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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bruera
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Goodman-Meza D, Medina-Mora ME, Magis-Rodríguez C, Landovitz RJ, Shoptaw S, Werb D. Where Is the Opioid Use Epidemic in Mexico? A Cautionary Tale for Policymakers South of the US-Mexico Border. Am J Public Health 2018; 109:73-82. [PMID: 30495992 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2018.304767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In North America, opioid use and its harms have increased in the United States and Canada over the past 2 decades. However, Mexico has yet to document patterns suggesting a higher level of opioid use or attendant harms.Historically, Mexico has been a country with low-level use of opioids, although heroin use has been documented. Low-level opioid use is likely attributable to structural, cultural, and individual factors. However, a range of dynamic factors may be converging to increase the use of opioids: legislative changes to opioid prescribing, national health insurance coverage of opioids, pressure from the pharmaceutical industry, changing demographics and disease burden, forced migration and its trauma, and an increase in the production and trafficking of heroin. In addition, harm-reduction services are scarce.Mexico may transition from a country of low opioid use to high opioid use but has the opportunity to respond effectively through a combination of targeted public health surveillance of high-risk groups, preparation of appropriate infrastructure to support evidence-based treatment, and interventions and policies to avoid a widespread opioid use epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goodman-Meza
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Maria Elena Medina-Mora
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Carlos Magis-Rodríguez
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Dan Werb
- David Goodman-Meza and Raphael J. Landovitz are with Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Raphael J. Landovitz is also with Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, Los Angeles. Maria Elena Medina-Mora is with Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico. Carlos Magis-Rodríguez is with National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and AIDS, Mexico City. Steve Shoptaw is with Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. Dan Werb is with Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
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Marks-Sultan G, Tsai FJ, Anderson E, Kastler F, Sprumont D, Burris S. National public health law: a role for WHO in capacity-building and promoting transparency. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94:534-9. [PMID: 27429492 PMCID: PMC4933143 DOI: 10.2471/blt.15.164749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust health infrastructure in every country is the most effective long-term preparedness strategy for global health emergencies. This includes not only health systems and their human resources, but also countries' legal infrastructure for health: the laws and policies that empower, obligate and sometimes limit government and private action. The law is also an important tool in health promotion and protection. Public health professionals play important roles in health law - from the development of policies, through their enforcement, to the scientific evaluation of the health impact of laws. Member States are already mandated to communicate their national health laws and regulations to the World Health Organization (WHO). In this paper we propose that WHO has the authority and credibility to support capacity-building in the area of health law within Member States, and to make national laws easier to access, understand, monitor and evaluate. We believe a strong case can be made to donors for the funding of a public health law centre or unit, that has adequate staffing, is robustly networked with its regional counterparts and is integrated into the main work of WHO. The mission of the unit or centre would be to define and integrate scientific and legal expertise in public health law, both technical and programmatic, across the work of WHO, and to conduct and facilitate global health policy surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Marks-Sultan
- Institut de Droit de la Santé, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue du 1er-Mars 26, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Masters Program in Global Health and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, China
| | - Evan Anderson
- Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America (USA)
| | - Florian Kastler
- Health and Law Institute, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Sprumont
- Institut de Droit de la Santé, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue du 1er-Mars 26, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Scott Burris
- Beasley School of Law, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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Támara LM. Descriptive cohort trial of terminal patients in medical home care in Bogotá – 2008–2012. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rcae.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Támara LM. Estudio de cohorte descriptivo de los pacientes terminales atendidos médicamente en su domicilio en Bogotá. 2008-2012. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rca.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Descriptive cohort trial of terminal patients in medical home care in Bogotá - 2008-2012☆. COLOMBIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/01819236-201442020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chahal HS, St Fort N, Bero L. Availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Haiti. J Glob Health 2013; 3:020405. [PMID: 24363923 PMCID: PMC3868824 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.03.020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and faces numerous challenges, including inadequate medication access for its residents. The objective of this study was to determine the availability, prices, and affordability of essential medicines in Haiti and compare these findings to other countries. Methods We conducted a cross–sectional nationwide survey in 2011 of availability and consumer prices of 60 essential medicines in Haiti using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International. The survey was conducted in 163 medicine outlets in four health care sectors (public, retail, nonprofit and mixed sectors). Medicine prices were expressed as ratios relative to the International Reference Price. Affordability was calculated by comparing the costs of treatment for common conditions with the salary of the lowest paid government worker and was compared to available data from four Latin American countries. Results For generic medicines, the availability in public, retail, nonprofit and mixed sectors was 20%, 37%, 24% and 23% of medications, respectively. Most of the available medicines were priced higher than the International Reference Price. The lowest paid government worker would need 2.5 days’ wages to treat an adult respiratory infection with generic medicines from the public sector. For treatment of common conditions with originator brands (OB) purchased from a retail pharmacy, costs were between 1.4 (anaerobic bacterial infection) and 13.7 (hyperlipidemia) days’ wages, respectively. Treatment of pediatric bacterial infections with the OB of ceftriaxone from a retail pharmacy would cost 24.6 days’ wages. Prices in Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua were frequently lower for comparable medications. Conclusions The availability of essential medicines was low and prices varied widely across all four sectors. Over 75% of Haitians live on less than US$ 2.00 /day; therefore, most medication regimens are largely unaffordable. Inclusion of essential medications on the national formulary and working with organizations responsible for importing medications into Haiti, particularly drug donation agencies, are important first steps to increasing medication access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinder Singh Chahal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, Cal., USA ; Haiti Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, Cal., USA
| | - Nazaire St Fort
- Haiti Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, Cal., USA
| | - Lisa Bero
- Clinical Pharmacy and Health Policy, University of California, San Francisco, Cal., USA
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Cleary J, De Lima L, Eisenchlas J, Radbruch L, Torode J, Cherny N. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in Latin America and the Caribbean: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol 2013; 24 Suppl 11:xi41-50. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Improving the availability and accessibility of opioids for the treatment of pain: The International Pain Policy Fellowship. Support Care Cancer 2011; 19:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-011-1200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cárdenas-Turanzas M, Torres-Vigil I, Tovalín-Ahumada H, Nates JL. Hospital versus home death: results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011; 41:880-92. [PMID: 21146354 PMCID: PMC3723140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Characterizing where people die is needed to inform palliative care programs in Mexico. OBJECTIVES To determine whether access to health care influences the place of death of older Mexicans and examine the modifying effects of demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS We analyzed 2001 baseline and 2003 follow-up data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Cases included adults who completed the baseline interview and died before the follow-up interview and for whom a proxy interview was obtained in 2003. The main outcome variable was the place of death (hospital vs. home). The predictors of the place of death were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The study group included 473 deceased patients; 52.9% died at home. Factors associated with hospital death were having spent at least one night in a hospital during the last year of life (odds ratio [OR]: 6.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.29, 13.78) and dying in a city other than the city of usual residence (OR: 4.68, 95% CI: 2.56, 8.57). Factors associated with home death were not having health care coverage (OR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.34, 5.88), living in a city of less than 100,000 residents (OR: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.43, 4.17), and older age (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.05). CONCLUSION Older Mexicans with access to health care services were more likely to die in the hospital even after controlling for important clinical and demographic characteristics. Findings from the study may be used to plan the provision of accessible end-of-life hospital and home-based services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marylou Cárdenas-Turanzas
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Research on Minority Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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Moyano JR, Figueras A, Figuers A. The medical consumption of opioids in Colombia, 1997-2007. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2011; 24:367-73. [PMID: 21133745 DOI: 10.3109/15360288.2010.523067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classifies opioid analgesics as essential medicines in the treatment of severe pain and recommends their increased availability. The combination of availability, training of professionals, and a legal framework granting access to these medicines has led to a sharp increase in the consumption of morphine and other opioids in developed countries. However, in Colombia, consumption of opioid analgesics appears to fail to meet patient needs. To analyze the current trends in medical consumption of opioids in Colombia, the numbers of defined daily doses of opioid analgesics for total inhabitants and the population that died of cancer between 1997 and 2007 were calculated and compared. The import of raw materials and medicines varied greatly every year. However, from 2003, a trend toward the increased consumption of morphine, hydromorphone, and methadone was observed. Availability was inconsistent and opioid consumption showed an increase when calculated for total inhabitants and for cancer deaths. The unreliable availability of opioid analgesics may be responsible for their limited consumption. Chronic underuse and a trend toward increased consumption have been confirmed. Monitoring of consumption to promote rational use is recommended.
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Torres-Vigil I, Aday LA, Reyes-Gibby C, De Lima L, Herrera AP, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS. Health Care Providers' Assessments of the Quality of Advanced-Cancer Care in Latin American Medical Institutions: A Comparison of Predictors in Five Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2009; 22:7-20. [DOI: 10.1080/15360280801989195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Torres-Vigil
- Department of Health Disparities Research, Center for Research on Minority Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
| | - Lu Ann Aday
- The Division of Management, Policy and Community Health, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston
| | - Cielito Reyes-Gibby
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,
| | - Liliana De Lima
- The International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care based in Houston and the Latin American Association for Palliative Care based in Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angelica P. Herrera
- Department of Health Disparities Research Center for Research on Minority Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
| | - Tito Mendoza
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center,
| | - Charles S. Cleeland
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Supportive Cancer Care.,
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Smith AK, Sudore RL, Pérez-Stable EJ. Palliative care for Latino patients and their families: whenever we prayed, she wept. JAMA 2009; 301:1047-57, E1. [PMID: 19278947 PMCID: PMC2782583 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2009.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Latinos account for 15% of the US population, a proportion projected to grow to 30% by the year 2050. Although there is tremendous diversity within this community, commonalities of language, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors unite Latinos, making them more similar than different. Differences by national origin, although important, are attenuated when immigrants come to the United States, dominated by an English-language, Anglo-centric culture. For non-Latino and non-Spanish-speaking clinicians, communication barriers and cultural misunderstandings can impede the care of dying Latino patients and their families. We present the case of a young, pregnant, Spanish-speaking woman from Central America diagnosed with a fatal leukemia. As illustrated by this case, Latino immigrants face a number of external challenges to optimal end-of-life care: (1) geographic distance as well as political and economic realities often separate patients from their valued families; (2) undocumented immigrants are frequently uninsured and fear of deportation may create a barrier to accessing health services; (3) language and literacy barriers; and (4) concerns about discrimination. Other Latino issues that may be more pronounced in end-of-life settings include cultural themes and religious and spiritual influences. We recommend that professional interpreters must be used for discussions about goals of care with Spanish-speaking patients and families or when negotiating conflict between the patient, family, and the health care team. Concrete suggestions are provided for clinicians in working with interpreters, eliciting culturally based attitudes and beliefs, and implementing universal strategies for clear health communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Smith
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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Torres Vigil I, Aday LA, De Lima L, Cleeland CS. What predicts the quality of advanced cancer care in Latin America? A look at five countries: Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 34:315-27. [PMID: 17616337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is now a leading cause of death among adults in most Latin American nations. Yet, until recently, there has been limited research on the quality of, and access to, advanced cancer care in developing regions such as Latin America. This landmark, cross-national study assessed the quality of advanced cancer care in five Latin American countries by surveying a convenience sample of 777 physicians and nurses, and identifying the most salient influences on their quality-of-care assessments based on multiple linear regression analyses. Strategies for disseminating this survey included mass mailings, distribution at professional meetings/conferences, collaboration with Latin American institutions, professional organizations, and the Pan American Health Organization, and online posting. Results indicate that the respondents' assessments of the quality of, access to, and affordability of advanced cancer care varied significantly across nations (P<0.001). The strongest predictor of providers' national-level assessments of the quality of care was their ratings of access to advanced cancer care (Beta=0.647). Other predictors included affordability of care, country (Cuba vs. the other four countries), income-gap quintile, and institutional availability of opioid analgesics. Low prioritization of palliative care in both health care policy formulation and provider education also predicted the quality-of-care ratings. Findings from this study suggest that providers from five different nations hold similar equitable notions of quality care that are dependent on the provision of accessible and affordable care. Measures of social equity, such as the income-gap quintile of nations, and measures of policy barriers, such as the scale developed in this study, should be replicated in future studies to enable policy makers to assess and improve advanced cancer care in their countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Torres Vigil
- Center for Research on Minority Health, Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77021, USA.
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Abstract
The emergence of opioid-induced neurotoxicity has gained increasing recognition in the literature in the past decade. Exciting developments at the receptor and intracellular level have revealed some insights into the potential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. The hitherto reported clinical benefits of opioid rotation and dose reduction in the treatment of opioid toxicity warrant further clarification in prospective studies, particularly in relation to their relative value.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Lawlor
- Palliative Care Program, Grey Nuns Community Hospital & Health Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Clemens KE, Kumar S, Bruera E, Klaschik E, Jaspers B, De Lima L. Palliative care in developing countries: what are the important issues? Palliat Med 2007; 21:173-5. [PMID: 17641071 DOI: 10.1177/0269216307077460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Joranson DE. Improving Availability of Opioid Pain Medications: Testing the Principle of Balance in Latin America. J Palliat Med 2004; 7:105-14. [PMID: 15000794 DOI: 10.1089/109662104322737377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David E Joranson
- Pain & Policy Studies Group, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-1068, USA.
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De Lima L, Sweeney C, Palmer JL, Bruera E. Potent Analgesics Are More Expensive for Patients in Developing Countries. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/j354v18n01_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bruera E, Palmer JL, Bosnjak S, Rico MA, Moyano J, Sweeney C, Strasser F, Willey J, Bertolino M, Mathias C, Spruyt O, Fisch MJ. Methadone Versus Morphine As a First-Line Strong Opioid for Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:185-92. [PMID: 14701781 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the effectiveness and side effects of methadone and morphine as first-line treatment with opioids for cancer pain. Patients and Methods Patients in international palliative care clinics with pain requiring initiation of strong opioids were randomly assigned to receive methadone (7.5 mg orally every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed) or morphine (15 mg sustained release every 12 hours and 5 mg every 4 hours as needed). The study duration was 4 weeks. Results A total of 103 patients were randomly assigned to treatment (49 in the methadone group and 54 in the morphine group). The groups had similar baseline scores for pain, sedation, nausea, confusion, and constipation. Patients receiving methadone had more opioid-related drop-outs (11 of 49; 22%) than those receiving morphine (three of 54; 6%; P = .019). The opioid escalation index at days 14 and 28 was similar between the two groups. More than three fourths of patients in each group reported a 20% or more reduction in pain intensity by day 8. The proportion of patients with a 20% or more improvement in pain at 4 weeks in the methadone group was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.64) and was similar in the morphine group (0.56; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.70). The rates of patient-reported global benefit were nearly identical to the pain response rates and did not differ between the treatment groups. Conclusion Methadone did not produce superior analgesic efficiency or overall tolerability at 4 weeks compared with morphine as a first-line strong opioid for the treatment of cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bruera
- Department of Palliative Care & Rehabilitation Medicine (Unit 0008), the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-0049, USA.
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Noto AR, Carlini EDA, Mastroianni PC, Alves VC, Galduróz JCF, Kuroiwa W, Csizmar J, Costa A, Faria MDA, Hidalgo SR, Assis DD, Nappo SA. Analysis of prescription and dispensation of psychotropic medications in two cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462002000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prescription and dispensation of psychotropic medications through the analysis of the prescriptions/notices kept at various institutions in two cities in the state of São Paulo. METHODS: The prescriptions kept at drugstores, magistral pharmacies, primary care settings and hospitals were collected and analyzed in collaboration with the Sanitary Vigilance agencies in the year of 1999. The information in the prescriptions/notices were typed and tabulated. RESULTS: A total of 108,215 prescriptions were processed, being 76,954 for benzodiazepines, 26,930 for anorexigenic drugs, 3,540 for opiates and 788 for other drugs. The benzodiazepines most frequently prescribed were: diazepam (31,644), bromazepam (16,911) and clonazepam (7,929). Among the anorexigenic drugs, diethylpropion (14,800) and femproporex (10,942) were the most common. When compared to men, women were given more prescriptions, mainly for anorexigenic drugs: the ratio was 10:1 in the prescriptions for diethylpropion and femproporex. The few magistral pharmacies (n=6) handled even more prescriptions than did the drugstores (n=49). A number of errors and inconsistencies were detected in the prescriptions analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the occurrence of an irrational use of such medications and a series of inadequate practices related to their prescription in Brazil. Therefore, they point out to the need of a comprehensive review of the government's control system of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Regina Noto
- Brazilian Information Center on Psychotropic Drugs, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisaldo de A Carlini
- Brazilian Information Center on Psychotropic Drugs, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanete C Alves
- Brazilian Information Center on Psychotropic Drugs, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos F Galduróz
- Brazilian Information Center on Psychotropic Drugs, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Solange Aparecida Nappo
- Brazilian Information Center on Psychotropic Drugs, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
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De Lima L, Barnard D. Advances in Palliative Care in Latin America and the Caribbean: Ongoing Projects of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). J Palliat Med 2001; 4:227-231. [PMID: 11730516 DOI: 10.1089/109662101750290281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is engaged in field demonstration projects in Latin America and the Caribbean to expand the availability and effectiveness of palliative care services. Workshops and calls for proposals address the multiple causes of inadequate palliative care services that are typical for countries in the developing world. These include regulatory barriers and drug interdiction policies that interfere with the medical use of opioids, lack of education among health professionals, and insufficient palliative care infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana De Lima
- WHO/PAHO Liaison in Supportive Care and IAHPC, Executive Director, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Liliana De Lima MH, Sakowski JA, Stratton Hill C, Bruera E. Legislation analysis according to WHO and INCB criteria on opioid availability: a comparative study of 5 countries and the state of Texas. Health Policy 2001; 56:99-110. [PMID: 11275300 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8510(00)00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are not always available in many developing countries, including those in Latin America. In this study we analyzed the national laws on opioids and other controlled substances from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Mexico, and the state of Texas, according to the principles set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), as well as to the presence of over-regulations regarding their medical and scientific use. The six main principles outlined by WHO and INCB for opioid availability were analyzed by using a total of 17 criteria as shown in Table 3. The result scores ranged from 17/17 (full compliance with all criteria) to 0/17 (non-compliance). Results showed that with the exception of the state of Texas 16/17 (94%), the countries failed to adequately meet the INCB and WHO criteria: Argentina: 7/17 (41%); Colombia: 9 /17 (53%); Costa Rica: 9/17 (53%); Mexico: 4/17 (24%); and Peru: 7/17 (41%). In all 5 Latin American countries, national laws and regulations imposed limits on the number of days allowed for prescription, the potency of the dosage, and the number of doses allowed per day. In all cases, including Texas, there was confusion on the meaning and utilization of the terms physical dependence, psychological dependence, addiction, tolerance and abuse. In total, combining all cases, only 51% of the criteria were met. Additionally, all laws and regulations, especially in Argentina, include over regulations and statements that may further interfere with patient access to opioids. The prescription criteria were fully met by the state of Texas and all five countries. These results indicate that there is need to revise the existing laws and regulations in countries with opioid availability problems, and identify the potential barriers, which may be playing a significant role in the access to adequate treatment. Such review seeks to carefully consider all possible criteria, since partial resolution of legislative articles will not result in increased opioid availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Liliana De Lima
- WHO/PAHO Liaison in Supportive Care, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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De Lima L, Bruera E. The Pan American Health Organization: its structure and role in the development of a palliative care program for Latin America and the Caribbean. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20:440-8. [PMID: 11131262 DOI: 10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years palliative care has emerged as a major public health care issue, both in developed and developing countries. The rising number of cancer deaths as a result of increased tobacco consumption, control of other diseases, lack of preventive programs, and the difficulties of accessing curative treatments in many countries have made palliative care and pain relief the appropriate, and in many cases, the only option for patients with advanced disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and its Regional Office for the Americas, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), have promoted palliative care as a component of their cancer control program. Some health care workers and policy makers are not adequately informed about the role that intergovernmental agencies such as WHO and PAHO play in the health care field. This has led to confusion and, in some cases, misjudgment of the organization. This paper summarizes the structure and role of PAHO and, specifically, its participation in the development of a palliative care program for Latin America and the Caribbean. Many health care professionals, administrators, and policy makers are unaware of the organization 's objectives in this area and the tools available to assist in the implementation and development of national programs to care for patients with advanced cancer: The information in this paper is based on data found in the PAHO and WHO web sites, as well as other technical publications from different sources, including individuals not formally associated with WHO or PAHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Lima
- WHO Collaborating Center in Supportive Care University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston 77030, USA
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Wenk R, Bertolino M, Pussetto J. High opioid costs in Argentina: an availability barrier that can be overcome. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20:81-2. [PMID: 11032489 DOI: 10.1016/s0885-3924(00)00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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De Lima L, Bruera E. The Role of International Treaties in the Opioid Availability Process: Relationship between INCB, National Governments, the Pharmaceutical Industry and Physicians. PROGRESS IN PALLIATIVE CARE 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/09699260.2000.11746873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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