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Won TH, Bok JW, Nadig N, Venkatesh N, Nickles G, Greco C, Lim FY, González JB, Turgeon BG, Keller NP, Schroeder FC. Copper starvation induces antimicrobial isocyanide integrated into two distinct biosynthetic pathways in fungi. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4828. [PMID: 35973982 PMCID: PMC9381783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of many filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., include diverse biosynthetic gene clusters of unknown function. We previously showed that low copper levels upregulate a gene cluster that includes crmA, encoding a putative isocyanide synthase. Here we show, using untargeted comparative metabolomics, that CrmA generates a valine-derived isocyanide that contributes to two distinct biosynthetic pathways under copper-limiting conditions. Reaction of the isocyanide with an ergot alkaloid precursor results in carbon-carbon bond formation analogous to Strecker amino-acid synthesis, producing a group of alkaloids we term fumivalines. In addition, valine isocyanide contributes to biosynthesis of a family of acylated sugar alcohols, the fumicicolins, which are related to brassicicolin A, a known isocyanide from Alternaria brassicicola. CrmA homologs are found in a wide range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, some of which produce fumicicolin and fumivaline. Extracts from A. fumigatus wild type (but not crmA-deleted strains), grown under copper starvation, inhibit growth of diverse bacteria and fungi, and synthetic valine isocyanide shows antibacterial activity. CrmA thus contributes to two biosynthetic pathways downstream of trace-metal sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Won
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nischala Nadig
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Grant Nickles
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Claudio Greco
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Yun Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer B González
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- 104 Peckham Hall, Nazareth College, 4245 East Avenue, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - B Gillian Turgeon
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Klotz JL, McDowell KJ. Tall fescue ergot alkaloids are vasoactive in equine vasculature. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5151-5160. [PMID: 29293720 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mares grazing endophyte-infected () tall fescue () typically exhibit reproductive dysfunction rather than problems associated with peripheral vasoconstriction as a primary sign of the fescue toxicosis syndrome. Research using Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated that consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue seed causes measurable vasoconstriction in the medial palmar artery. The objective of this study was to evaluate contractile responses of medial palmar artery and vein to increasing concentrations of various tall fescue alkaloids. Medial palmar arteries and veins were collected immediately following euthanasia from 23 horses of mixed breed, age, and gender from both forelimbs, and uterine arteries were collected from females ( = 12). Vessels were separated, cleaned of excess connective and adipose tissue, divided into 2- to 3-mm cross-sections, and suspended in a multimyograph chamber with continuously oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (95% O/5% CO; pH 7.4; 37°C). Following a 90-min equilibration and recovery from reference compound exposure, increasing concentrations of norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, ergotamine, and ergonovine for the palmar artery and vein and uterine artery and ergovaline, ergocryptine, ergocristine, ergocornine, and lysergic acid for the palmar artery and vein were added to assess vasoactivity. Data were normalized as a percentage of contractile response induced by the reference compound addition and analyzed as a completely randomized design. Both norepinephrine and serotonin were vasoactive in all 3 types of blood vessels. Neither ergotamine nor ergonovine were vasoactive in the uterine artery. All alkaloids tested with the palmar artery and vein produced a contractile response, except that neither the palmar artery nor the palmar vein responded to lysergic acid ( > 0.05). Ergovaline was the most vasoactive ergot alkaloid in both the palmar artery and the palmar vein ( < 0.05) followed by ergonovine, whereas out of the 4 remaining ergopeptine alkaloids tested, ergocristine induced the lowest contractile response. Although horses do not outwardly appear to be affected by peripheral vasoconstriction as observed in cattle, these data indicate that tall fescue alkaloids are vasoactive and suggest that potential exists for peripheral vascular effects of tall fescue alkaloids in horses. This does not appear to be the case for the uterine artery, and future research should be directed at understanding how ergot alkaloids cause equine reproductive dysfunction.
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Pratt SL, Andrae JG. BILL E. KUNKLE INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF SYMPOSIUM: Does tall fescue toxicosis negatively impact bull growth and breeding potential? J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5522-8. [PMID: 26641162 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The predominant cool-season forage in the southeastern United States is the tall fescue cultivar Kentucky 31 (KY31). Kentucky 31 possesses an endophyte (), which produces a family of toxins called ergot alkaloids. These toxins negatively affect the physiology of animals on consumption and result in the syndrome known as fescue toxicosis. Currently, the United States annually produces approximately 11.4 billion kg of beef, of which 25% originates in the southeastern region of the United States where forage systems frequently are tall fescue based. Cattle within this forage system exhibit reduced gains and reproductive performance. The result is a reduction in the nation's beef supply with annual revenue losses recently estimated at approximately US$1 billion. Our hypothesis is that exposure to these ergot alkaloids in conjunction with limited availability of nutrients decreases bull semen quality and fertility. Although the literature is clear that these toxins affect BW, body temperature, blood flow, hair growth, and female reproduction in cattle, their effect on bull reproduction and the mechanisms through which the toxins act are not well defined. Six studies published from 2004 to 2015 assessed bull growth, body composition, and semen quality of young beef bulls exposed to ergot alkaloids. If semen quality or fertility is altered, the mechanisms involved may be either direct effects of ergot alkaloids through neurotransmitter receptors or indirect effects such as inhibiting the release of prolactin (PRL). The possible effects of ergot alkaloids or PRL require establishing the presence or absence of dopamine, adrenergic, serotonin, or PRL receptors in the testis, epididymis, and sperm cell of the bull. The objective of this review is to relate our findings to the few previous studies conducted that evaluated the impact of fescue toxicosis on bull reproduction and to propose possible mechanisms of action for lowered semen quality.
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Craig AM, Klotz JL, Duringer JM. Cases of ergotism in livestock and associated ergot alkaloid concentrations in feed. Front Chem 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 25741505 PMCID: PMC4332362 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot-induced disease in humans was known long before Biblical times and has been the root cause for countless human epidemics spanning from the early fourteenth century to the late sixteenth century. In contrast, many of these same ergot alkaloids have been utilized for their medicinal properties to mitigate migraine headaches and have had indications as anti-carcinogens. Although ergot alkaloids have been used for centuries by humans, basic pharmacokinetic data has not been documented for clinical disease in livestock. Consequently, a threshold dose and accurate dose-response data have yet to be established. Throughout the past several years, new detection techniques have emerged to detect these alkaloids at the parts per billion (ppb) level which has allowed for new efforts to be made with respect to determining threshold levels and making accurate clinical diagnoses in affected animals. This perspectives article provides a critical initial step for establishing a uniform interpretation of ergot toxicosis from limited existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morrie Craig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James L Klotz
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer M Duringer
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
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Riet-Correa F, Rivero R, Odriozola E, Adrien MDL, Medeiros RMT, Schild AL. Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:692-708. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713504572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in South America. The main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins ( Paspalum spp. contaminated by Claviceps paspali, Lolium perenne infected by Neotyphodium lolii, Cynodon dactylon infected by Claviceps cynodontis, and Poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior) infected by Neotyphodium coenophialum (syn. Acremonium coenophialum), and photosensitization in pastures contaminated by toxigenic Pithomyces chartarum. Other mycotoxicoses in grazing cattle include slaframine toxicity in clover pastures infected by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and diplodiosis in cattle grazing in corn stubbles. The mycotoxicoses caused by contaminated concentrated food or byproducts in cattle include poisoning by toxins of Aspergillus clavatus, which contaminate barley or sugar beetroot by-products, gangrenous ergotism or dysthermic syndrome caused by wheat bran or wheat screenings contaminated with Claviceps purpurea, and acute respiratory distress caused by damaged sweet potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas). The main mycotoxicosis of horses is leukoencephalomalacia caused by the fumonisins B1 and B2 produced by Fusarium spp. Poisoning by C. purpurea and F. elatior infected by N. coenophialum has also been reported as a cause of agalactia and neonatal mortality in mares. Slaframine toxicosis caused by the ingestion of alfalfa hay contaminated by R. leguminicola has also been reported in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Rodolfo Rivero
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Ernesto Odriozola
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Maria de Lourdes Adrien
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Rosane M. T. Medeiros
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
| | - Ana Lucia Schild
- Hospital Veterinário, Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Medeiros)
- Dirección de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, Ministério de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Paysandú, Uruguay (Rivero)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina (Odriozola)
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República, Estación Mario Cassinoni, Paysandú, Uruguay (Adrien)
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Schild)
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Douthit TL, Bormann JM, Gradert KC, Lomas LW, DeWitt SF, Kouba JM. The impact of endophyte-infected fescue consumption on digital circulation and lameness in the distal thoracic limb of the horse12. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3101-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Douthit
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. M. Bormann
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K. C. Gradert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - L. W. Lomas
- Southeast Agricultural Research Center, Kansas State University, Parsons 67357
| | - S. F. DeWitt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. M. Kouba
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Prevalence of ergot derivatives in natural ryegrass pastures: detection and pathogenicity in the horse. Theriogenology 2008; 71:422-31. [PMID: 18823653 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the incidence and effects of season and weather on clinical manifestations of endophyte-infected ryegrass toxicity, performed chemical detection and pharmacological bioassays on ryegrass extracts, and conducted trials on: (i) effects of domperidone or metochlopramide on ovarian inactivity induced by endophyte-infected ryegrass; (ii) efficacy of buspirone or dihydrochloro phenyl piperazine (m-CPP) for preventing suppressed milk production induced by endophyte-infected ryegrass; and (iii) efficacy of domperidone to induce ovulation during winter anestrus. Mares with toxicosis had prolonged gestation, embryonic losses, dystocia, poor mammary gland development, low milk production, prolonged uterine involution, and suppressed ovarian activity. Foals had respiratory failure, abnormalities of the skin, umbilicus, bone, and muscle, failure to thrive, blindness, testicular atrophy, and decreased serum total immunoglobulin concentrations. Endophyte-infected ryegrass and the incidence of toxicosis were correlated (r=0.861, P=0.03). Ergot alkaloids were not detected in extracts of endophyte-infected ryegrass by either thin-layer chromatography or spectrophotometry, but their presence was inferred in bioassays of extracts (dose-related increases in the contractile response of rat uterus). Mares given metoclopropamide (0.6 mg/kg/d), given orally every 8h for up to 7d) ovulated earlier (4-7d vs. 15-18d, P<0.001) than those given domperidone (1.1mg/kg/d) orally for up to 18d). Although both metoclopropamide and domperidone induced milk production, the latter did not induce ovarian cyclicity in healthy mares during seasonal anestrus. Based on these findings, we inferred that endophyte-infected ryegrass is associated with ergot alkaloid intoxication in horse.
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