the population studied.
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Olanipekun T, Abe T, Igwe J, Effoe V, Egbuche O, Chris-Olaiya A, Snyder R. Sudden cardiac arrest during the immediate revascularization period in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: A case series. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2021; 40S:332-336. [PMID: 34815183 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The timing of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) after myocardial infarction (MI) has been a subject of research because of the impact on preventive strategies. Currently, there is limited data on the risk of SCA in the immediate post revascularization period (≤48 h) in non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical record system and identified patients who underwent revascularization for NSTEMI at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia between January 1st, 2014-December 31st, 2019. We selected patients who had SCA within 48 h of revascularization and evaluated their socio-demographic and inpatient characteristics and outcomes. RESULTS Sixteen (16) cases of SCA in the immediate post revascularization period (within 48 h) were identified and analyzed which corresponds to an incidence rate of 1.8% (n = 16/869). The mean age (SD) was 69 years (14.6) and 75% were males. On angiography, more than 80% of the patients had hemodynamically significant lesions in the left anterior descending arteries and its territories and 50% had multivessel disease. All 16 patients had at least one coronary artery with hemodynamically significant lesion and successfully underwent revascularization. Three-quarter of the patients had a shockable rhythm. The etiology of SCA was in-stent thrombosis in 25% of the patients, cardiogenic shock in 19%, acute respiratory failure in 13% and unknown in 44% of the cases. The 30-day mortality rate was 38%. CONCLUSION The rate of SCA is high in the first 48 h after MI even with revascularization. Risk stratification for SCA during this critical period may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titilope Olanipekun
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Covenant Health System, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Safety, Quality, Informatics and Leadership Program, Department of Postgraduate Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Temidayo Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Igwe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valery Effoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Obiorah Egbuche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Interventional Cardiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abimbola Chris-Olaiya
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
| | - Richard Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Samsky MD, Morrow DA, Proudfoot AG, Hochman JS, Thiele H, Rao SV. Cardiogenic Shock After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Review. JAMA 2021; 326:1840-1850. [PMID: 34751704 PMCID: PMC9661446 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.18323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cardiogenic shock affects between 40 000 and 50 000 people in the US per year and is the leading cause of in-hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction. OBSERVATIONS Thirty-day mortality for patients with cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction is approximately 40%, and 1-year mortality approaches 50%. Immediate revascularization of the infarct-related coronary artery remains the only treatment for cardiogenic shock associated with acute myocardial infarction supported by randomized clinical trials. The Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Strategies with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock (CULPRIT-SHOCK) clinical trial demonstrated a reduction in the primary outcome of 30-day death or kidney replacement therapy; 158 of 344 patients (45.9%) in the culprit lesion revascularization-only group compared with 189 of 341 patients (55.4%) in the multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention group (relative risk, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.71-0.96]; P = .01). Despite a lack of randomized trials demonstrating benefit, percutaneous mechanical circulatory support devices are frequently used to manage cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cardiogenic shock occurs in up to 10% of patients immediately following acute myocardial infarction and is associated with mortality rates of nearly 40% at 30 days and 50% at 1 year. Current evidence and clinical practice guidelines support immediate revascularization of the infarct-related coronary artery as the primary therapy for cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Samsky
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Morrow
- TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alastair G Proudfoot
- Perioperative Medicine Department, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Clinic For Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Free University Berlin and Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care, German Heart Centre Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith S Hochman
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Holger Thiele
- Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Leipzig Heart Institute, Heart Center Leipzig at University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sunil V Rao
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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12
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Takagi K, Tanaka A, Yoshioka N, Morita Y, Yoshida R, Kanzaki Y, Watanabe N, Yamauchi R, Komeyama S, Sugiyama H, Shimojo K, Imaoka T, Sakamoto G, Ohi T, Goto H, Ishii H, Morishima I, Murohara T. In-hospital mortality among consecutive patients with ST-Elevation myocardial infarction in modern primary percutaneous intervention era ~ Insights from 15-year data of single-center hospital-based registry ~. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252503. [PMID: 34115767 PMCID: PMC8195354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the association of detailed angiographic findings with in-hospital outcome after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Japan. Background Data regarding the association of detailed angiographic findings with in-hospital outcome after STEMI are limited in the p-PCI era. Methods Between January-2004 and December-2018, 1735 patients with STEMI (mean age, 68.5 years; female, 24.6%) who presented to the hospital in the 24-hours after symptom onset and underwent p-PCI were evaluated using the disease registries. The registry is an ongoing, retrospective, single-center hospital-based registry. Results The 30-day mortality rate and in-hospital mortality rate were 7.7% and 9.2%, respectively. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were ejection fraction (EF) < 40% [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), 4.446, p < 0.001], culprit lesions in the left coronary artery (LCA) (aOR, 2.940, p < 0.001) compared with those in the right coronary artery, Killip class > II (aOR, 7.438; p < 0.001), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (aOR, 4.056; p < 0.001), final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grades 0/1/2 (aOR, 1.809; p = 0.03), absence of robust collaterals (aOR, 17.309; p = 0.01) and hypertension (aOR, 0.449; p = 0.01). Conclusions Among the consecutive patients with STEMI, the in-hospital mortality rate after p-PCI significantly improved in the second half. Not only CKD, Killip class > II, and EF < 40%, but also the angiographic findings such as culprit lesions in the LCA, absence of very robust collaterals, and final TIMI grades <3 were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Takagi
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Ruka Yoshida
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kanzaki
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Shotaro Komeyama
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiyama
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shimojo
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Takuro Imaoka
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Gaku Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Takuma Ohi
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itsuro Morishima
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) Measured at Admission is Associated With Development of Late Cardiogenic Shock and Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Shock 2021; 56:255-259. [PMID: 34276039 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) the immune system is activated with an inflammatory response to follow. In STEMI patients with a severe inflammatory response, risk of development of cardiogenic shock (CS) seems increased. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein released from mature neutrophils and plasma concentration may increase immediately after STEMI. We therefore aimed to assess whether admission NGAL plasma concentration in patients with STEMI was associated with CS development after leaving the catheterization laboratory (late CS) and 30-day all-cause mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1,892 consecutive patients with STEMI 1,626 (86%) had plasma NGAL concentration measured upon hospital admission before angiography throughout a 1-year period at two tertiary heart centers in Denmark. Patients were stratified according to NGAL quartiles (Q1-4). To assess late CS development, we adjusted for the Observatoire Régional Breton sur l'Infarctus risk score for late CS. For mortality assessment, we adjusted for gender, age, post-PCI culprit Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), kidney dysfunction, and being comatose after cardiac arrest. RESULTS Increasing NGAL concentration was associated with higher age, more comorbidities, and more critical patient conditions including lower blood pressure and LVEF. When adjusted for factors associated with poor outcome, NGAL remained independently associated with both late CS development (Q4 vs. Q1-3) (OR (95% CI) 3.64 (1.79-7.41) and 30-day mortality (HR (95% CI) 3.18 (1.73-5.84)). CONCLUSION Admission plasma concentration of NGAL in STEMI patients is independently associated with 30-day all-cause mortality and predictive of late CS development.
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14
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Sharma YP, Krishnappa D, Kanabar K, Kasinadhuni G, Sharma R, Kishore K, Mehrotra S, Santosh K, Gupta A, Panda P. Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction and complicated by cardiogenic shock. Indian Heart J 2019; 71:387-393. [PMID: 32035521 PMCID: PMC7013184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2019.11.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Delayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS-STEMI) is commonly encountered in developing countries and is a challenging scenario because of a delay in revascularization resulting in infarction of a large amount of the myocardium. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, angiographic profile, and predictors of outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI. Methods A total of 147 patients with CS-STEMI with time to appropriate medical care ≥12 h after symptom onset were prospectively recruited at a tertiary referral center. Results The median time to appropriate care was 24 h (interquartile range 18–48 h). The mean age was 58.7 ± 11.1 years. Left ventricular pump failure was the leading cause of shock (67.3%), whereas mechanical complications accounted for 14.9% and right ventricular infarction for 13.6% of cases. The overall in-hospital mortality was 42.9%. Acute kidney injury [Odds ratio (OR) 8.04; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.08–20.92], ventricular tachycardia (OR 7.04; CI 2.09–23.63), mechanical complications (OR 6.46; CI 1.80–23.13), and anterior infarction (OR 3.18; CI 1.01–9.97) were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. Coronary angiogram (56.5%) revealed single-vessel disease (45.8%) as the most common finding. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 53 patients (36%), at a median of 36 h (interquartile range 30–72) after symptom onset. Conclusion Patients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI were younger and more likely to have single-vessel disease. We found a high in-hospital mortality of 42.9%. Appropriate randomized studies are required to evaluate the optimal treatment strategies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Paul Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Darshan Krishnappa
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kewal Kanabar
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ganesh Kasinadhuni
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kamal Kishore
- Department of Biostatistics, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Saurabh Mehrotra
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Krishna Santosh
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Prashant Panda
- Department of Cardiology, Advanced Cardiac Centre (ACC), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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15
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Sagaydak OV, Oschepkova EV, Chazova IE. [Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndrome (data from Russian Federal Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry)]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:47-52. [PMID: 32598814 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.09.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mortality in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its complications remains high, despite significant advances in the treatment of coronary heart disease and its complications. One of the most life - threatening complications of ACS is cardiogenic shock (CS). CS is an extreme degree of acute heart failure and develops on average in 5-8% of patients hospitalized with ACS. In the present work, we analyzed data from Russian Federal ACS Registry - frequency of CS occurrence, treatment methods, and outcomes of ACS complicated by CS. AIM Assess the quality of medical care in patients with ACS, which complicated by CS, and its compliance with current clinical guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from patients with ACS were exported from the Russian Federal ACS Registry. The study analyzed the data of 29.736 patients with ACS entered into the registry system in the period from 01.01.2018 to 31.12.2018. Of the 29.736 patients with ACS, 824 patients were diagnosed with CS. To assess the quality of care provided to patients with ACS and CS, the main clinical gguidelines were used. RESULTS The group of 824 patients with ACS and CS was analyzed. Among them patients with ACS with ST segment elevation prevailed - 77.8% (n=641). According to Russian Federal ACS Registry 44.3% (n=365) of patients with ACS and CS received conservative treatment, of which 58.6% (n=108) were with ACS with ST segment elevation. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 39% (n=321) of patients, of whom 89.4% (n=271) of patients with ACS with ST segment elevation. According to the data of this study, thrombolytic therapy was performed in 26.5% (n=218) of patients. CONCLUSION The data obtained demonstrated that patients with ACS and CS did not receive optimal medical care and their treatment does not fully comply with modern clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Sagaydak
- Myasnikov Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - E V Oschepkova
- Myasnikov Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | - I E Chazova
- Myasnikov Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
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16
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Rab T, Ratanapo S, Kern KB, Basir MB, McDaniel M, Meraj P, King SB, O'Neill W. Cardiac Shock Care Centers: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 72:1972-1980. [PMID: 30309475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances over the past decade, the incidence of cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction has increased, with an unchanged mortality near 50%. Recent trials have not clarified the best strategies in treatment. While dedicated cardiac shock centers are being established, there are no standardized agreements on the utilization of mechanical circulatory support and the timeliness of percutaneous coronary intervention strategies. In some centers and prospective registries, outcomes after placement of advanced mechanical circulatory support prior to reperfusion therapy with percutaneous coronary intervention have been encouraging with improved survival. Here, we suggest systems of care with a treatment pathway for patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Rab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Supawat Ratanapo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karl B Kern
- Division of Cardiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Michael McDaniel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Perwaiz Meraj
- Division of Cardiology, Northwell Health, New York, New York
| | - Spencer B King
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Rathod KS, Koganti S, Jain AK, Rakhit R, Dalby MC, Lockie T, Kalra S, Malik IS, Knight CJ, Whitbread M, Mathur A, Firoozi S, Bogle R, Redwood S, MacCarthy PA, Sirker A, O'Mahony C, Wragg A, Jones DA. Complete Versus Culprit only Revascularisation in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: Incidence and Outcomes from the London Heart Attack Group. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2019; 21:350-358. [PMID: 31327710 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in technology, patients with Cardiogenic Shock (CS) presenting with ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) still have a poor prognosis with high mortality rates. A large proportion of these patients have multi-vessel coronary artery disease, the treatment of which is still unclear. We aimed to assess the trends in management of CS patients with multi-vessel disease (MVD), particularly looking at the incidence and outcomes of complete revascularisation compared to culprit vessel only. METHODS AND RESULTS We undertook an observational cohort study of 21,210 STEMI patients treated between 2005 and 2015 at the 8 Heart Attack Centres in London, UK. Patients' details were recorded prospectively into local databases using the British Cardiac Intervention Society (BCIS) PCI dataset. 1058 patients presented with CS and MVD. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Patients were followed-up for a median of 4.1 years (IQR range: 2.2-5.8 years). 497 (47.0%) patients underwent complete revascularisation during primary PCI for CS with stable rates seen over time. These patients were more likely to be male, hypertensive and more likely to have poor LV function compared to the culprit vessel intervention group. Although crude, in hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rates were similar (40.8% vs. 36.0%, p = 0.558) between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no significant differences in mortality rates between the two groups (53.8% complete revascularisation vs. 46.8% culprit vessel intervention, p = 0.252) during the follow-up period. After multivariate cox analysis (HR 0.69 95% CI (0.44-0.98)) and the use of propensity matching (HR: 0.81 95% CI: 0.62-0.97) complete revascularisation was associated with reduced mortality. A number of co-variates were included in the model, including age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, previous PCI, previous MI, chronic renal failure, Anterior infarct, number of treated vessels, pre-procedure TIMI flow, procedural success and GP IIb/IIIA use. CONCLUSION In a contemporary observational series of CS patients with MVD, complete revascularisation appears to be associated with better outcomes compared to culprit vessel only intervention. This supports on-going clinical trials in this area and provides further evidence of the association of complete revascularisation in STEMI with good outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaraj S Rathod
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sudheer Koganti
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roby Rakhit
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Miles C Dalby
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Middlesex, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tim Lockie
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sundeep Kalra
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Iqbal S Malik
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Charles J Knight
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Whitbread
- London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Anthony Mathur
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sam Firoozi
- St. George's Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard Bogle
- St. George's Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, St. George's Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Simon Redwood
- St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guys & St. Thomas Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Philip A MacCarthy
- King's College Hospital, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alexander Sirker
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Constantinos O'Mahony
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew Wragg
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Daniel A Jones
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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18
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Khalid MF, Khan AA, Khattak F, Ayub MT, Bagai J, Mukherjee D, Helton T, Cohen MG, Banerjee S, Paul TK. Culprit Vessel Only Versus Multivessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2018; 20:956-964. [PMID: 30638891 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies comparing outcomes between culprit vessel only percutaneous coronary intervention (CV-PCI) versus multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (MV-PCI) in patients with cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute myocardial infarction have shown conflicting results. This meta-analysis investigates the optimal approach for management of these patients considering recently published data. METHODS Electronic databases including MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library were searched for all clinical studies published until May 1, 2018, which compared outcomes in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Studies comparing CV-PCI versus MV-PCI in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease were screened for inclusion in final analysis. The primary end point was in-hospital/30 day mortality. Secondary endpoints included long term (>6 months) mortality, renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, stroke, bleeding, and recurrent myocardial infarction. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% of confidence interval (CI) were computed and p values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Patient who underwent CV-PCI had significantly lower short-term mortality (in-hospital or 30-day mortality) (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.61-0.87, p = 0.0005), and lower odds of severe renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (OR: 0.76, CI: 0.59-0.98, p = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference in long-term mortality, stroke, bleeding, and recurrent myocardial infarction between two groups. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed lower short-term mortality and decreased odds of renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy with CV-PCI compared to MV-PCI. However, subgroup analysis including studies exclusively assessing STEMI patients revealed no statistically significant difference in outcomes. Further randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate long term results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Ahad Khan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Furqan Khattak
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Muhammad Talha Ayub
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayant Bagai
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Helton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Veterans Affairs Mountain Home, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Mauricio G Cohen
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- VA North Texas Health Care System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timir K Paul
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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19
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Loehn T, O'Neill WW, Lange B, Pfluecke C, Schweigler T, Mierke J, Waessnig N, Mahlmann A, Youssef A, Speiser U, Strasser RH, Ibrahim K. Long term survival after early unloading with Impella CP ® in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2018; 9:149-157. [PMID: 30456984 DOI: 10.1177/2048872618815063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of percutaneous left ventricular assist devices in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS) is evolving. The aim of the study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with AMICS depending on early initiation of Impella CP® support prior to a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent PCI and Impella CP® support between 2014 and 2016 for AMICS at our institution. We compared survival to discharge between those with support initiation before (pre-PCI) and after (post-PCI) PCI. RESULTS A total of 73 consecutive patients (69±12 years old, 27.4% female) were supported with Impella CP® and underwent PCI for AMICS (34 pre-PCI vs. 39 post-PCI). All patients were admitted with cardiogenic shock, and 58.9% sustained cardiac arrest. Survival at discharge was 35.6%. Compared with the post-PCI group, patients in the pre-PCI group had more lesions treated (p=0.03), a higher device weaning rate (p=0.005) and higher survival to discharge as well as to 30 and 90 days after device implantation, respectively (50.0% vs. 23.1%, 48.5% vs. 23.1%, 46.9 vs. 20.5%, p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher survival at one year (31.3% vs. 17.6%, log-rank p-value=0.03) in the pre-PCI group. Impella support initiation before PCI was an independent predictor of survival up to 180 days after device implantation. CONCLUSIONS In this small, single-centre, non-randomized study Impella CP® initiation prior to PCI was associated with higher survival rates at discharge and up to one year in AMICS patients presenting with high risk for in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Loehn
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - William W O'Neill
- Henry Ford Medical Center, Department of Interventional Cardiology and Structural Heart Disease, Detroit, USA
| | - Bjoern Lange
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Pfluecke
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Schweigler
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Mierke
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Waessnig
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Adrian Mahlmann
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Akram Youssef
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Speiser
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ruth H Strasser
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Karim Ibrahim
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Herzzentrum Dresden University Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (MI-CS) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Predictors of outcomes in MI-CS include clinical, laboratory, radiologic variables, and management strategies. This article reviews the existing literature on short- and long-term predictors and risk stratification in MI complicated by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Acharya
- From the Section of Advanced Heart Failure, Mechanical Circulatory Support, and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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21
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Chalkias A, Pavlopoulos F, Papageorgiou E, Tountas C, Anania A, Panteli M, Beloukas A, Xanthos T. Development and Testing of a Novel Anaesthesia Induction/Ventilation Protocol for Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:1048-1058. [PMID: 30056844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition and patients might require rapid sequence induction (RSI) and mechanical ventilation. In this study, we evaluated a new RSI/mechanical ventilation protocol in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. METHODS We included consecutive adult patients who were transferred to the emergency department. The RSI protocol included 5 phases: preoxygenation, pretreatment, induction/paralysis, intubation, and mechanical ventilation (PPIIM). A posteriori, we selected historical patients managed with standard RSI as a control group. The primary outcome was hemodynamic derangement or hypoxemia from enrollment until intensive care unit (ICU) admission. RESULTS We studied 31 consecutive patients who were intubated using the PPIIM protocol and 22 historical controls. We found significant differences in systolic (85.32 ± 4.23 vs 71.72 ± 7.98 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), diastolic (58.84 ± 5.84 vs 39.05 ± 5.63 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), and mean arterial pressure (67.71 ± 4.90 vs 49.90 ± 5.66 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), as well as in partial pressure of oxygen (85.80 ± 19.82 vs 164.73 ± 43.07 mm Hg; P < 0.0001) between the PPIIM and control group at 5 minutes of automated ventilation. Also, statistically significant differences were observed in diastolic (59.74 ± 4.93 vs 47.86 ± 11.47 mm Hg; P < 0.0001) and mean arterial pressure (68.65 ± 4.10 vs 60.23 ± 11.67 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), as well as in partial pressure of oxygen (119.84 ± 50.57 vs 179.50 ± 42.17 mm Hg; P < 0.0001), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (39.81 ± 10.60 vs 31.00 ± 9.30 mm Hg; P = 0.003) between the 2 groups at ICU admission. Compared with the control group, with PPIIM more patients survived to ICU admission (100% vs 77%) and hospital discharge (71% vs 31.8%), as well as at 90 days (51.6% vs 18.2%), and at 180 days (38.7% vs 13.6%). CONCLUSIONS The PPIIM protocol allows safe intubation of acute myocardial infarction patients with cardiogenic shock and improves hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Chalkias
- University of Thessaly, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Larisa, Greece; Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Effie Papageorgiou
- University of West Attica, Department of BioMedical Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Tountas
- Tzaneio General Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Artemis Anania
- Tzaneio General Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Maria Panteli
- Tzaneio General Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Apostolos Beloukas
- University of West Attica, Department of BioMedical Sciences, Athens, Greece; University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros Xanthos
- Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Athens, Greece; European University Cyprus, School of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Nguyen OK, Makam AN, Clark C, Zhang S, Das SR, Halm EA. Predicting 30-Day Hospital Readmissions in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The AMI "READMITS" (Renal Function, Elevated Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Age, Diabetes Mellitus , Nonmale Sex , Intervention with Timely Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, and Low Systolic Blood Pressure) Score. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008882. [PMID: 29666065 PMCID: PMC6015397 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Readmissions after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are common. However, the few currently available AMI readmission risk prediction models have poor-to-modest predictive ability and are not readily actionable in real time. We sought to develop an actionable and accurate AMI readmission risk prediction model to identify high-risk patients as early as possible during hospitalization. METHODS AND RESULTS We used electronic health record data from consecutive AMI hospitalizations from 6 hospitals in north Texas from 2009 to 2010 to derive and validate models predicting all-cause nonelective 30-day readmissions, using stepwise backward selection and 5-fold cross-validation. Of 826 patients hospitalized with AMI, 13% had a 30-day readmission. The first-day AMI model (the AMI "READMITS" score) included 7 predictors: renal function, elevated brain natriuretic peptide, age, diabetes mellitus, nonmale sex, intervention with timely percutaneous coronary intervention, and low systolic blood pressure, had an optimism-corrected C-statistic of 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.74) and was well calibrated. The full-stay AMI model, which included 3 additional predictors (use of intravenous diuretics, anemia on discharge, and discharge to postacute care), had an optimism-corrected C-statistic of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.76) with minimally improved net reclassification and calibration. Both AMI models outperformed corresponding multicondition readmission models. CONCLUSIONS The parsimonious AMI READMITS score enables early prospective identification of high-risk AMI patients for targeted readmissions reduction interventions within the first 24 hours of hospitalization. A full-stay AMI readmission model only modestly outperformed the AMI READMITS score in terms of discrimination, but surprisingly did not meaningfully improve reclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh Kieu Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anil N Makam
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Christopher Clark
- Office of Research Administration, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sandeep R Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ethan A Halm
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Nguyen HL, Yarzebski J, Lessard D, Gore JM, McManus DD, Goldberg RJ. Ten-Year (2001-2011) Trends in the Incidence Rates and Short-Term Outcomes of Early Versus Late Onset Cardiogenic Shock After Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.005566. [PMID: 28592462 PMCID: PMC5669173 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction, and the time of onset of CS has a potential role in influencing its prognosis. Limited contemporary data exist on this complication, however, especially from a population‐based perspective. Our study objectives were to describe decade‐long trends in the incidence, in‐hospital mortality, and factors associated with the development of CS in 3 temporal contexts: (1) before hospital arrival for acute myocardial infarction (prehospital CS); (2) within 24 hours of hospitalization (early CS); and (3) ≥24 hours after hospitalization (late CS). Methods and Results The study population consisted of 5782 patients with an acute myocardial infarction who were admitted to all 11 hospitals in central Massachusetts on a biennial basis between 2001 and 2011. The overall proportion of patients who developed CS was 5.2%. The proportion of patients with prehospital CS (1.6%) and late CS (1.5%) remained stable over time, whereas the proportion of patients with early CS declined from 2.2% in 2001–2003 to 1.2% in 2009–2011. In‐hospital mortality for prehospital CS increased from 38.9% in 2001–2003 to 53.6% in 2009–2011, whereas in‐hospital mortality for early and late CS decreased over time (35.9% and 64.7% in 2001–2003 to 15.8% and 39.1% in 2009–2011, respectively). Conclusions Development of prehospital and in‐hospital CS was associated with poor short‐term survival and the in‐hospital death rates among those with prehospital CS increased over time. Interventions focused on preventing or treating prehospital and late CS are needed to improve in‐hospital survival after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa L Nguyen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jorge Yarzebski
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joel M Gore
- Department of Quantitative Sciences, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX
| | - David D McManus
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Quantitative Sciences, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX
| | - Robert J Goldberg
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA .,Department of Quantitative Sciences, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX
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Obling L, Frydland M, Hansen R, Møller-Helgestad OK, Lindholm MG, Holmvang L, Ravn HB, Wiberg S, Thomsen JH, Jensen LO, Kjærgaard J, Møller JE, Hassager C. Risk factors of late cardiogenic shock and mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL-ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CARE 2017; 7:7-15. [DOI: 10.1177/2048872617706503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The incidence of cardiogenic shock (CS) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is as high as 10%. The majority of patients are thought to develop CS after admission (late CS), but the incidence in a contemporary STEMI cohort admitted for primary percutaneous intervention remains unknown. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and time of CS onset in patients with suspected STEMI admitted in two high-volume tertiary heart centres and to assess the variables associated with the development of late CS. Methods: We included consecutive patients admitted for acute coronary angiography with suspected STEMI in a 1-year period. Cardiogenic shock was based on clinical criteria and subdivided into patients with shock on admission, patients developing shock during catheterisation and patients developing shock later during hospitalisation. Follow-up for all-cause mortality was done using registries. Results: A total of 2247 patients with suspected STEMI were included, whereof 225 (10%) developed CS. The majority (56%) had CS on admission, 16% developed CS in the catheterisation laboratory and 28% developed late CS. Thirty-day mortality was 3.1% versus 47% in non-CS versus CS patients ( plogrank < 0.0001). Age, stroke, time from symptom onset to intervention, anterior STEMI, heart rate/systolic blood pressure ratio and being comatose after resuscitation from cardiac arrest were independently associated with the development of late CS. Conclusion: In this study, 10% of patients admitted with suspected STEMI for acute coronary angiography presented with or developed CS. Most were in shock on admission. Irrespective of the timing of shock, mortality was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laust Obling
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Frydland
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Matias Greve Lindholm
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Holmvang
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Berg Ravn
- Department of Thoracic Anesthesiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Wiberg
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Hartvig Thomsen
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Kjærgaard
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Hassager
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bouki KP, Pavlakis G, Papasteriadis E. Management of Cardiogenic Shock Due to Acute Coronary Syndromes. Angiology 2016; 56:123-30. [PMID: 15793600 DOI: 10.1177/000331970505600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes, there has been no significant decrease in the incidence of cardiogenic shock, while its mortality remains frustratingly high. Shock is a progressive state of hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) lasting at least 30 minutes, which leads to systemic hypoperfusion. It is more common in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction than in patients with other acute coronary syndromes. Revascularization is associated with better outcomes than intensive medical therapy, especially in patients <75 years of age with cardiogenic shock. Adjunctive therapies include inotropes, vasopressor therapy, intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation, and IIb/IIIa blockade to prevent no-reflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Other adjunctive therapies which are investigated are improved mechanical support devices, and as medical therapy for myocyte protection nicorandil, glucose/insulin/potassium infusions and direct inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger.
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Goldberg RJ, Makam RCP, Yarzebski J, McManus DD, Lessard D, Gore JM. Decade-Long Trends (2001-2011) in the Incidence and Hospital Death Rates Associated with the In-Hospital Development of Cardiogenic Shock after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016; 9:117-25. [PMID: 26884615 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available about relatively contemporary trends in the incidence and hospital case-fatality rates of cardiogenic shock in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of this population-based study was to describe decade long trends (2001-2011) in the incidence and hospital case-fatality rates for patients who developed cardiogenic shock during hospitalization for an acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population consisted of 5686 residents of central Massachusetts hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction at all 11 medical centers in the Worcester, MA, metropolitan area during 6 biennial periods between 2001 and 2011, who did not have cardiogenic shock at the time of hospital presentation. On average, 3.7% of these patients developed cardiogenic shock during their acute hospitalization with nonsignificant and inconsistent trends noted over time in both crude (3.7% in 2001/2003; 4.5% in 2005/2007; 2.7% in 2009/2011; P=0.19) and multivariable adjusted analyses. The overall in-hospital case-fatality rate for patients who developed cardiogenic shock was 41.4%. The crude and multivariable adjusted odds of dying after cardiogenic shock declined during the most recent study years (47.1% dying in 2001/2003, 42.0% dying in 2005/2007, and 28.6% dying in 2009/2011). Increases in the use of evidence-based cardiac medications, and interventional procedures paralleled the increasing hospital survival trends. CONCLUSIONS We found suggestions of a decline in the death, but not incidence, rates of cardiogenic shock over time. These encouraging trends in hospital survival are likely because of advances in the early recognition and aggressive management of patients who develop cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Goldberg
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| | - Raghavendra Charan P Makam
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Jorge Yarzebski
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - David D McManus
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Darleen Lessard
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Joel M Gore
- From the Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences (R.J.G., R.C.P.M. J.Y., D.L.), and Medicine (D.D.M., J.M.G.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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Mehta LS, Beckie TM, DeVon HA, Grines CL, Krumholz HM, Johnson MN, Lindley KJ, Vaccarino V, Wang TY, Watson KE, Wenger NK. Acute Myocardial Infarction in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2016; 133:916-47. [PMID: 26811316 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in American women. Since 1984, the annual cardiovascular disease mortality rate has remained greater for women than men; however, over the last decade, there have been marked reductions in cardiovascular disease mortality in women. The dramatic decline in mortality rates for women is attributed partly to an increase in awareness, a greater focus on women and cardiovascular disease risk, and the increased application of evidence-based treatments for established coronary heart disease. This is the first scientific statement from the American Heart Association on acute myocardial infarction in women. Sex-specific differences exist in the presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms, and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. This statement provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence of the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcomes of women with acute myocardial infarction.
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Abaunza M, Kabbani LS, Nypaver T, Greenbaum A, Balraj P, Qureshi S, Alqarqaz MA, Shepard AD. Incidence and prognosis of vascular complications after percutaneous placement of left ventricular assist device. J Vasc Surg 2015; 62:417-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kryuchkov DV, Kheraskov VY, Artamonova GV. LONG TERM SURVIVAL OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS COMPLICATED WITH CARDIOGENIC SHOCK. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2015. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2015-2-13-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Kryuchkov
- FSBSI SRI of Complex Cardiovascular Problems. Kemerovo, Russia
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Chang L, Yeh R. Evaluation and Management of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction and Shock. Eur Cardiol 2014; 9:88-91. [PMID: 30310492 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2014.9.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock is the deadliest complication of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Prompt recognition and intervention are critical for patient survival. The diagnosis of cardiogenic shock is primarily a clinical one based on signs and symptoms of low cardiac output and heart failure, and can be confirmed with placement of a pulmonary arterial catheter. Vasopressor and inotropic therapies are typically required, and in severe cases, an intra-aortic balloon pump can provide additional haemodynamic support. Although mortality for cardiogenic shock associated with ST-elevation myocardial infarction remains high, early reperfusion strategies primarily via percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery have led to improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Yeh
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, US
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Aggarwal S, Slaughter MS. Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: role of mechanical circulatory support. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 6:1223-35. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.9.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O'Neill WW, Schreiber T, Wohns DHW, Rihal C, Naidu SS, Civitello AB, Dixon SR, Massaro JM, Maini B, Ohman EM. The current use of Impella 2.5 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results from the USpella Registry. J Interv Cardiol 2013; 27:1-11. [PMID: 24329756 PMCID: PMC4238821 DOI: 10.1111/joic.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the periprocedural characteristics and outcomes of patients supported with Impella 2.5 prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (pre-PCI) versus those who received it after PCI (post-PCI) in the setting of cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Background Early mechanical circulatory support may improve outcome in the setting of CS complicating an AMI. However, the optimal timing to initiate hemodynamic support has not been well characterized. Methods Data from 154 consecutive patients who underwent PCI and Impella 2.5 support from 38 US hospitals participating in the USpella Registry were included in our study. The primary end-point was survival to discharge. Secondary end-points included assessment of patients’ hemodynamics and in-hospital complications. A multivariate regression model was used to identify independent predictors for mortality. Results Both groups were comparable except for diabetes (P = 0.02), peripheral vascular disease (P = 0.008), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.05), and prior stroke (P = 0.04), all of which were more prevalent in the pre-PCI group. Patients in the pre-PCI group had more lesions (P = 0.006) and vessels (P = 0.01) treated. These patients had also significantly better survival to discharge compared to patients in the post-PCI group (65.1% vs.40.7%, P = 0.003). Survival remained favorable for the pre-PCI group after adjusting for potential confounding variables. Initiation of support prior to PCI with Impella 2.5 was an independent predictor of in-hospital survival (Odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval: 0.17–0.79, P = 0.01) in multivariate analysis. The incidence of in-hospital complications included in the secondary end-point was similar between the 2 groups. Conclusions The results of our study suggest that early initiation of hemodynamic support prior to PCI with Impella 2.5 is associated with more complete revascularization and improved survival in the setting of refractory CS complicating an AMI.
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Dores H, Ferreira J, Costa F, Aguiar C, Cardoso G, Teles R, Gonçalves PDA, Raposo L, Trabulo M, de Sousa Almeida M, Neves JP, Mendes M. Choque cardiogénico no enfarte agudo do miocárdio: o que mudou nos últimos 10 anos? Rev Port Cardiol 2013; 32:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: What changed over a 10-year time span. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Therapie des infarktbedingten kardiogenen Schocks. Notf Rett Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-012-1627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schwarzl M, Huber S, Maechler H, Steendijk P, Seiler S, Truschnig-Wilders M, Nestelberger T, Pieske BM, Post H. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction during acute myocardial infarction: effect of mild hypothermia. Resuscitation 2012; 83:1503-10. [PMID: 22634434 PMCID: PMC3500695 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Mild hypothermia (MH) decreases infarct size and mortality in experimental reperfused myocardial infarction, but may potentiate ischaemia-induced left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction. Methods In anaesthetized pigs (70 ± 2 kg), polystyrol microspheres (45 μm) were infused repeatedly into the left circumflex artery until cardiac power output decreased >40%. Then, pigs were assigned to normothermia (NT, 38.0 °C, n = 8) or MH (33.0 °C, n = 8, intravascular cooling) and followed for 6 h (CME 6 h). *p < 0.05 vs baseline, †p < 0.05 vs NT. Results In NT, cardiac output (CO) decreased from 6.2 ± 0.3 to 3.4 ± 0.2* l/min, and heart rate increased from 89 ± 4 to 101 ± 6* bpm. LV end-diastolic volume fell from 139 ± 8 to 64 ± 4 ml*, while LV ejection fraction remained constant (49 ± 1 vs 53 ± 4%). The corresponding end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship was progressively shifted leftwards, reflecting severe LV diastolic dysfunction. In MH, CO fell to a similar degree. Spontaneous bradycardia compensated for slowed LV relaxation, and the leftward shift of the end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship was less pronounced during MH. MH increased systemic vascular resistance, such that mean aortic pressure remained higher in MH vs NT (69 ± 2† vs 54 ± 4 mmHg). Mixed venous oxygen saturation at CME 6 h was higher in MH than in NT (59 ± 4† vs 42 ± 2%) due to lowered systemic oxygen demand during cooling. Conclusion We conclude that (i) an acute loss of end-diastolic LV compliance is a major component of acute cardiac pump failure during experimental myocardial infarction, and that (ii) MH does not potentiate this diastolic LV failure, but stabilizes haemodynamics and improves systemic oxygen supply/demand imbalance by reducing demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwarzl
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Subban V, Gnanaraj A, Gomathi B, Janakiraman E, Pandurangi U, Kalidoss L, Ajit SM. Percutaneous coronary intervention in cardiogenic shock complicating acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction-a single centre experience. Indian Heart J 2012; 64:152-8. [PMID: 22572491 DOI: 10.1016/s0019-4832(12)60052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) approaches 70 - 80%, regardless of the type of pharmacological treatment. Early revascularisation improves survival in AMI with CS. Our aim is to assess the predictors of mid-term outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and CS. METHODS Forty-one patients who underwent primary or rescue PCI for CS were analysed comparing their baseline, angiographic, PCI data, 30-day and 1-year survival. RESULTS There were no significant differences between survivors and non-survivors in baseline characters, except for more number of transfer admissions (P= 0.0005), and cardiopulmonary resuscitations (P= 0.015) in the later group. The mean time between myocardial infarction (MI) onset to shock and MI onset to revascularisation were 12.8 ± 12.9 hours and 17.0 ± 16.8 hours, respectively. Patients with better pre-procedure thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow in the infarct-related artery (IRA) had better survival (P= 0.0005). Successful PCI was achieved in 48.8% of patients. The 30-day mortality was 56.1% and all were prior to hospital discharge. Patients with successful PCI had better short-term survival in comparison with patients with failed PCI (80% vs 9.6%). Eighteen patients who survived at 30 days were followed up for 12-72 months (mean 28.5 ± 5.4 months). Fifteen patients survived at 1 year after PCI and all were in good functional status. CONCLUSION Mortality remains high even with PCI. Achieving IRA patency with TIMI 3 flow is the main determinant of survival. Survival and functional status are good in patients who are discharged from hospital.
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Bauer T, Zeymer U, Hochadel M, Möllmann H, Weidinger F, Zahn R, Nef HM, Hamm CW, Marco J, Gitt AK. Use and outcomes of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (from the EHS-PCI Registry). Am J Cardiol 2012; 109:941-6. [PMID: 22236463 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The value of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (MV-PCI) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) and multivessel disease (MVD) is still unclear because randomized controlled trials are missing. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the impact of MV-PCI on in-hospital outcomes of patients with MVD presenting with CS: 336 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by CS and ≥70% stenoses in ≥2 major epicardial vessels were included in this analysis of the Euro Heart Survey PCI registry. Patients undergoing MV-PCI (n = 82, 24%) were compared to those with single-vessel PCI (n = 254, 76%). The rate of 3-vessel disease (60% vs 57%, p = 0.63) was similar in the 2 cohorts. Presentation with resuscitation (48 vs 46%, p = 0.76) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (83 vs 87%, p = 0.31) was frequent in patients with MV-PCI and single-vessel PCI. Patients with ventilation were more likely to receive MV-PCI (30% vs 19%, p = 0.05). There was a tendency toward a higher hospital mortality in patients with MV-PCI (48.8% vs 37.4%, p = 0.07). After adjustment for confounding variables, no significant difference for in-hospital mortality (odd ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 2.28) could be observed between the 2 groups. Age (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.77), 3-vessel disease (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.03), ventilation (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.59 to 5.68), and previous resuscitation (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.48 to 4.39) were independent predictors of hospital death. In conclusion, MV-PCI is currently used in only 1/4 of patients with CS and MVD. An additional nonculprit PCI was not associated with a survival benefit in these high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Bauer
- Herzzentrum Ludwigshafen, Institut für Herzinfarktforschung Ludwigshafen an der Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tubaro M, Danchin N, Goldstein P, Filippatos G, Hasin Y, Heras M, Jansky P, Norekval TM, Swahn E, Thygesen K, Vrints C, Zahger D, Arntz HR, Bellou A, De La Coussaye JE, De Luca L, Huber K, Lambert Y, Lettino M, Lindahl B, Mclean S, Nibbe L, Peacock WF, Price S, Quinn T, Spaulding C, Tatu-Chitoiu G, Van De Werf F. Tratamiento prehospitalario de los pacientes con IAMCEST. Una declaración científica del Working Group Acute Cardiac Care de la European Society of Cardiology. Rev Esp Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Westaby S, Kharbanda R, Banning AP. Cardiogenic shock in ACS. Part 1: prediction, presentation and medical therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2011; 9:158-71. [PMID: 22182955 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiogenic shock is a complex, self-perpetuating pathological process that frequently causes death irrespective of medical therapy. Early definition of coronary anatomy is a pivotal step towards survival. Those destined to develop shock are likely to have three-vessel or left main stem disease with previously impaired left ventricular function. Early reperfusion of the occluded artery can limit infarct size, but ischemia-reperfusion injury or the 'no-reflow' phenomenon can preclude improvement in myocardial contractility. Emergence of shock depends upon the volume of ischemic myocardium, stroke volume, and peripheral vascular resistance. If cytokine release triggers the systemic inflammatory response, systemic vascular resistance falls and inadequate coronary perfusion pressure heralds the downward spiral. Survival depends on early recognition of shock, followed by aggressive targeted treatment of left, right, or biventricular failure. The goal is to prevent end-organ dysfunction and severe metabolic derangement by raising mean arterial pressure, which is achieved with inotropes and vasopressors, often at the expense of tachycardia, elevated myocardial oxygen consumption, and extended ischemia. The value of intra-aortic balloon counter-pulsation is now questioned in patients with advanced shock. When mean arterial pressure is <55 mmHg with serum lactate >11 mmol/l, death is likely and mechanical circulatory support becomes the only chance for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Westaby
- Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Khalid L, Dhakam SH. A review of cardiogenic shock in acute myocardial infarction. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 4:34-40. [PMID: 19924275 PMCID: PMC2774583 DOI: 10.2174/157340308783565456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenic shock continues to be the most common cause of death in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. It has also been frequently associated with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and patients with co-morbidities. Cardiogenic shock presents with low systolic blood pressure and clinical signs of hypoperfusion. Rapid diagnosis and supportive therapy in the form of medications, airway support and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is required. Initial stabilization can be followed by reperfusion by fibrinolytic therapy, emergent percutaneous intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The latter two have been found to decrease mortality in the long term. Research is being carried out on the role of inflammatory mediators in the clinical manifestation of cardiogenic shock. Mechanical support devices also show promise in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Khalid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan
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Tubaro M, Danchin N, Goldstein P, Filippatos G, Hasin Y, Heras M, Jansky P, Norekval TM, Swahn E, Thygesen K, Vrints C, Zahger D, Arntz HR, Bellou A, de La Coussaye JE, de Luca L, Huber K, Lambert Y, Lettino M, Lindahl B, McLean S, Nibbe L, Peacock WF, Price S, Quinn T, Spaulding C, Tatu-Chitoiu G, van de Werf F. Pre-hospital treatment of STEMI patients. A scientific statement of the Working Group Acute Cardiac Care of the European Society of Cardiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:56-67. [DOI: 10.3109/17482941.2011.581292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Deutsch-österreichische S3-Leitlinie „Infarktbedingter kardiogener Schock – Diagnose, Monitoring und Therapie“. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00390-011-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Edmond J, Baumbach A. The Management of Cardiogenic Shock. Interv Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781444319446.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Buerke M, Lemm H, Dietz S, Werdan K. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of infarction-related cardiogenic shock. Herz 2011; 36:73-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-011-3434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kumar A. Hemodynamically complicated ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: presentation and treatment. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:591-602. [PMID: 20932109 DOI: 10.2217/fca.10.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is complicated by hemodynamic instability, clinical evaluation alone cannot be relied upon for accurate assessment. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring with a pulmonary artery catheter and intra-arterial catheter should, therefore, be performed to gauge impaired hemodynamics in such patients and make necessary changes in therapy. There are several hemodynamic disturbances that can occur after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction including pulmonary congestion, cardiogenic shock and mechanical complications such as left-ventricular free-wall rupture, ventricular-septal defect or papillary muscle rupture. Patients with hemodynamic compromise should be admitted to the coronary care unit and therapy should be initiated with drugs such as vasodilators, diuretics and positive-inotropic agents, based on hemodynamic data provided by the invasive catheter. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation should be used for those who fail to achieve hemodynamic stability with medical therapy. Coronary angiography should be considered for all patients who are hemodynamically unstable provided they are candidates for aggressive care, followed by coronary revascularization in those with suitable anatomy. Operative repair should be performed promptly when a surgically correctable mechanical lesion is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
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Chiu FC, Chang SN, Lin JW, Hwang JJ, Chen YS. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery provides better survival in patients with acute coronary syndrome or ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction experiencing cardiogenic shock after percutaneous coronary intervention: A propensity score analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138:1326-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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