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Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks-American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain Medicine Pain Taxonomy Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Needle Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:387-402. [PMID: 36243317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Needle procedures are among the most common causes of pain and distress for individuals seeking health care. While needle pain is especially problematic for children needle pain and associated fear also has significant impact on adults and can lead to avoidance of appropriate medical care. Currently there is not a standard definition of needle pain. A taxonomy, or classification system, for acute needle pain would aid research efforts and enhance clinical care. To meet this need, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks public-private partnership with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the American Pain Society, and the American Academy of Pain Medicine formed the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks-American Pain Society-American Academy of Pain Medicine Pain Taxonomy initiative. One of the goals of this initiative was to develop taxonomies for acute pain disorders, including needle pain. To accomplish this, a working group of experts in needle pain was convened. Based on available literature and expert opinion, the working group used a 5-dimenional structure (diagnostic criteria, common features, modulating factors, impact and/or functional consequences, and putative mechanisms) to develop an acute pain taxonomy that is specific needle pain. As part of this, a set of 4 diagnostic criteria, with 2 modifiers to account for the influence of needle associated fear, are proposed to define the types of acute needle pain. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents a taxonomy for acute needle pain. This taxonomy could help to standardize definitions of acute pain in clinical studies of patients undergoing needle procedures.
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Willner CJ, Hoffmann JD, Bailey CS, Harrison AP, Garcia B, Ng ZJ, Cipriano C, Brackett MA. The Development of Cognitive Reappraisal From Early Childhood Through Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations. Front Psychol 2022; 13:875964. [PMID: 35814075 PMCID: PMC9258621 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.875964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reappraisal is an important emotion regulation strategy that shows considerable developmental change in its use and effectiveness. This paper presents a systematic review of the evidence base regarding the development of cognitive reappraisal from early childhood through adolescence and provides methodological recommendations for future research. We searched Scopus, PsycINFO, and ERIC for empirical papers measuring cognitive reappraisal in normative samples of children and youth between the ages of 3 and 18 years published in peer-reviewed journals through August 9th, 2018. We identified 118 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We first present a quantitative review of the methodologies used to investigate cognitive reappraisal in children and adolescents, with attention to variations in methodologies by the sample age range. We then present a qualitative review of findings with attention to: (1) the age at which children begin to effectively use cognitive reappraisal to regulate their emotions, and (2) developmental changes in cognitive reappraisal from early childhood through adolescence. We consider how methodological differences may contribute to inconsistencies in findings, highlight gaps in the literature that remain to be addressed, and make recommendations for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica D. Hoffmann
- Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Kleye I, Sundler AJ, Darcy L, Karlsson K, Hedén L. Children's communication of emotional cues and concerns during a preoperative needle procedure. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2022; 105:1518-1523. [PMID: 34625321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explores children's expressions of emotional cues and concerns during needle procedures, nurses' responses and findings in relation to children's age and sex. METHODS Twenty-six children aged 6-12 years were video recorded during a preoperative needle procedure. Emotional communication was analyzed using Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences. RESULTS A total of 111 cues or concerns were identified in the observed needle procedures, with a distribution of 77 cues and 34 concerns. A majority of children (85%) expressed emotional cues through non-verbal communication. No differences between child age or sex related to expressed emotion were found. The child elicited the communicated emotion in 98% of sequences. Nurses' responses were coded as not providing space for communication in 75% of sequences. CONCLUSION Children are capable of expressing their emotional distress, primarily non-verbally, during needle procedures. A child showing less overt expressions during a needle procedure does not necessarily experience less fear or pain. The nurses' communication focused on practical information during the needle procedure, with less attention to the child's distress. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses need to develop strategies to be aware of emotions the child communicates before, during and after a needle procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kleye
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, S-501 90 Borås, Sweden.
| | - Annelie J Sundler
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, S-501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Laura Darcy
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, S-501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Katarina Karlsson
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, S-501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Lena Hedén
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, S-501 90 Borås, Sweden
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Child Cognitive Development: Building Positive Attitudes toward Dentists and Oral Health. Pediatr Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Davison G, Kelly MA, Conn R, Thompson A, Dornan T. How do children and adolescents experience healthcare professionals? Scoping review and interpretive synthesis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054368. [PMID: 34244289 PMCID: PMC8273482 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Explore children's and adolescents' (CADs') lived experiences of healthcare professionals (HCPs). DESIGN Scoping review methodology provided a six-step framework to, first, identify and organise existing evidence. Interpretive phenomenology provided methodological principles for, second, an interpretive synthesis of the life worlds of CADs receiving healthcare, as represented by verbatim accounts of their experiences. DATA SOURCES Five key databases (Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, and Web of Science), from inception through to January 2019, reference lists, and opportunistically identified publications. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Research articles containing direct first-person quotations by CADs (aged 0-18 years inclusive) describing how they experienced HCPs. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Tabulation of study characteristics, contextual information, and verbatim extraction of all 'relevant' (as defined above) direct quotations. Analysis of basic scope of the evidence base. The research team worked reflexively and collaboratively to interpret the qualitative data and construct a synthesis of children's experiences. To consolidate and elaborate the interpretation, we held two focus groups with inpatient CADs in a children's hospital. RESULTS 669 quotations from 99 studies described CADs' experiences of HCPs. Favourable experiences were of forming trusting relationships and being involved in healthcare discussions and decisions; less favourable experiences were of not relating to or being unable to trust HCPs and/or being excluded from conversations about them. HCPs fostered trusting relationships by being personable, wise, sincere and relatable. HCPs made CADs feel involved by including them in conversations, explaining medical information, and listening to CADs' wider needs and preferences. CONCLUSION These findings strengthen the case for making CADs partners in healthcare despite their youth. We propose that a criterion for high-quality child-centred healthcare should be that HCPs communicate in ways that engender trust and involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Davison
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Children's Emergency Department, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
| | - Martina Ann Kelly
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Conn
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- General Paediatrics Department, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew Thompson
- General Paediatrics Department, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
| | - Tim Dornan
- Centre for Medical Education, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Karami Matin B, Soltani S. Comment on "coping strategy mediates the relationship between body image evaluation and mental health: A study with Chinese college students with disabilities". Disabil Health J 2020; 13:100930. [PMID: 32307324 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Karami Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Shahin Soltani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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7
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Townsend JA, Wells MH. Behavior Guidance of the Pediatric Dental Patient. Pediatr Dent 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-60826-8.00024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Morales S, Ram N, Buss KA, Cole PM, Helm JL, Chow SM. Age-related changes in the dynamics of fear-related regulation in early childhood. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12633. [PMID: 29193491 PMCID: PMC8283919 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-regulation is a dynamic process wherein executive processes (EP) delay, minimize or desist prepotent responses (PR) that arise in situations that threaten well-being. It is generally assumed that, over the course of early childhood, children expand and more effectively deploy their repertoire of EP-related strategies to regulate PR. However, longitudinal tests of these assumptions are scarce in part because self-regulation has been mostly studied as a static construct. This study engages dynamic systems modeling to examine developmental changes in self-regulation between ages 2 and 5 years. Second-by-second time-series data derived from behavioral observations of 112 children (63 boys) faced with novel laboratory-based situations designed to elicit wariness, hesitation, and fear were modeled using differential equation models designed to capture age-related changes in the intrinsic dynamics and bidirectional coupling of PR (fear/wariness) and EP (strategy use). Results revealed that dynamic models allow for the conceptualization and measurement of fear regulation as intrinsic processes as well as direct and indirect coupling between PR and EP. Several patterns of age-related changes were in line with developmental theory suggesting that PR weakened and was regulated more quickly and efficiently by EP at age 5 than at age 2. However, most findings were in the intrinsic dynamics and moderating influences between PR and EP rather than direct influences. The findings illustrate the precision with which specific aspects of self-regulation can be articulated using dynamic systems models, and how such models can be used to describe the development of self-regulation in nuanced and theoretically meaningful ways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilam Ram
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
- German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sy-Miin Chow
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Nilsson S, Hanberger L, Olinder AL, Forsner M. The Faces Emotional Coping Scale as a self-reporting instrument for coping with needle-related procedures: An initial validation study with children treated for type 1 diabetes. J Child Health Care 2017; 21:392-403. [PMID: 29110524 DOI: 10.1177/1367493517729041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the concurrent and content validity, sensitivity and inter-rater reliability of the Faces Emotional Coping Scale (FECS) to evaluate the children's anticipation of the level of emotional coping in conjunction with a venepuncture. A total of 153 children with type 1 diabetes and 86 of their parents participated in the study. The age of the children, 76 of whom were boys, ranged from 7 to 18 years. The child and his or her parent reported the child's coping ability, and the child reported the pain intensity and unpleasantness of a venepuncture. The child also wrote a short narrative about his or her experience of the needle procedure. The FECS correlated negatively with the Coloured Analogue Scale and the Facial Affective Scale and positively with the FECS by proxy. The narratives of 90 children correlated negatively with the FECS. Younger children reported significantly lower scores than older children did regarding their ability to cope with a venepuncture. The children's scores on the FECS showed good agreement with the parents' scores. In this study, the FECS was deemed valid for measuring children's ability to cope with their emotions when undergoing needle-related procedures like venepuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nilsson
- 1 Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Hanberger
- 2 Division of Nursing Science, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindholm Olinder
- 3 Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institute, Södersjukhuset, Sachs' Children and Youths Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Forsner
- 4 Department of Health and Social Sciences, Caring Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.,5 Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Bice AA, Hall J, Devereaux MJ. Exploring Holistic Comfort in Children Who Experience a Clinical Venipuncture Procedure. J Holist Nurs 2017; 36:108-122. [DOI: 10.1177/0898010117692719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Children often experience the uncomfortable effects of invasive procedures as a part of primary care and during times of illness. Holistic comfort has been well documented in adult literature but little research exists on the understanding of holistic procedural comfort from the child’s perspective. In this study, holistic comfort related to an invasive venipuncture procedure was explored in children age 5 to 7 years and their caregivers of all ages. Design: A qualitative descriptive design described by Sandelowski was used. Method: The philosophical underpinnings of naturalistic inquiry of Guba and Lincoln were used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 child and 15 caregiver participants. Children also drew pictures to help describe their perceptions. Findings: Traditional thematic content analysis described by Hsieh and Shannon yielded four overarching themes of holistic comfort related to venipuncture procedures in children: Body Comfort, Cognitive and Emotional Comfort, Comfort in the Procedure Surroundings, and Comfort Play. Conclusions: Numerous recommendations for future research are included. Implications for nursing and related health sciences, organizational and administrative policy, invasive procedures, theory, and methods were found and are discussed. Findings from this study will assist nurses in providing procedure management for children from a holistic care perspective.
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Cavender K, Goff MD, Hollon EC, Guzzetta CE. Parents’ Positioning and Distracting Children During Venipuncture. J Holist Nurs 2016; 22:32-56. [PMID: 15035240 DOI: 10.1177/0898010104263306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of parental positioning and distraction on the pain, fear, and distress of pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture. An experimental-comparison group design was used to evaluate 43 patients (20 experimental and 23 comparison) who were 4 to 11 years old. Experimental participants used parental positioning and distraction. All participants rated their pain and fear; parents and child life specialists (CLS) rated the child’s fear, and CLS rated the child’s distress. Self-reported pain and fear were highly correlated (p < .001) but not significantly different between the two groups. Fear rated by CLS (p < .001) and parents (p = .003) was significantly lower in experimental participants. Although no difference was found in distress between the two groups, a significant time trend was discovered (p < .001). The parental positioning-distraction intervention has the potential to enhance positive clinical outcomes with a primary benefit of decreased fear. Further research is warranted.
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Green ME, Sullivan KJ, Wells S, Board R, Feldman HA, McCabe M. A Comparison of Antibiotic Serum Concentrations Drawn Simultaneously from Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Peripheral Veins in Children with Respiratory Infection. J Pediatr Nurs 2015; 30:868-76. [PMID: 26382967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate serum concentration of antibiotics drawn from a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) compared with a peripheral venipuncture. This prospective comparative study included patients with ages 1month to 21years admitted with a respiratory infection requiring IV vancomycin or IV tobramycin via a newly placed PICC. The difference between the antibiotic levels from the venipuncture and PICC samples was statistically significant for both the peak and trough levels. However, the difference in values was not enough to impact antibiotic dosing and therefore was not clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henry A Feldman
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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White RE, Kross E, Duckworth AL. Spontaneous Self-Distancing and Adaptive Self-Reflection Across Adolescence. Child Dev 2015; 86:1272-1281. [PMID: 25876213 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Experiments performed primarily with adults show that self-distancing facilitates adaptive self-reflection. However, no research has investigated whether adolescents spontaneously engage in this process or whether doing so is linked to adaptive outcomes. In this study, 226 African American adolescents, aged 11-20, reflected on an anger-related interpersonal experience. As expected, spontaneous self-distancing during reflection predicted lower levels of emotional reactivity by leading adolescents to reconstrue (rather than recount) their experience and blame their partner less. Moreover, the inverse relation between self-distancing and emotional reactivity strengthened with age. These findings highlight the role that self-distancing plays in fostering adaptive self-reflection in adolescence, and begin to elucidate the role that development plays in enhancing the benefits of engaging in this process.
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Abstract
This article reviews common office procedures and analgesia considerations for pediatric outpatients. Layer times of onset of analgesics to coincide with procedures. Pediatric procedural distress is multimodal. Always address parent and child fear and attention, along with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Baxter
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Associates, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Scottish Rite, 1001 Johnson Ferry Road North East, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Press J, Gidron Y, Maimon M, Gonen A, Goldman V, Buskila D. Effects of active distraction on pain of children undergoing venipuncture: Who benefits from it? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1163/156856903767650781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zabalia M. Beyond misconceptions: assessing pain in children with mild to moderate intellectual disability. Front Public Health 2013; 1:23. [PMID: 24350192 PMCID: PMC3854976 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess and manage pain in children and adolescents with mild to moderate intellectual disability, healthcare providers need access to updated tools and current knowledge. Recent studies show that these children can verbally express pain and use self-assessment tools accurately. Moreover, they know pain coping strategies. Finally, they show mental imaging skills and are able to recall autobiographical memories. These new data suggest that such children and adolescents could be candidates to for hypno-analgesia protocols and behavioral relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zabalia
- Department of Psychology, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , Caen , France
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Davis EL, Levine LJ. Emotion regulation strategies that promote learning: reappraisal enhances children's memory for educational information. Child Dev 2012; 84:361-74. [PMID: 22906113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The link between emotion regulation and academic achievement is well documented. Less is known about specific emotion regulation strategies that promote learning. Six- to 13-year-olds (N = 126) viewed a sad film and were instructed to reappraise the importance, reappraise the outcome, or ruminate about the sad events; another group received no regulation instructions. Children viewed an educational film, and memory for this was later assessed. As predicted, reappraisal strategies more effectively attenuated children's self-reported emotional processing. Reappraisal enhanced memory for educational details relative to no instructions. Rumination did not lead to differences in memory from the other instructions. Memory benefits of effective instructions were pronounced for children with poorer emotion regulation skill, suggesting the utility of reappraisal in learning contexts.
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Rollman GB, Abdel-Shaheed J, Gillespie JM, Jones KS. Does past pain influence current pain: biological and psychosocial models of sex differences. Eur J Pain 2012; 8:427-33. [PMID: 15324774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have generally indicated sizeable sex differences for both laboratory pain reactivity and clinical pain reports. Numerous biological and psychosocial models have been invoked to account for these findings, but the laboratory and clinical findings have generally been examined in isolation. This paper reviews data which show a relationship between past clinical pain experiences and current responses to experimentally induced pain. Individuals with a greater pain history tend to show lower pain tolerance. Since women often have high pain experience levels and lower pain tolerance, one might ask whether the two factors are related. We review several models, based upon concepts of neonatal differences in pain reactivity, hypervigilance following early pain experiences, and concepts of peripheral and central sensitization or plasticity which might help to bridge the gap between clinical and experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Rollman
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada N6A 5C2.
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Taylor C, Sellick K, Greenwood K. The influence of adult behaviors on child coping during venipuncture: a sequential analysis. Res Nurs Health 2011; 34:116-31. [PMID: 21283997 DOI: 10.1002/nur.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the influences of adult behaviors on child coping behaviors during venipunctures (VPs) in an emergency department. Observations of children and adults from 66 VPs were coded using a modified version of the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale and analyzed using sequential analysis. Results showed adult reassurance behavior promoted child distress behaviors, such as crying, as well as nondistress behaviors, such as information seeking; adult distraction behaviors promoted children's distraction, control, and coping behaviors; and children frequently ignored adult behaviors. Findings suggest further exploration of children's internal strategies for coping, such as appraisal, and clarifying the role of adult reassurance in child coping behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Taylor
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Parramatta Campus, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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Wallace DP, Allen KD, Lacroix AE, Pitner SL. The "cough trick:" a brief strategy to manage pediatric pain from immunization injections. Pediatrics 2010; 125:e367-73. [PMID: 20064862 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to investigate the effect of a "cough trick" technique on self-reported pain of children receiving routine immunizations. The strategy requires minimal equipment, time, or training for parents, children, and nursing staff members. METHODS A randomized, controlled, unblinded, within-subject study of 68 children receiving prekindergarten (ages 4-5) or pre-junior high school (ages 11-13) immunizations was performed. Participants were recruited from an outpatient pediatric clinic at a large public hospital in the Midwest. The strategy required a single "warm-up" cough of moderate force, followed by a second cough that coincided with needle puncture. The principle outcome was self-reported pain, although parent and nurse report of pain was used to support the accuracy of self-report. Older participants and all nurses completed a measure of their satisfaction with the procedure. RESULTS In the initial analysis, the procedure was found not to be effective. However, post hoc tests revealed that the procedure was effective at a statistically and clinically significant level for participants identified as Hispanic white or non-Hispanic white but not for those identified as non-Hispanic black. Participants and clinic nurses found the procedure acceptable and effective. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the cough trick can be an effective strategy for the reduction of pain for some children undergoing routine immunizations. However, additional research is needed to clarify the observed moderation by self-identified race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Wallace
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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Lu YL. Children's information seeking in coping with daily-life problems: An investigation of fifth- and sixth-grade students. LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lisr.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
AIM In this paper the communication model of pain is reviewed and the information then applied to understanding the acute pain experience of children in dentistry, with attention directed to improving the process of pain assessment. BACKGROUND Expression of pain in children is of great importance as it enables them to engage others who may provide care. The experience of pain, however, is inherently private and not directly accessible to others. Therefore, it requires judgment and skill on the part of observers if pain is to be assessed accurately. In addition, there are striking individual differences in how people react to pain, which makes the assessment of pain in others an even greater challenge. Craig and colleagues [2008] have proposed the use of the social communication model of pain that gives priority to understanding the numerous social factors that affect whether children are successful in communicating painful distress. CONCLUSION When children's pain is underestimated or a child's self-report is not seen as credible, there is a considerable risk of failure to deliver needed dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Versloot
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
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Collado V, Faulks D, Hennequin M. A survey of the difficulties encountered during routine hygiene and health care by persons with special needs. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 30:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1080/09638280701616574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Pediatric pain experiences result from a complex interplay of genetic, experiential, and developmental factors. These elements, as they relate to needle-stick procedures and other relevant painful phenomena, are explored in this article so that the context of possible interventions may be more fully appreciated. Clinical implications are discussed incorporating ethical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Walco
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA.
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25
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Kaczynski KJ, Claar RL, Logan DE. Testing Gender as a Moderator of Associations Between Psychosocial Variables and Functional Disability in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Pain. J Pediatr Psychol 2008; 34:738-48. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Lu Q, Tsao JCI, Myers CD, Kim SC, Zeltzer LK. Coping predictors of children's laboratory-induced pain tolerance, intensity, and unpleasantness. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2007; 8:708-17. [PMID: 17611165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined coping predictors of laboratory-induced pain tolerance, intensity, and unpleasantness among 244 healthy children and adolescents (50.8% female; mean age, 12.73 +/- 2.98 years; range, 8-18 years). Participants were exposed to separate 4-trial blocks of pressure and thermal (heat) pain stimuli, as well as 1 trial of cold pain stimuli. Strategies for coping with pain were measured using the Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ). Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the 8 PCQ subscales and pain responses (pain tolerance, intensity, and unpleasantness) to all 3 pain tasks, controlling for age and sex. We found that internalizing/catastrophizing predicted higher pain intensity across the 3 pain tasks and higher cold pain unpleasantness; seeking emotional support predicted lower pressure pain tolerance; positive self-statements predicted lower pressure pain intensity and lower cold pain intensity and unpleasantness; and behavioral distraction predicted higher pressure pain tolerance and lower heat pain unpleasantness. These results suggest that in healthy children, internalizing/catastrophizing, and seeking emotional support may be conceptualized as pain-prone coping strategies, and positive self-statements and behavioral distraction as pain-resistant coping strategies within the context of laboratory pain. PERSPECTIVE These results support investigation of interventions with children that aim to reduce acute pain responses by modifying coping to reduce seeking of emotional support and catastrophizing and enhance the use of positive self statements and behavioral distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Pediatric Pain Program, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
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27
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Weaver K, Battrick C, Alan Glasper E. Developing a hospital play guideline and protocol for sick children with debilitating fears. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.12968/jcyn.2007.1.3.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Jaaniste T, Hayes B, von Baeyer CL. Providing children with information about forthcoming medical procedures: A review and synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Lynch AM, Kashikar-Zuck S, Goldschneider KR, Jones BA. Sex and age differences in coping styles among children with chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2007; 33:208-16. [PMID: 17280926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine sex and age differences in coping strategies among pediatric patients with chronic pain. Sex differences are reported in the adult pain and coping literatures, but little attention has been given to possible distinctions in coping styles in the pediatric chronic pain population. Investigating pain coping skills at an early age may provide clinicians with a better understanding of the evolution of characteristic coping styles and identify areas for intervention. Pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), pain coping strategies (Pain Coping Questionnaire), and coping efficacy were assessed in children (ages 8-12 years) and adolescents (ages 13-18 years), presenting to a pediatric chronic pain clinic (n=272). Significant sex differences in coping strategies were found. After controlling for pain intensity, girls used social support seeking more than boys, while boys used more behavioral distraction techniques. Adolescents engaged in more positive self-statements (a cognitive strategy) than children. Both boys and girls showed a trend toward pain coping efficacy being negatively correlated with average pain intensity. For girls, pain coping efficacy was also significantly negatively correlated with internalizing/catastrophizing. However, no sex or age differences in coping efficacy were found. This study demonstrates the early emergence of sex- and aged-based preferences in coping strategies among children and adolescents with chronic pain. The findings establish a basis for further research on early social influences in the development of pain coping styles in males and females. Implications for further clinical research in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Lynch
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Faulks D, Collado V, de Freminville B, Newton JT, Hennequin M. A controlled national survey in France of health-related challenges for persons with Down syndrome. Nurs Outlook 2006; 54:345-52. [PMID: 17142153 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent research on the impact of disability on function, little information is available to evaluate the need for daily support in persons with Down syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and relative degree of difficulty experienced by this population in routine hygiene and health care when compared to their siblings. A proxy French language questionnaire was used for this cross-sectional survey of 199 persons with Down syndrome and 153 siblings (mean age 12.3 years, range < or = 1-48). Individuals in the study group had significantly more difficulty performing all activities related to routine hygiene and health care, and were 2-22 times more likely to need help than the control group. Certain acts of routine health care were performed more regularly by those in the study group (6/12 items), and specialist medical and paramedical visits were more regular (OR = 7-44). Increased difficulty and need for help in performing acts of basic self-care may reduce autonomy and social integration for persons with Down syndrome. Recommendations are made in relation to the training of caregivers and health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Faulks
- Université Clermont 1, EA 3847, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 11 Boulevard Charles de Gaulle, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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31
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Tremolada M, Axia V, Pillon M, Scrimin S, Capello F, Zanesco L. Parental narratives of quality of life in children with leukemia as associated with the placement of a central venous catheter. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 30:544-52. [PMID: 16376741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Thirty mothers of children with leukemia were interviewed about the child's and family's daily routines using a version of the Ecocultural Family Interview. Parental narratives were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Four broad dimensions, encompassing 23 subthemes, were identified: child coping (alpha=0.88), child quality of life (alpha=0.72), parental coping (alpha=0.72), and parental trust in the medical care (alpha=0.73). Two objective variables were drawn from the medical charts (time from the diagnosis, time from central venous catheter [CVC] placement). Regression analyses showed that the number of days from the CVC placement (beta=0.46) and child coping (beta=0.44) significantly predicted children's quality of life, which in turn predicted parental trust in the medical care (beta=0.31). The methodological implications of our narrative approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tremolada
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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32
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Versloot J, Veerkamp JSJ, Hoogstraten J, Martens LC. Children's coping with pain during dental care. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 32:456-61. [PMID: 15541161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was (i) to assess the coping strategies of 11-year-old children when dealing with pain at the dentist, (ii) to determine the extent to which the level of the children's dental fear and their experience with pain at the dentist are related to their ability to cope and their choice of strategies, and (iii) to analyse the possible differences between subsamples concerning dental caries. METHODS The coping strategies were investigated using the Dental Cope Questionnaire (n = 597); the level of dental fear was assessed using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS); a question is asked whether a child had experienced pain at the dentist in the past and dental caries was assessed using the DMFS index. RESULTS The results show that 11-year olds use a variety of coping strategies. Internal strategies are used most frequently, external coping strategies are used less frequently, and destructive strategies are hardly used. The subjects rate internal and external strategies as effective. Children with pain experience and fearful children use more coping strategies, with fearful children using more internal strategies. Reported pain and anxiety were related to the dental status. CONCLUSIONS The use and choice of coping strategies seems to be at least partly determined by the level of dental fear and the child's experience with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Versloot
- Department of Cardiology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam, Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Studies of paediatric procedural distress have flourished over the past two decades, with psychological intervention strategies showing consistently high efficacy in reducing pain and fear. This review concentrates briefly on the acquisition and treatment of fear, arguing that what is witnessed clinically is not needle fear or phobia, but anticipatory or procedural distress. The main focus is on how such procedures could be amended to incorporate psychological techniques routinely, outlining specific guidelines for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J A Duff
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ashley Wing Extension, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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34
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Abstract
Sex-correlated differences in pain perception and behavior have been reported in several studies. Where such differences are found, they are most often in the direction of girls and women reporting more pain than is reported by boys and men. Although biologic, psychologic, and sociocultural factors act interdependently to influence pain responding, most efforts to explain sex-correlated differences in pain have focused on first-order biologic differences between the sexes. The current paper discusses empirical and theoretical literature addressing gender role socialization, cognitive factors, and affective factors associated with sex-correlated differences in pain. We affirm that there is convincing evidence that such psychosocial factors must be taken into account in research on sex-correlated differences in pain. We contend that the use of the dichotomous variable sex as a proxy for presumed biologic aspects of being female or male may obscure the contribution to sex-correlated differences that could be ascribed to the ways in which women and men are socialized with respect to pain perception and pain reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia D Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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35
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Abstract
This commonly performed invasive procedure should cause no physical or emotional harm to the child and family. The role and responsibility of children's nurses in the preparation of children for venepuncture and the actual procedure are examined. Anatomical and physiological considerations of blood sampling rationalise the procedure for venepuncture and cannulation of infants and children. Considerations and recommendations are presented on the role of the children's nurse in this expanded role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caws
- School of Health Studies, University of Portsmouth, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham, Hants
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