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Königstein K, Klenk C, Rossmeissl A, Baumann S, Infanger D, Hafner B, Hinrichs T, Hanssen H, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. The Obesity Factor: How Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Estimated More Accurately in People with Obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:291-298. [PMID: 29230967 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is clinically used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The relation to total body mass (TBM) leads to an underestimation of CRF in people with obesity and to inappropriate prognostic and therapeutic decisions. This study aimed to determine body composition-derived bias in the estimation of CRF in people with obesity. METHODS Two hundred eleven participants (58.8% women; mean BMI 35.7 kg/m2 [± 6.94; 20.7-58.6]) were clinically examined, and body composition (InBody720; InBody Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) and spiroergometrical peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) were assessed. The impacts of TBM, lean body mass (LBM), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) on CRF estimates were analyzed by the application of respective weight models. Linear regression and plotting of residuals against BMI were performed on the whole study population and two subgroups (BMI < 30 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ). RESULTS For every weight model, Δmean VO2 peak (expected - measured) was positive. LBM and SMM had a considerable impact on VO2 peak demand (P = 0.001; ΔR2 = 2.3%; adjusted R2 = 56% and P = 0.001; ΔR2 = 2.7%; adjusted R2 = 56%), whereas TBM did not. Confounding of body composition on VO2 peak did not differ in LBM and SMM. CONCLUSIONS TBM-adjusted overestimation of relative VO2 demand is much higher in people with obesity than in those without. LBM or SMM adjustment may be superior alternatives, although small residual body composition-derived bias remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Königstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Baumann
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Denis Infanger
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Hafner
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Timo Hinrichs
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Rehabilitative & Regenerative Sport Medicine, University of Basel, Basel Stadt, Switzerland
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Jiang K, Yu X. Quantification of regional myocardial wall motion by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2014; 4:345-57. [PMID: 25392821 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a versatile tool that also allows comprehensive and accurate measurement of both global and regional myocardial contraction. Quantification of regional wall motion parameters, such as strain, strain rate, twist and torsion, has been shown to be more sensitive to early-stage functional alterations. Since the invention of CMR tagging by magnetization saturation in 1988, several CMR techniques have been developed to enable the measurement of regional myocardial wall motion, including myocardial tissue tagging, phase contrast mapping, displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), and strain encoded (SENC) imaging. These techniques have been developed with their own advantages and limitations. In this review, two widely used and closely related CMR techniques, i.e., tissue tagging and DENSE, will be discussed from the perspective of pulse sequence development and image-processing techniques. The clinical and preclinical applications of tissue tagging and DENSE in assessing wall motion mechanics in both normal and diseased hearts, including coronary artery diseases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophies, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- 1 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, 2 Case Center for Imaging Research, 3 Radiology, and 4 Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- 1 Departments of Biomedical Engineering, 2 Case Center for Imaging Research, 3 Radiology, and 4 Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Woo J, Stone M, Suo Y, Murano EZ, Prince JL. Tissue-point motion tracking in the tongue from cine MRI and tagged MRI. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:S626-S636. [PMID: 24686470 PMCID: PMC4465136 DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-12-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate tissue motion tracking within the tongue can help professionals diagnose and treat vocal tract-related disorders, evaluate speech quality before and after surgery, and conduct various scientific studies. The authors compared tissue tracking results from 4 widely used deformable registration (DR) methods applied to cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with harmonic phase (HARP)-based tracking applied to tagged MRI. METHOD Ten subjects repeated the phrase "a geese" multiple times while sagittal images of the head were collected at 26 Hz, first in a tagged MRI data set and then in a cine MRI data set. HARP tracked the motion of 8 specified tissue points in the tagged data set. Four DR methods including diffeomorphic demons and free-form deformations based on cubic B-spline with 3 different similarity measures were used to track the same 8 points in the cine MRI data set. Individual points were tracked and length changes of several muscles were calculated using the DR- and HARP-based tracking methods. RESULTS The results showed that the DR tracking errors were nonsystematic and varied in direction, amount, and timing across speakers and within speakers. Comparison of HARP and DR tracking with manual tracking showed better tracking results for HARP except at the tongue surface, where mistracking caused greater errors in HARP than DR. CONCLUSIONS Tissue point tracking using DR tracking methods contains nonsystematic tracking errors within and across subjects, making it less successful than tagged MRI tracking within the tongue. However, HARP sometimes mistracks points at the tongue surface of tagged MRI because of its limited bandpass filter and tag pattern fading, so that DR has better success measuring surface tissue points on cine MRI than HARP does. Therefore, a hybrid method is being explored.
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Gerbaud E, Faury A, Coste P, Erickson M, Corneloup O, Santos PD, Durrieu-Jaïs C, Laurent F, Montaudon M. Comparative analysis of cardiac magnetic resonance viability indexes to predict functional recovery after successful percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:598-604. [PMID: 20185003 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relative value and the influence of the association of 4 cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) viability indexes for predicting segmental functional recovery after optimal pharmacologic therapies and early percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). CMR has been shown to predict functional recovery after AMI. The relative predictive value of CMR viability indexes remains disputed and has not been described in AMI reperfused within the first 12 hours. Sixty-nine patients with a first reperfused (<12 hours) Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 AMI (61 men, 57.6 +/- 12.6 years) were studied on day 5 +/- 2. Low-dose (10 microg/kg/min) dobutamine response (DOB), microvascular obstruction (MVO), relative delayed enhancement extent (DE), and transmural DE pattern (TMDE) were assessed in each of the 17 left ventricular segments. Segmental functional outcome was assessed by CMR at 3 months. Logistic regression and Bayesian probabilities evaluated the association between viability indexes and functional segmental outcome. At rest, 27% of segments (314 of 1,173) were dysfunctional of which 53% (165 of 314) recovered at follow-up. Odd ratios for dobutamine response, MVO, DE, and TMDE were 15.8, 5.9, 2.6, and 2.5 respectively. The probability of segmental recovery was 0.84 when dobutamine response was positive and increased successively to 0.91 when adding MVO absence, 0.94 when adding TMDE absence, and 0.97 when adding DE absence. In conclusion, contractile response to low-dose dobutamine is the best predictive factor of segmental recovery after Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction grade 3 early reperfused AMI. Its value is further increased by other CMR viability indexes.
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Zhong J, Liu W, Yu X. Transmural myocardial strain in mouse: quantification of high-resolution MR tagging using harmonic phase (HARP) analysis. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:1368-73. [PMID: 19319888 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MR tagging allows noninvasive examination of regional myocardial function with high accuracy and reproducibility. The current tagging method is limited by low tagging resolution for accurate transmural strain quantification. Previously, a spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM)-based method was proposed to increase the tagging resolution by combining two or more tagged images with different tagging grid positions. However, there has been limited application due to the challenge in image processing of multiple data sets. In the current study, we propose a harmonic phase (HARP)-based method for automated and fast analysis of high tagging resolution images. First-order harmonic peaks from low tagging resolution images were combined to generate the composite second-order harmonic peak for strain computation. The combined images reached a tagging resolution of 0.3 mm. The proposed method was applied to the quantification of transmural myocardial wall strain in seven normal C57BL/6 mice. Principal strains, as well as radial and circumferential strains, were quantified using the current method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, USA
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Left Ventricular Postmyocardial Infarction Remodeling Studied by Combining MR-Tagging With Delayed MR Contrast Enhancement. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:219-28. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e318161613e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barmeyer AA, Stork A, Bansmann M, Muellerleile K, Heuer M, Bavastro M, Adam G, Meinertz T, Lund GK. Prediction of myocardial recovery by dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging and delayed enhancement early after reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur Radiol 2007; 18:110-8. [PMID: 17701182 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to study dobutamine magnetic resonance cine imaging (DOB-MRI) and delayed myocardial contrast enhancement (DE) early after reperfused acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for the predicion of segmental myocardial recovery and to find the optimal dose of dobutamine. Fifty patients (56+/-12 years, 42 males) with reperfused AMI underwent DOB-MRI and DE studies 3.5 (1-19) days after reperfusion. In DOB-MRI systolic wall thickening (SWT) was measured in 18 segments at rest and during dobutamine at 5, 10 and 20 microg*kg(-1)*min(-1). Dysfunctional segments were identified and the extent of DE was measured for each segment. Segmental recovery was examined after 8 (5-15) months. Two hundred-forty-eight segments were dysfunctional with presence of DE in 193. DOB-MRI showed the best prediction of recovery at 10 microg*kg(-1)*min(-1) of dobutamine with sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 63% and accuracy of 66% using a cut-off value for SWT of 2.0 mm. DE revealed a sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 65% and accuracy of 67% using a cut-off value of 46%. Combined analysis of DOB-MRI and DE did not improve diagnostic performance. Early prediction of segmental myocardial recovery after AMI is possible with DOB-MRI and DE. No improvement is achieved by dobutamine >10 microg*kg(-1)*min(-1) or a combination of DOB-MRI and DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim A Barmeyer
- Clinic of Cardiology/Angiology, University Heart-Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Habis M, Capderou A, Ghostine S, Daoud B, Caussin C, Riou JY, Brenot P, Angel CY, Lancelin B, Paul JF. Acute Myocardial Infarction Early Viability Assessment by 64-Slice Computed Tomography Immediately After Coronary Angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1178-85. [PMID: 17367662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early evaluation of myocardial viability in acute myocardial infarction is useful to guide therapy. Therefore, we assessed 64-slice computed tomography (CT) immediately after coronary angiography in this setting. BACKGROUND Recent preliminary studies have shown the promising usefulness of late hyperenhancement multislice computed tomography (MSCT) for non-viability assessment. METHODS Thirty-six patients admitted for a first acute myocardial infarction had a coronary angiogram early after admission followed by 64-slice CT without iodine reinjection. The 16 segments of the left ventricle depicted by the American Society of Echocardiography were graded: no, subendocardial, or transmural hyperenhancement. No or subendocardial hyperenhancement were expected to reflect viability. Two to 4 weeks later, the same segments' contractility was evaluated at rest. Low-dose dobutamine echocardiography was performed in case of akinetic segment at rest. RESULTS Mean delay between coronary angiography and MSCT was 24 +/- 11 min (range 7 to 51 min). We compared 576 segments evaluated by each method. Agreement was noted for 560 segments (97%) and disagreement for 16 segments (3%). Thus, 64-slice CT after coronary angiography for an acute myocardial infarction had 98% sensitivity, 94% specificity, 97% accuracy, and 99% positive and 79% negative predictive values for detecting viable myocardial segments at a very early stage of an acute myocardial infarction. On a per-patient analysis, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values were 92%, 100%, 94%, and 100% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A 64-slice CT after coronary angiography for an acute myocardial infarction is a promising method for early evaluation of viable myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Habis
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France.
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Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is the most important primary etiologic factor predisposing to the development of heart failure. The mechanisms by which coronary atherosclerosis lead to heart failure likely involve the initial development of regional myocardial dysfunction, later progressing to global ventricular failure and symptomatic congestive disease. A variety of imaging strategies have been investigated for their value in identifying and characterizing markers of atherosclerosis in the effort to detect early cardiac disease. Non-invasive imaging techniques for assessing anatomic or functional manifestations of atherosclerosis include carotid ultrasonography, coronary computed tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, brachial artery reactivity testing, and the ankle-brachial index. Many of these imaging methods are shown to have accuracy, reliability, and the potential to add value to an office-based cardiovascular risk assessment. Further development of such imaging methods could facilitate early intervention in the development of myocardial dysfunction while enhancing our understanding of the natural course of atherosclerotic disease.
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Chan J, Hanekom L, Wong C, Leano R, Cho GY, Marwick TH. Differentiation of Subendocardial and Transmural Infarction Using Two-Dimensional Strain Rate Imaging to Assess Short-Axis and Long-Axis Myocardial Function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48:2026-33. [PMID: 17112992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to differentiate the transmural extent of infarction (TME) by assessment of the short-axis and long-axis function of the left ventricle (LV) using 2-dimensional (2D) strain. BACKGROUND The differentiation of subendocardial infarction from transmural infarction has significant prognostic and clinical implications. METHODS Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DBE) were performed in 80 patients (age 63 +/- 10 years) with chronic ischemic LV dysfunction. Myocardial function was assessed in the short axis at the midventricular level using peak strain rate (SR) and strain (S) in circumferential and radial dimensions, and was assessed in the long axis using longitudinal SR and S. Wall motion analysis was performed during DBE to assess for contractile reserve. RESULTS Transmural infarct segments had lower circumferential S (-10.7 +/- 6.3) and SR (-1.0 +/- 0.4) than subendocardial infarcts (S: -15.4 +/- 7.0, p < 0.0001; SR: -1.4 +/- 0.8, p = 0.02) and normal myocardium (S: p < 0.0001; SR: p < 0.0001). Transmural and subendocardial infarct segments had similar radial S and SR. Subendocardial infarct segments showed significant reduction of longitudinal S (-13.2 +/- 5.6) and SR (-0.91 +/- 0.45) compared with normal myocardium (S: -17.8 +/- 5.4, p < 0.0001; SR: -1.1 +/- 0.41, p < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences between subendocardial and transmural infarct segments (p = 0.09). Wall motion analysis by DBE could not identify subendocardial infarction on CE-MRI (TME 1% to 50%: DBE scar 38%, DBE viable 38%, DBE ischemic 24%, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS The combined assessment of long-axis and short-axis function using 2D strain may be used to identify TME.
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Bove CM, DiMaria JM, Voros S, Conaway MR, Kramer CM. Dobutamine Response and Myocardial Infarct Transmurality: Functional Improvement after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting—Initial Experience. Radiology 2006; 240:835-41. [PMID: 16926330 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2403051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Investigational Review Board approved the protocol, and all patients provided signed informed consent. The protocol was compliant with HIPAA. The purpose of the study was to prospectively test the hypothesis that addition of low-dose dobutamine and quantification of inotropic reserve in segments with 1%-50% infarct transmurality (IT) would improve the predictive value for functional recovery after revascularization in chronic infarction. Fifteen patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were enrolled prior to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Late gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to assess IT. The percentage of wall thickening was measured with cine cardiac MR imaging at rest and during infusion of 10 (microg . kg(-1))/min dobutamine. Repeat cardiac MR imaging was performed 20 weeks +/- 4 (standard error) later. Functional parameters according to segment were compared before and after CABG by using F tests with repeated-measures models. In segments with 1%-50% IT, similar functional recovery was noted in those with 1%-25% or 26%-50% IT. However, in the same segments, those that improved with dobutamine to normal range demonstrated greater improvement in the percentage of wall thickening (22% +/- 4) after revascularization than those that did not (9% +/- 4) (P < .04). In 1%-50% IT, a normal dobutamine response helps differentiate segments with greater functional recovery after CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Bove
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Health Evaluation Sciences, and Radiology, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Lee St, Box 800170, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Micari A, Sklenar J, Belcik TA, Kaul S, Lindner JR. Automated quantification of the spatial extent of perfusion defects and viability on myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19:379-85. [PMID: 16581476 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spatial extent of hypoperfusion or viability is important in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that computerized pixel intensity threshold analysis (PITA) could be used for the automated analysis of perfusion defect size during myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). For calibration studies, MCE was performed in 6 dogs undergoing ischemia and reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by PITA, which automatically calculates the percentage of pixels within the myocardium that fail to exceed a predetermined threshold of maximum contrast enhancement. A threshold of 10% of maximum yielded infarct sizes that most closely correlated with those determined by histologic staining. For clinical validation, MCE was performed in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for measurement of risk area; and within 5 days and at 4 weeks after PCI to determine infarct size. The defect size by PITA with a 10% threshold value closely correlated with those measured by expert reader planimetry on background-subtracted color-coded image sets (r = 0.95, P < .001). We conclude that automated analysis of perfusion defect size on MCE is possible by PITA. This technique may be useful for rapid and objective analysis of the extent of ischemia and viability, and for clinical experimentation where accurate and sequential analysis of perfusion defect size is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Micari
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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Bayly PV, Ji S, Song SK, Okamoto RJ, Massouros P, Genin GM. Measurement of strain in physical models of brain injury: a method based on HARP analysis of tagged magnetic resonance images (MRI). J Biomech Eng 2005; 126:523-8. [PMID: 15543872 PMCID: PMC2408558 DOI: 10.1115/1.1785811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) strain fields were estimated non-invasively in two simple experimental models of closed-head brain injury. In the first experimental model, shear deformation of a gel was induced by angular acceleration of its spherical container In the second model the brain of a euthanized rat pup was deformed by indentation of its skull. Tagged magnetic resonance images (MRI) were obtained by gated image acquisition during repeated motion. Harmonic phase (HARP) images corresponding to the spectral peaks of the original tagged MRI were obtained, following procedures proposed by Osman, McVeigh and Prince. Two methods of HARP strain analysis were applied, one based on the displacement of tag line intersections, and the other based on the gradient of harmonic phase. Strain analysis procedures were also validated on simulated images of deformed grids. Results show that it is possible to visualize deformation and to quantify strain efficiently in animal models of closed head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Bayly
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Amado LC, Gerber BL, Gupta SN, Rettmann DW, Szarf G, Schock R, Nasir K, Kraitchman DL, Lima JAC. Accurate and objective infarct sizing by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a canine myocardial infarction model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 44:2383-9. [PMID: 15607402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify an accurate and reproducible method to define myocardial infarct (MI) size, we conducted a study in a closed-chest canine model of acute myocardial infarction, in which MI size was measured using different thresholding techniques and by imaging at different delay times after contrast administration. BACKGROUND The MI size by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) is directly related to long-term prognosis. However, previous measurements were done using nonuniform methods and tended to overestimate nonviable areas. METHODS Thirteen animals underwent 90 min of coronary artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. The CE-MRI data were acquired within 24 h after reperfusion and compared with triphenyltetrazolium chloride pathology. In the first nine animals, images were obtained approximately 15 min after gadolinium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) using an inversion-recovery gradient-echo pulse sequence. To identify the most accurate method, MI size by CE-MRI was measured visually and by semi-automatic thresholding techniques, using different criteria. In four additional animals, images were acquired every 6 min until 30 min after Gd-DTPA. RESULTS Postmortem MI size was 13.5 +/- 2.6% of left ventricular volume. Semi-automatic techniques, using full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) criterion, correlated best with postmortem data (r(2) = 0.94, p < 0.001; results confirmed by Bland-Altman plots). Using FWHM, there was no difference in MI size between different delay times after contrast (15.2 +/- 2.9% to 14.5 +/- 4.2% at 6 and 30 min, respectively; p = NS). CONCLUSIONS When an objective technique is used to define MI size by CE-MRI, accurate infarct size measurements can be obtained from images obtained up to 30 min after contrast administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano C Amado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 2187, USA
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Srichai MB, Schvartzman PR, Sturm B, Kasper JM, Lieber ML, White RD. Extent of myocardial scarring on nonstress delayed-contrast-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging correlates directly with degrees of resting regional dysfunction in chronic ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 2004; 148:342-8. [PMID: 15309007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyper-enhancement on delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) is a marker of irreversible myocardial injury. Both reversible and irreversible ischemically injured regions of myocardium develop reductions in systolic function compared with unaffected regions. This study evaluated whether there is a relationship between myocardial hyper-enhancement from remote scarring on DE-MRI and the degree of myocardial circumferential shortening (%CS) as determined with dynamic MRI tissue tagging (TAG-MRI) in the setting of chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD). METHODS Thirty-five patients with CIHD and 8 control patients underwent nonstress, resting DE-MRI and TAG-MRI. A total of 168 CIHD and 96 control segments from the basal- and middle-thirds of the left ventricle (LV) were selected to achieve a balanced test set. With a 16-segment model, segmental myocardial scarring was graded on the basis of the amount of hyper-enhancement on DE-MRI. With TAG-MRI images, segmental %CS was calculated. RESULTS Patients with CIHD had lower LV ejection fraction compared with the control patients (28% vs 67%). The %CS of normal segments was notably different from %CS of CIHD segments, regardless of the presence or absence of myocardial hyper-enhancement on DE-MRI. Among the CIHD segments, however, %CS correlated inversely with the amount of myocardial hyper-enhancement from scarring (P <.0001, r = -0.38). CONCLUSIONS On cardiac MRI for CIHD, myocardial hyper-enhancement correlates inversely with %CS, supporting the direct relationship between the amount of remote myocardial scarring determined with nonstress DE-MRI and baseline resting functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monvadi B Srichai
- Department of Radiology, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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Wellnhofer E, Olariu A, Klein C, Gräfe M, Wahl A, Fleck E, Nagel E. Magnetic Resonance Low-Dose Dobutamine Test Is Superior to Scar Quantification for the Prediction of Functional Recovery. Circulation 2004; 109:2172-4. [PMID: 15117834 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000128862.34201.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Low-dose dobutamine challenge (DSMR) by MRI was compared with delayed enhancement imaging with Gd-DTPA (SCAR) as a predictor of improvement of wall motion after revascularization (RECOVERY).
Methods and Results—
In 29 patients with coronary artery disease (68±7 years of age, 2 women, 32±8% ejection fraction), wall motion was evaluated semiquantitatively by MRI before and 3 months after revascularization. SCAR and DSMR were performed before revascularization. The transmural extent of scar was assessed semiquantitatively. Binary prediction of RECOVERY was performed by logistic regression in 288 segments with wall motion abnormalities at rest. Receiver operating characteristic–area under curve (AUC) statistics were used to compare different models. Low-dose DSMR (AUC 0.838) was superior to SCAR (AUC 0.728) in predicting RECOVERY. SCAR did not improve accuracy of prediction by DSMR. Subgroup analysis showed superiority of DSMR for 1% to 74% transmural extent of infarction.
Conclusions—
Low-dose DSMR is superior to SCAR in predicting RECOVERY. This advantage is largest in segments with a delayed enhancement of 1% to 74%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wellnhofer
- German Heart Institute, Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Berlin, Germany.
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Nelson C, McCrohon J, Khafagi F, Rose S, Leano R, Marwick TH. Impact of scar thickness on the assessment of viability using dobutamine echocardiography and thallium single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:1248-56. [PMID: 15063438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Revised: 08/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether the transmural extent of scar (TES) explains discordances between dobutamine echocardiography (DbE) and thallium single-photon emission computed tomography (Tl-SPECT) in the detection of viable myocardium (VM). BACKGROUND Discrepancies between DbE and Tl-SPECT are often attributed to differences between contractile reserve and membrane integrity, but may also reflect a disproportionate influence of nontransmural scar on thickening at DbE. METHODS Sixty patients (age 62 +/- 12 years; 10 women and 50 men) with postinfarction left ventricular dysfunction underwent standard rest-late redistribution Tl-SPECT and DbE. Viable myocardium was identified when dysfunctional segments showed Tl activity >60% on the late-redistribution image or by low-dose augmentation at DbE. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) was used to divide TES into five groups: 0%, <25%, 26% to 50%, 51% to 75%, and >75% of the wall thickness replaced by scar. RESULTS As TES increased, both the mean Tl uptake and change in wall motion score decreased significantly (both p < 0.001). However, the presence of subendocardial scar was insufficient to prevent thickening; >50% of segments still showed contractile function with TES of 25% to 75%, although residual function was uncommon with TES >75%. The relationship of both tests to increasing TES was similar, but Tl-SPECT identified VM more frequently than DbE in all groups. Among segments without scar or with small amounts of scar (<25% TES), >50% were viable by SPECT. CONCLUSIONS Both contractile reserve and perfusion are sensitive to the extent of scar. However, contractile reserve may be impaired in the face of no or minor scar, and thickening may still occur with extensive scar.
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Liu W, Chen J, Ji S, Allen JS, Bayly PV, Wickline SA, Yu X. Harmonic phase MR tagging for direct quantification of lagrangian strain in rat hearts after myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med 2004; 52:1282-90. [PMID: 15562486 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The utility of harmonic phase (HARP) analysis was recently demonstrated in humans and large animals as a technique for rapid and automatic analysis of tagged magnetic resonance images. In the current study, the applicability and accuracy of HARP analysis for automatic strain quantification in small animals were investigated. A validation study was performed on seven postinfarct rats and seven age-matched controls. A method for direct computation of 2D Lagrangian strain fields from spatial derivatives of HARP images was also developed in this paper. The results of HARP analysis were evaluated by comparison with those of homogeneous strain analysis employing finite element method and manual tag tracking. Both methods were validated with simulated digital images. Compared to conventional homogeneous strain analysis, HARP analysis yielded similar results in the assessment of regional strain patterns in both control and infarct rats. Both methods detected a reduction in maximal stretch and shortening in infarct rats. Our results suggest that HARP analysis can also be applied to quantify alterations in regional myocardial wall motion in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Cardiovascular MR Laboratories, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Abstract
Complete knowledge of myocardial structure, metabolism, and function is crucial to understanding the response of the heart to injury such as ischemia. Increasingly, this type of knowledge is required at multiple levels, from that of the isolated myocyte to the functioning organism, to provide basic scientists and clinical investigators a common framework for translation of findings and information feedback. This article focuses on the utilization of imaging methods to assess myocardial viability in vivo. It discusses the advantages and pitfalls of different imaging techniques, with particular emphasis on available data in humans and large animal models. Because of their novelty and potential for accurate phenotyping of human pathophysiology, magnetic resonance modalities will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md, USA
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21
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Castillo E, Lima JAC, Bluemke DA. Regional myocardial function: advances in MR imaging and analysis. Radiographics 2003; 23 Spec No:S127-40. [PMID: 14557507 DOI: 10.1148/rg.23si035512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can provide three-dimensional analysis of global and regional cardiac function with great accuracy and reproducibility. Quantitative assessment of regional function with cardiac MR imaging previously was limited by long acquisition times and time-consuming analysis. The use of steady-state free precession cine MR imaging substantially improves assessment of myocardial wall motion. Advances in gradient technology and reconstruction techniques have increased MR image acquisition speed and made real-time cine MR imaging possible. Myocardial deformation may be measured with cine MR tagging, and interpretation of the resultant tagged MR images by means of harmonic phase analysis enables prompt and precise strain measurements. Velocity-encoded and stimulated-echo techniques such as phase-contrast MR imaging and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes, or DENSE, provide high-resolution strain maps. Clinical validation of these strain imaging techniques will depend on future assessments of their effect on the management of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Castillo
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MRI-143 Nelson Basement, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287-0845, USA.
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23
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Sampath S, Derbyshire JA, Atalar E, Osman NF, Prince JL. Real-time imaging of two-dimensional cardiac strain using a harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging (HARP-MRI) pulse sequence. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50:154-63. [PMID: 12815690 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The harmonic phase (HARP) method provides automatic and rapid analysis of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images for quantification and visualization of myocardial strain. In this article, the development and implementation of a pulse sequence that acquires HARP images in real time are described. In this pulse sequence, a CINE sequence of images with 1-1 spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM) tags are acquired during each cardiac cycle, alternating between vertical and horizontal tags in successive heartbeats. An incrementing train of imaging RF flip angles is used to compensate for the decay of the harmonic peaks due to both T(1) relaxation and the applied imaging pulses. The magnitude images displaying coarse anatomy are automatically reconstructed and displayed in real time after each heartbeat. HARP strain images are generated offline at a rate of four images per second; real-time processing should be possible with faster algorithms or computers. A comparison of myocardial contractility in non-breath-hold and breath-hold experiments in normal humans is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sampath
- Image Analysis and Communications Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a noninvasive way to evaluate the biomechanical dynamics of the heart. MRI can provide spatially registered tomographic images of the heart in different phases of the cardiac cycle, which can be used to assess global cardiac function and regional endocardial surface motion. In addition, MRI can provide detailed information on the patterns of motion within the heart wall, permitting calculation of the evolution of regional strain and related motion variables within the wall. These show consistent patterns of spatial and temporal variation in normal subjects, which are affected by alterations of function due to disease. Although still an evolving technique, MRI shows promise as a new method for research and clinical evaluation of cardiac dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Axel
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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Gerber BL, Garot J, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Lima JAC. Accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in predicting improvement of regional myocardial function in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002; 106:1083-9. [PMID: 12196333 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000027818.15792.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI demonstrates a pattern of hypoenhancement early after contrast injection in acute myocardial infarction (MI) and a pattern of hyperenhancement late after contrast injection. Because the significance of these CE patterns for myocardial viability remains debated, we evaluated their diagnostic accuracy to quantitatively predict late functional improvement of regional contractility. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty patients underwent CE and tagged MRI at 4 days and again at 7 months after acute MI. Resting circumferential shortening strain (Ecc) was analyzed in 24 segments per patient, and its improvement was correlated with the presence or absence of the CE patterns. Immediately after MI, 389 segments were considered dysfunctional because of having less than mean+/-2 SD Ecc of the remote region (-18+/-4%). At follow-up, significant improvement of Ecc occurred in 170 dysfunctional segments with normal CE (from -4+/-7% to -12+/-7%, P<0.001) but not in 60 segments with early hypoenhancement (from -2+/-6% to -6+/-9% Ecc, P=NS). In 240 dysfunctional segments with delayed hyperenhancement, the improvement of Ecc (from -2+/-6% to -5+/-8%, P<0.001) decreased with increasing transmural extent of hyperenhancement. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that absence of delayed hyperenhancement, compared with absence of early hypoenhancement, had better sensitivity (82% versus 19%, respectively; P<0.001) and accuracy (74% versus 49%, respectively; P<0.001) in predicting recovery of Ecc to any given level. CONCLUSIONS Compared with lack of early hypoenhancement, lack of delayed hyperenhancement has better diagnostic accuracy in predicting functional improvement in dysfunctional segments. The early hypoenhanced regions, which represent only the fraction of infarcted tissue with concomitant microvascular obstruction, greatly underestimate the amount of irreversibly injured myocardium present after acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard L Gerber
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md 21287-6568, USA
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Pislaru C, Bruce CJ, Belohlavek M, Seward JB, Greenleaf JF. Intracardiac measurement of pre-ejection myocardial velocities estimates the transmural extent of viable myocardium early after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:1748-56. [PMID: 11704391 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that wall motion velocity during pre-ejection is proportional to the regional content of viable myocardium after reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND Pre-ejection wall motion consists of short and fast inward and outward movement towards and away from the center of the left ventricle (LV) and is altered during regional ischemia. This short-lived event can be accurately quantified by Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI). METHODS Fourteen open-chest pigs underwent 60 to 120 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 30 min of reperfusion. The DMI data were collected using a phased-array intracardiac catheter (LV cavity) from ischemic and nonischemic myocardium encompassed within a plane passing through two epicardial bead markers. Peak tissue velocities during isovolumic contraction (IVC) (peak positive and peak negative), ejection (S) and early filling (E) were measured. The cardiac specimen was sliced through the epicardial markers in a plane approximating the ultrasound imaging plane. The transmural extent of necrosis (TEN) (%) was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. RESULTS During ischemia, positive IVC velocity was zero in ischemic walls with TEN >20%. At reperfusion, positive IVC velocity correlated better with TEN (r = -0.94, p < 0.0001) than it did S (r = -0.70, p < 0.01) and E (r = -0.81, p < 0.01). Differential IVC (the difference between peak positive and peak negative velocity) highly correlated with TEN, during ischemia (r = -0.78, p < 0.001) and during reperfusion (r = -0.93, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Pre-ejection tissue velocity, as measured by intracardiac ultrasound, allows rapid estimation of the transmural extent of viable myocardium after reperfusion for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pislaru
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Gerber BL, Rochitte CE, Bluemke DA, Melin JA, Crosille P, Becker LC, Lima JA. Relation between Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement and regional inotropic response in the periphery and center of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104:998-1004. [PMID: 11524392 DOI: 10.1161/hc3401.095113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI identifies patterns of early hypoenhancement and delayed hyperenhancement in acute myocardial infarction, but their clinical significance for the prediction of myocardial viability remains controversial. Therefore, we closely examined the relationship between these CE patterns and regional inotropic response to low-dose dobutamine infusion at a regional level. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen dogs underwent CE and tagged MRI at rest and during 5 microg. kg(-1). min(-1) dobutamine 48 hours after MI. CE patterns and 3D regional strains were measured in 96 segments per animal. Segments were categorized as being normofunctional (n=828) if resting circumferential shortening was within the range of remote myocardium, or dysfunctional (n=420) if not. Inotropic response in resting dysfunctional segments was assessed according to CE patterns. Significant improvement of radial thickening (from +12+/-1% [mean+/-SEM] to +22+/-2%, P<0.05) and circumferential shortening (from +1+/-1% to -5+/-1%, P<0.05) strains occurred in dysfunctional myocardium with normal CE pattern but not in myocardium with early hypoenhancement. Delayed hyperenhanced myocardium displayed a more complex behavior. Circumferential stretching improved in the peripheral regions (from +4+/-1% to -2+/-2%, P<0.05), where the infarct was nontransmural (38+/-3% transmurality), but not in centrally hyperenhanced regions (from +4+/-1% to +1+/-1% P=NS), where the infarct was 66+/-3% transmural. CONCLUSIONS Inotropic reserve was confined to dysfunctional myocardium with normal contrast enhancement but not to myocardium with early hypoenhancement. Inotropic response in delayed hyperenhanced myocardium is influenced by transmurality of necrosis. These observations support the use of CE MRI for the clinical detection of myocardial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gerber
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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