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Di Cesare Mannelli L, Palma Esposito F, Sangiovanni E, Pagano E, Mannucci C, Polini B, Ghelardini C, Dell’Agli M, Izzo AA, Calapai G, de Pascale D, Nieri P. Pharmacological Activities of Extracts and Compounds Isolated from Mediterranean Sponge Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121329. [PMID: 34959729 PMCID: PMC8715745 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine pharmacology is an exciting and growing discipline that blends blue biotechnology and natural compound pharmacology together. Several sea-derived compounds that are approved on the pharmaceutical market were discovered in sponges, marine organisms that are particularly rich in bioactive metabolites. This paper was specifically aimed at reviewing the pharmacological activities of extracts or purified compounds from marine sponges that were collected in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most biodiverse marine habitats, filling the gap in the literature about the research of natural products from this geographical area. Findings regarding different Mediterranean sponge species were individuated, reporting consistent evidence of efficacy mainly against cancer, infections, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. The sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean sponges as pharmaceutical sources is strongly encouraged to discover new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health—Neurofarba—Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Fortunato Palma Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.P.E.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Beatrice Polini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health—Neurofarba—Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Angelo Antonio Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.P.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.M.); (G.C.)
| | - Donatella de Pascale
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (F.P.E.); (D.d.P.)
| | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.P.); (P.N.)
- Interdepartmental Center of Marine Pharmacology (MarinePHARMA), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Muzychka L, Voronkina A, Kovalchuk V, Smolii OB, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Youssef DTA, Ehrlich I, Ehrlich H. Marine biomimetics: bromotyrosines loaded chitinous skeleton as source of antibacterial agents. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2021; 127:15. [PMID: 33424135 PMCID: PMC7776313 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The marine sponges of the order Verongiida (Demospongiae: Porifera) have survived on our planet for more than 500 million years due to the presence of a unique strategy of chemical protection by biosynthesis of more than 300 derivatives of biologically active bromotyrosines as secondary metabolites. These compounds are synthesized within spherulocytes, highly specialized cells located within chitinous skeletal fibers of these sponges from where they can be extruded in the sea water and form protective space against pathogenic viruses, bacteria and other predators. This chitin is an example of unique biomaterial as source of substances with antibiotic properties. Traditionally, the attention of researchers was exclusively drawn to lipophilic bromotyrosines, the extraction methods of which were based on the use of organic solvents only. Alternatively, we have used in this work a biomimetic water-based approach, because in natural conditions, sponges actively extrude bromotyrosines that are miscible with the watery environment. This allowed us to isolate 3,5-dibromoquinolacetic acid from an aqueous extract of the dried demosponge Aplysina aerophoba and compare its antimicrobial activity with the same compound obtained by the chemical synthesis. Both synthetic and natural compounds have shown antimicrobial properties against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Muzychka
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Valentine Kovalchuk
- Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Oleg B. Smolii
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Diaa T. A. Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | | | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland
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Koss DJ, Robinson L, Mietelska-Porowska A, Gasiorowska A, Sepčić K, Turk T, Jaspars M, Niewiadomska G, Scott RH, Platt B, Riedel G. Polymeric alkylpyridinium salts permit intracellular delivery of human Tau in rat hippocampal neurons: requirement of Tau phosphorylation for functional deficits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4613-32. [PMID: 26070304 PMCID: PMC11113860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from tauopathies including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) present with intra-neuronal aggregation of microtubule-associated protein Tau. During the disease process, Tau undergoes excessive phosphorylation, dissociates from microtubules and aggregates into insoluble neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), accumulating in the soma. While many aspects of the disease pathology have been replicated in transgenic mouse models, a region-specific non-transgenic expression model is missing. Complementing existing models, we here report a novel region-specific approach to modelling Tau pathology. Local co-administration of the pore-former polymeric 1,3-alkylpyridinium salts (Poly-APS) extracted from marine sponges, and synthetic full-length 4R recombinant human Tau (hTau) was performed in vitro and in vivo. At low doses, Poly-APS was non-toxic and cultured cells exposed to Poly-APS (0.5 µg/ml) and hTau (1 µg/ml; ~22 µM) had normal input resistance, resting-state membrane potentials and Ca(2+) transients induced either by glutamate or KCl, as did cells exposed to a low concentration of the phosphatase inhibitor Okadaic acid (OA; 1 nM, 24 h). Combined hTau loading and phosphatase inhibition resulted in a collapse of the membrane potential, suppressed excitation and diminished glutamate and KCl-stimulated Ca(2+) transients. Stereotaxic infusions of Poly-APS (0.005 µg/ml) and hTau (1 µg/ml) bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus at multiple sites resulted in hTau loading of neurons in rats. A separate cohort received an additional 7-day minipump infusion of OA (1.2 nM) intrahippocampally. When tested 2 weeks after surgery, rats treated with Poly-APS+hTau+OA presented with subtle learning deficits, but were also impaired in cognitive flexibility and recall. Hippocampal plasticity recorded from slices ex vivo was diminished in Poly-APS+hTau+OA subjects, but not in other treatment groups. Histological sections confirmed the intracellular accumulation of hTau in CA1 pyramidal cells and along their processes; phosphorylated Tau was present only within somata. This study demonstrates that cognitive, physiological and pathological symptoms reminiscent of tauopathies can be induced following non-mutant hTau delivery into CA1 in rats, but functional consequences hinge on increased Tau phosphorylation. Collectively, these data validate a novel model of locally infused recombinant hTau protein as an inducer of Tau pathology in the hippocampus of normal rats; future studies will provide insights into the pathological spread and maturation of Tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Koss
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lianne Robinson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
- Behavioural Neuroscience Core Facility, Division of Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roderick H Scott
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bettina Platt
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, UK.
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Palmer I, Nelson J, Schatton W, Dunne NJ, Buchanan FJ, Clarke SA. Biocompatibility of calcium phosphate bone cement with optimized mechanical properties. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:308-15. [PMID: 25766271 PMCID: PMC4975604 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The broad aim of this work was to investigate and optimize the properties of calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) for use in vertebroplasty to achieve effective primary fixation of spinal fractures. The incorporation of collagen, both bovine and from a marine sponge (Chondrosia reniformis), into a CPC was investigated. The biological properties of the CPC and collagen–CPC composites were assessed in vitro through the use of human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytotoxicity, proliferation, and osteoblastic differentiation were evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase, PicoGreen, and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively. The addition of both types of collagen resulted in an increase in cytotoxicity, albeit not to a clinically relevant level. Cellular proliferation after 1, 7, and 14 days was unchanged. The osteogenic potential of the CPC was reduced through the addition of bovine collagen but remained unchanged in the case of the marine collagen. These findings, coupled with previous work showing that incorporation of marine collagen in this way can improve the physical properties of CPCs, suggest that such a composite may offer an alternative to CPCs in applications where low setting times and higher mechanical stability are important. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 104B:308–315, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Palmer
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
| | - John Nelson
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
| | - Fraser J Buchanan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
| | - Susan A Clarke
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Grandič M, Frangež R. Pathophysiological effects of synthetic derivatives of polymeric alkylpyridinium salts from the marine sponge, Reniera sarai. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2408-21. [PMID: 24796301 PMCID: PMC4052297 DOI: 10.3390/md12052408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS) are among the most studied natural bioactive compounds extracted from the marine sponge, Reniera sarai. They exhibit a wide range of biological activities, and the most prominent among them are the anti-acetylcholinesterase and membrane-damaging activity. Due to their membrane activity, sAPS can induce the lysis of various cells and cell lines and inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. Because of their bioactivity, poly-APS are possible candidates for use in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and industry. Due to the small amounts of naturally occurring poly-APS, methods for the synthesis of analogues have been developed. They differ in chemical properties, such as the degree of polymerization, the length of the alkyl chains (from three to 12 carbon atoms) and in the counter ions present in their structures. Such structurally defined analogues with different chemical properties and degrees of polymerization possess different levels of biological activity. We review the current knowledge of the biological activity and toxicity of synthetic poly-APS analogues, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of their physiological and pharmacological effects and, in particular, the mechanisms of toxicity of two analogues, APS12-2 and APS3, in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjana Grandič
- Institute for Hygiene and Pathology of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Cesta v Mestni log 47, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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APS8, a polymeric alkylpyridinium salt blocks α7 nAChR and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2574-94. [PMID: 23880932 PMCID: PMC3736439 DOI: 10.3390/md11072574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring 3-alkylpyridinium polymers (poly-APS) from the marine sponge Reniera sarai, consisting of monomers containing polar pyridinium and nonpolar alkyl chain moieties, have been demonstrated to exert a wide range of biological activities, including a selective cytotoxicity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. APS8, an analog of poly-APS with defined alkyl chain length and molecular size, non-competitively inhibits α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at nanomolar concentrations that are too low to be acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory or generally cytotoxic. In the present study we show that APS8 inhibits NSCLC tumor cell growth and activates apoptotic pathways. APS8 was not toxic for normal lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, in NSCLC cells, APS8 reduced the adverse anti-apoptotic, proliferative effects of nicotine. Our results suggest that APS8 or similar compounds might be considered as lead compounds to develop antitumor therapeutic agents for at least certain types of lung cancer.
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Cardiovascular effects induced by polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts from the marine sponge Reniera sarai. Toxicon 2012; 60:1041-8. [PMID: 22846421 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymeric 3-alkylpyridinum salts (poly-APS), isolated from the marine sponge Reniera sarai, are natural products with promising biomedical applications. However, their ability to form non-specific cell membrane pores raises safety issues. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the direct toxic effects of poly-APS on the cardiovascular system. To study the impact of poly-APS toxicodynamics on vascular function, the relaxation and contraction responses of isolated rat thoracic aortas incubated in poly-APS solutions (0.01-10 μM) were tested. In addition, cardiac toxicity was studied by measuring coronary flow, lactate dehydrogenase release rate, left ventricular pressure, heart rate, and the duration of arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts perfused with poly-APS (0.001-1 μM). Poly-APS diminished endothelium-dependent relaxation and contraction in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Endothelial function was affected earlier and to a greater extent than contractile responses. Likewise, in isolated hearts the most evident cardiotoxic effects were observed after perfusion with the highest concentration (1 μM) of poly-APS: compared to the control group the coronary flow and heart rate were diminished by 2.2- and 1.8-fold, while lactate dehydrogenase release rate and left ventricular pressure were increased by 7.8- and 2.2-fold (all P < 0.001). Further, poly-APS had evident proarrhythmogenic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. However, in the low concentration range (1-10 nM) poly-APS showed only minor toxicity. Our results confirmed the direct toxic effects of poly-APS on the rat cardiovascular system. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that the use of poly-APS as therapeutic adjuvants has limited safety margins.
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Blihoghe D, Manzo E, Villela A, Cutignano A, Picariello G, Faimali M, Fontana A. Evaluation of the antifouling properties of 3-alyklpyridine compounds. BIOFOULING 2011; 27:99-109. [PMID: 21181570 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.542587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the most promising alternative technologies to antifouling (AF) biocides based on toxic heavy metals lies in the development of natural eco-friendly biocides. The present study evaluates the AF potential of structurally different compounds containing a 3-alkylpyridine moiety. The products, namely poly 3-alkylpyridinium salts, saraine, and haminols, were either extracted or derived from natural sources (the sponges Haliclona sp. and Reniera sarai and the mollusc Haminoea fusari), or obtained by chemical synthesis. All the molecules tested showed generally good anti-settlement activity against larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite (EC(50) values between 0.19 and 3.61 μg ml(-1) and low toxicity (LC(50) values ranging from 2.04 to over 100 μg ml(-1)) with non-target organisms. For the first time, the AF potential of a synthetic monomeric 3-alkylpyridine was demonstrated, suggesting that chemical synthesis is as a realistic way to produce large amounts of these compounds for future research and development of environmentally-friendly AF biocides.
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Sepčić K, Kauferstein S, Mebs D, Turk T. Biological activities of aqueous and organic extracts from tropical marine sponges. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1550-66. [PMID: 20559488 PMCID: PMC2885080 DOI: 10.3390/md8051550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on screening tests of 66 extracts obtained from 35 marine sponge species from the Caribbean Sea (Curaçao) and from eight species from the Great Barrier Reef (Lizard Island). Extracts were prepared in aqueous and organic solvents and were tested for hemolytic, hemagglutinating, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, as well as their ability to inhibit or activate cell protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The most interesting activities were obtained from extracts of Ircinia felix, Pandaros acanthifolium, Topsentia ophiraphidites, Verongula rigida and Neofibularia nolitangere. Aqueous and organic extracts of I. felix and V. rigida showed strong antibacterial activity. Topsentia aqueous and some organic extracts were strongly hemolytic, as were all organic extracts from I. felix. The strongest hemolytic activity was observed in aqueous extracts from P. acanthifolium. Organic extracts of N. nolitangere and I. felix inhibited PP1. The aqueous extract from Myrmekioderma styx possessed the strongest hemagglutinating activity, whilst AChE inhibiting activity was found only in a few sponges and was generally weak, except in the methanolic extract of T. ophiraphidites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silke Kauferstein
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mebs
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tom Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +386 1 4233388; Fax: +386 1 2573390
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Houssen WE, Lu Z, Edrada-Ebel R, Chatzi C, Tucker SJ, Sepčić K, Turk T, Zovko A, Shen S, Mancini I, Scott RH, Jaspars M. Chemical synthesis and biological activities of 3-alkyl pyridinium polymeric analogues of marine toxins. J Chem Biol 2010; 3:113-25. [PMID: 21326630 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-010-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two new large poly-1,3-dodecylpyridinium salts, APS12 and APS12-2 of 12.5- and 14.7-kDa size, respectively, were synthesised and tested for their pore-forming and transfection capabilities in HEK 293 and undifferentiated mouse ES cells using patch-clamp recording, Ca(2+) imaging and flow cytometry. Polymerisation reactions were enhanced by microwaves, and the product sizes were controlled by altering the irradiation time. This method can also be applied to obtain polymers with variable linking chains as shown by the preparation of poly-(1,3-octylpyridinium) salt of 11.9-kDa size. Molecular weights of the final products were determined using ESIMS analysis, which also indicated the products to be amongst the largest macro-cycles ever recorded, up to a 900-membered ring. Anti-bacterial, haemolytic and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were also reported for the two dodecyl pyridinium polymers. These biological activities are characteristic to the structurally related marine toxin, poly-APS. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12154-010-0036-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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A comparative study of the actions of alkylpyridinium salts from a marine sponge and related synthetic compounds in rat cultured hippocampal neurones. BMC Pharmacol 2007; 7:1. [PMID: 17274812 PMCID: PMC1797161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymeric alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS), are chemical defences produced by marine sponges including Reniera sarai. Poly-APS have previously been shown to effectively deliver macromolecules into cells. The efficiency of this closely follows the ability of poly-APS to form transient pores in membranes, providing strong support for a pore-based delivery mechanism. Recently, water soluble compounds have been synthesised that are structurally related to the natural polymers but bear a different number of pyridinium units. These compounds may share a number of bio-activities with poly-APS. Using electrophysiology, calcium imaging and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene imaging, the pore forming properties of poly-APS and four related synthetic oligomers have been tested on primary cultured rat hippocampal neurones. Results Acute application of poly-APS (0.5 μg/ml), reduced membrane potential, input resistance and suppressed action potential firing. Poly-APS evoked inward cation currents with linear current-voltage relationships similar to actions of pore formers on other cell types. Poly-APS (0.005–5 μg/ml) also produced Ca2+ transients in ~41% of neurones. The dose-dependence of poly-APS actions were complex, such that at 0.05 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml poly-APS produced varying magnitudes of membrane permeability depending on the order of application. Data from surface plasmon resonance analysis suggested accumulation of poly-APS in membranes and subsequent enhanced poly-APS binding. Even at 10–100 fold higher concentrations, none of the synthetic compounds produced changes in electrophysiological characteristics of the same magnitude as poly-APS. Of the synthetic oligomers tested compounds 1 (monomeric) and tetrameric 4 (5–50 μg/ml) induced small transient currents and 3 (trimeric) and 4 (tetrameric) produced significant Ca2+ transients in hippocampal neurones. Conclusion Poly-APS induced pore formation in hippocampal neurones and such pores were transient, with neurones recovering from exposure to these polymers. Synthetic structurally related oligomers were not potent pore formers when compared to poly-APS and affected a smaller percentage of the hippocampal neurone population. Poly-APS may have potential as agents for macromolecular delivery into CNS neurones however; the smaller synthetic oligomers tested in this study show little potential for such use. This comparative analysis indicated that the level of polymerisation giving rise to the supermolecular structure in the natural compounds, is likely to be responsible for the activity here reported.
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