Abnormalities of the tubular genital organs

A Post-mortem Survey of Bovine Female Reproductive Tracts in the UK

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of macroscopic reproductive tract abnormalities in a sample of female cattle in the UK. To our knowledge, this type of post-mortem survey has not been conducted in the UK since the 1970s. Over the last 40 years significant changes have occurred with respect to management and genetics. Moreover, there have been changes in growth rates in beef animals, elevated milk yields and a decline in fertility in dairy cattle. It was hypothesised that differences may exist in the extent and type of lesions occurring compared with previous studies. Between May and July 2017, the reproductive tracts of cattle (Bos taurus) were examined post-mortem at an abattoir in the north west of England. All female cattle slaughtered on visit days were eligible. In total 680 tracts were examined, constituting 88% of those eligible. Macroscopic abnormalities were recorded using a standard format and definitions. The majority of cattle were a dairy breed (73%) with Holstein-Friesian accounting for over half of these. Median age at slaughter for dairy breeds was 5.1 years (range 1.7-13.8 years) and 3.9 years (0.92-16.8 years) for beef breeds. A total of 141 out of the 680 reproductive tracts examined exhibited at least one lesion, giving an overall prevalence of abnormalities of 20.7%, with 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.9-23.9%. This is double the last similar UK-based study carried out in the late 1970s. There were 20 different types of abnormality identified, with 207 individual lesions in 141 abnormal tracts. The ovary was the most common anatomical location displaying abnormalities, accounting for 70.2% of all abnormal tracts. Ovaro-bursal adhesions were the most common abnormality found at 5.3% (CI 3.9-7.2%) and half of these were classified as severe. The second most common lesion was follicular cystic ovarian disease at 4.6% (CI 3.2-6.4%), followed by anoestrus at 4.1% (CI 2.9-5.9%). Double the prevalence of macroscopic reproductive tract lesions is a concern. Greater use of post-mortem material for disease surveillance and further studies into risk factors, especially for the most prevalent lesions, is warranted.

Surgical Procedures of the Genital Organs of Cows

Reproductive surgical techniques are considered by practitioners/clinicians of theriogenology to be the most beneficial reproductive management that can be performed to treat conditions of cows that may affect fertility. Conditions affecting the reproductive tract can cause pathologic changes that may result in substantial economic and genetic losses to beef and dairy producers. Some injuries and diseases are amenable to surgical treatment. Surgical restoration of fertility preserves genetic potential and economic productivity. The surgical procedures described in this article are some of the most commonly used to restore fertility in cows with injury or diseases affecting their reproductive tracts.

The effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule on the incidence of retained fetal membranes, milk yield and reproductive responses in Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule on the incidence of retained fetal membranes (RFM), milk yield and conception rate at first service (CRFS). The study was conducted during May to August 2004 in a large dairy herd in Chihuahua, Mexico. Cows (n = 2,025) from 20 to 30 d before expected parturition were randomly assigned to either a treatment or a control group. The treated group (n = 1,010) received orally a capsule of monensin that released 335 mg/d for 95 d. Control cows (no capsule, n = 1,015) were randomly assigned and matched by parity. Outcome variables were the incidence of RFM, first three test day milk and CRFS. Monensin decreased the incidence of RFM by 3.9% only in multiparous cows. Therefore, multiparous cows treated with monensin were 0.78 times (95% C.I. = 0.71-0.86) as likely as control multiparous cows to develop RFM. Overall, milk yield was negatively affected by the RFM condition, but it was improved by monensin only in multiparous cows with RFM at test day 1. Conception rate at first service was depressed by 10.6% in multiparous cows with RFM. However, in RFM cows treated with monensin, CRFS improved to the level of treated cows without RFM.