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Makra Z, Csereklye N, Riera MM, McMullen RJ, Veres-Nyéki K. Effects of Intravenous Flunixin Meglumine, Phenylbutazone, and Acupuncture on Ocular Pain Scores in the Horse: A Pilot Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 98:103375. [PMID: 33663725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this controlled, blinded, randomized block pilot study, the main objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone, and acupuncture on ocular pain relief using a multifactorial pain scale in the horse. Four experimental horses underwent corneal epithelial debridement in four sessions, when a randomly selected treatment or a control was used. All horses were pain scored before corneal wounding, then at 18 time points, when 11 parameters were allocated. Differences in the area under the curve of pain scores between the treatment groups were analyzed using a paired t-test. Corneal pain was significantly reduced by the third postoperative day (P = .03) when all 11 parameters were considered. Five ocular signs showed significant differences between treatments and proved to be good indicators of ocular pain. The other parameters (heart rate, corneal touch threshold, respond to palpation, and three behavioral parameters) were determined to be irrelevant when evaluating the degree of pain. When considering the five ocular signs, the lowest pain score was attributed to the flunixin meglumine group (1114), followed by the electroacupuncture group (1356), the phenylbutazone group (1397), and the control group (1580). There were significantly lower pain scores (P = .01) in the flunixin meglumine group when compared with those recorded in the control group during the first 46 hours. Flunixin meglumine was the most effective treatment at reducing ocular pain in the horse. In the future, a reduction in the number of pain score parameters and more precisely defined image evaluation criteria could be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Makra
- Equine Department and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Csereklye
- Equine Department and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Richard J McMullen
- Auburn University, JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn, AL
| | - Kata Veres-Nyéki
- Royal Veterinary College, Anaesthesia and Analgesia Service, London, UK
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Resano-Zuazu M. Acupuncture for Anaemia and Large Intestine Impaction Associated with Hind Limb Weakness in a Horse: A Case Report. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2020; 13:187-190. [PMID: 33253906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 24-year-old horse was presented with a clinical history of anaemia, large intestine impaction and hind limb weakness. Loss of body weight was also reported. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were low and piroplasmosis test was negative. Nasogastric intubation with laxative agents was performed and 50 ml of a red blood-cell-supplement was given daily during a month. An assessment following Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) principles was performed after the last episode of large intestine impaction. A swollen, pale and wet tongue was observed. A superficial, weak pulse combined punctually with a slippery pulse was detected on the right side. The pulse on the left side was very thin. BL18, BL20 and BL23 were the most sensitive acupoints on the right side. BL18 and BL23 were the most sensitive on the left. TCVM diagnosis was Qi/Yang Kidney Deficiency, Spleen Qi Deficiency with Stagnation and Blood Deficiency. It received acupuncture at Bai-Hui, KI3, KI7, KI10, BL23, GB39, ST36, BL17 and acupressure at SP10. The client reported a significant improvement after treatment and hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were normal. KI3, ST36, BL39 acupoints were treated 14 days later. The outcome was favourable and one acupuncture session per month was recommended. No previous case reports in equines have been documented with a combination of blood, gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal problems in the same episode. This case is an example of an integrative approach to investigate the origin and the interdependent relation between body systems.
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Olivarez J, Graves MT, Morandi F. Cervical diskospondylitis in a Tennessee walking horse mare. Vet rec case rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Olivarez
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Meggan T Graves
- Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Federica Morandi
- Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
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Shmalberg J, Xie H, Memon MA. Horses Referred to a Teaching Hospital Exclusively for Acupuncture and Herbs: A Three-Year Retrospective Analysis. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2018; 12:145-150. [PMID: 30267793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine acupuncture and herbal medicine are increasingly popular and have been anecdotally used in the treatment of a number of conditions. There is, however, a lack of data on the most commonly treated conditions in horses. The medical records of 164 horses presented exclusively for acupuncture and herbal therapy over a three-year period from October 2012 to October 2015 were evaluated from a mixed animal integrative medicine service at a veterinary academic teaching hospital. Horses were presented primarily for musculoskeletal conditions (62.0%), gastrointestinal disorders (9.5%), and anhydrosis (6.1%). Nearly half of all treated horses were geldings, and the mean age of treatment was 10.7 ± 6.5 years. The most common breeds were Warmbloods (28.2%), Quarter horses (20.2%), Thoroughbreds (17.8%), and Arabians (8.0%). Treatments included acupuncture (90.2%), herbal supplements (79.8%), electroacupuncture (69.9%), B12 injections (pharmacoacupuncture, 29.4%), or administration of autologous blood at acupuncture points (hemoacupuncture, 8.0%). Thirty-eight (38) different herbal formulas were recommended during the study period. Horses that were not provided herbal recommendations were more likely to present with gastrointestinal complaints (odds ratio = 11.2). Sex, breed, and presenting complaint had no or minimal impact on the types of treatments performed during the visit. However, data regarding patient characteristics and presenting complaints provide novel information which can be used to design prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Shmalberg
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Huisheng Xie
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Mushtaq A Memon
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, FL 32608.
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Dunkel B, Pfau T, Fiske-Jackson A, Veres-Nyeki KO, Fairhurst H, Jackson K, Chang YM, Bolt DM. A pilot study of the effects of acupuncture treatment on objective and subjective gait parameters in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 44:154-162. [PMID: 26946316 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether acupuncture can alter gait in horses as assessed by objective and subjective parameters. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, singleblinded, crossover study. ANIMALS Eight adult horses. METHODS Horses were randomly assigned to a treatment (three acupuncture treatments in 8 days) or control group. Subjective and objective gait analyses were performed before and after each treatment and at 1, 3 and 7 days after the last treatment (time-points 1-9, respectively). Horses were assessed at the trot in a straight line on a hard surface and on the lunge on the left and right reins on a soft surface (conditions 1-3, respectively). After 12 weeks, groups were reversed. Objective gait analysis was performed using inertial sensors and subjective analysis by two board- certified surgeons who reviewed video-recordings. Each limb was assessed for lameness before and after treatment. Lameness and global scores were assigned using 4-point scales. Assessors were blinded to treatment status. The effects of treatment (yes/no), time (1-9) and horse under conditions 1 -3 were compared using a linear mixed-effects model and a generalized estimating equation. RESULTS Treatment decreased hip hike difference under all conditions [condition 1: control, 6.3 ± 6.4 mm versus treatment, -0.2 ± 6.4 mm (p = 0.007); condition 2: control, 9.7 ± 7.8 mm versus treatment, 2.8 ± 7.8 mm (p = 0.032); condition 3: control, 7.3 ± 6.3 mm versus treatment, -2.7 ± 6.4 mm (p = 0.003)]. Other parameters also improved significantly under conditions 1 and 3. Based on subjective gait analysis, treatment decreased lameness [odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.78; p = 0.002] but not global (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.24-1.10; p = 0.12) scores. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Acupuncture can change horses' gaits to a degree appreciable by objective and subjective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK.
| | - Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Andrew Fiske-Jackson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Kata O Veres-Nyeki
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Harriet Fairhurst
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Katrina Jackson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
| | - David M Bolt
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, UK
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Sheta E, Ragab S, Farghali H, El-Sherif A. Successful practice of electroacupuncture analgesia in equine surgery. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2014; 8:30-9. [PMID: 25660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture analgesia was used for surgery in horses and donkeys. A KWD-808 electrical stimulator was used to incrementally induce a dense, dispersed wave output at frequencies from 20 to 55 Hz, which was maintained at a frequency of 55 Hz, and to change the amplitude of the wave to the best grading number for the suggested operation in each animal. Induction of analgesia lasted for 20-30 minutes, and the effect of analgesia was maintained for 20-45 minutes depending on the type of surgery performed. The exhibited clinical signs, physical examination data, and the responses of all animals were used for evaluating the periods of analgesia. Although the majority of the cases (95%) had no response to strong surgical pain, they experienced significant increases in heart rates and respiratory rates during induction. The lack of pain, relaxed surgical procedures, reduced intraoperative bleeding, and improved healing without complications were all definite benefits of using electroacupuncture analgesia in surgery. Thus, this study has provided surgical evidence supporting the effectiveness of electroacupuncture analgesia, as well as confirming its reliability, in the field of equine anesthesia and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldessouky Sheta
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Safwat Ragab
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haithem Farghali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Acupuncture has been used for over 2000 years to treat a variety of diseases. It is safe and effective, especially for conditions such as pain, geriatric diseases, and exercise-related diseases. There are 361 acupuncture points located throughout the body on meridians. Meridians are the energetic channels that connect all the points to each other. These points are stimulated by various means to produce a physiological effect in the body. All points have various functions throughout the body that can be used to treat different diseases. Certain precautions must be taken when treating weak, debilitated, or pregnant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Xie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate use of electroacupuncture for treatment of horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar pain. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 15 horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar pain. PROCEDURE Horses were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Horses in group 1 received electroacupuncture stimulation (once every 3 days for 5 treatments), those in group 2 received phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h, for 5 days), and those in group 3 received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (20 mL, PO, q 12 h, for 5 days). Thoracolumbar pain scores (TPSs) were evaluated before (baseline) and after each treatment. RESULTS Mean +/- SE TPSs in horses receiving phenylbutazone or saline solution did not change significantly during the study. After the third treatment, mean +/- SE TPS (2.1 +/- 0.6) in horses receiving electroacupuncture stimulation was significantly lower than baseline (6.0 +/- 0.6) TPS. Mean +/- SE TPSs in horses receiving electroacupuncture stimulation were significantly lower than baseline TPSs and TPSs in horses receiving phenylbutazone or saline solution after the third treatment to 14 days after the last treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TPSs are useful for evaluating the efficacy of various analgesic methods used for treatment of thoracolumbar pain in horses. Electroacupuncture was effective for treatment of chronic thoracolumbar pain in horses. Results provided evidence that 3 sessions of electroacupuncture treatment can successfully alleviate signs of thoracolumbar pain in horses. The analgesic effect induced by electroacupuncture can last at least 2 weeks. Phenylbutazone administered PO did not effectively alleviate signs of thoracolumbar pain in horses in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Xie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Wynn
- The Bells Ferry Veterinary Hospital, 6410 Hwy 92, Acworth, GA 30102, USA
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