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Mishra N, Kant R, Kandhari K, Ammar DA, Tewari-Singh N, Pantcheva MB, Petrash JM, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Ex Vivo Human Cornea Injury Model and Therapeutic Intervention by Dexamethasone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:484-494. [PMID: 37474260 PMCID: PMC10801761 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a vesicating agent first used during World War I, remains a potent threat as a chemical weapon to cause intentional/accidental chemical emergencies. Eyes are extremely susceptible to SM toxicity. Nitrogen mustard (NM), a bifunctional alkylating agent and potent analog of SM, is used in laboratories to study mustard vesicant-induced ocular toxicity. Previously, we showed that SM-/NM-induced injuries (in vivo and ex vivo rabbit corneas) are reversed upon treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), a US Food and Drug Administration-approved, steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Here, we optimized NM injuries in ex vivo human corneas and assessed DEX efficacy. For injury optimization, one cornea (randomly selected from paired eyes) was exposed to NM: 100 nmoles for 2 hours or 4 hours, and 200 nmoles for 2 hours, and the other cornea served as a control. Injuries were assessed 24 hours post NM-exposure. NM 100 nmoles exposure for 2 hours was found to cause optimal corneal injury (epithelial thinning [∼69%]; epithelial-stromal separation [6-fold increase]). In protein arrays studies, 24 proteins displayed ≥40% change in their expression in NM exposed corneas compared with controls. DEX administration initiated 2 hours post NM exposure and every 8 hours thereafter until 24 hours post-exposure reversed NM-induced corneal epithelial-stromal separation [2-fold decrease]). Of the 24 proteins dysregulated upon NM exposure, six proteins (delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1, FGFbasic, CD54, CCL7, endostatin, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4) associated with angiogenesis, immune/inflammatory responses, and cell differentiation/proliferation, showed significant reversal upon DEX treatment (Student's t test; P ≤ 0.05). Complementing our animal model studies, DEX was shown to mitigate vesicant-induced toxicities in ex vivo human corneas. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nitrogen mustard (NM) exposure-induced injuries were optimized in an ex vivo human cornea culture model and studies were carried out at 24 h post 100 nmoles NM exposure. Dexamethasone (DEX) administration (started 2 h post NM exposure and every 8 h thereafter) reversed NM-induced corneal injuries. Molecular mediators of DEX action were associated with angiogenesis, immune/inflammatory responses, and cell differentiation/proliferation, indicating DEX aids wound healing via reversing vesicant-induced neovascularization (delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1 and FGF basic) and leukocyte infiltration (CD54 and CCL7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Kushal Kandhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Mina B Pantcheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (N.M., R.K., K.K., C.A., R.A.) and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine (M.B.P., J.M.P.) University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Lions Eye Institute for Transplant and Research, Tampa, Florida (D.A.A.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan (N.T.-S.)
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Li H, Li Z, Li X, Cai C, Zhao SL, Merritt RE, Zhou X, Tan T, Bergdall V, Ma J. MG53 Mitigates Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Skin Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1915. [PMID: 37508578 PMCID: PMC10378386 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are vesicant agents that cause skin injury and blistering through complicated cellular events, involving DNA damage, free radical formation, and lipid peroxidation. The development of therapeutic approaches targeting the multi-cellular process of tissue injury repair can potentially provide effective countermeasures to combat vesicant-induced dermal lesions. MG53 is a vital component of cell membrane repair. Previous studies have demonstrated that topical application of recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein has the potential to promote wound healing. In this study, we further investigate the role of MG53 in NM-induced skin injury. Compared with wild-type mice, mg53-/- mice are more susceptible to NM-induced dermal injuries, whereas mice with sustained elevation of MG53 in circulation are resistant to dermal exposure of NM. Exposure of keratinocytes and human follicle stem cells to NM causes elevation of oxidative stress and intracellular aggregation of MG53, thus compromising MG53's intrinsic cell membrane repair function. Topical rhMG53 application mitigates NM-induced dermal injury in mice. Histologic examination reveals the therapeutic benefits of rhMG53 are associated with the preservation of epidermal integrity and hair follicle structure in mice with dermal NM exposure. Overall, these findings identify MG53 as a potential therapeutic agent to mitigate vesicant-induced skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhongguang Li
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Serena Li Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert E Merritt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- TRIM-Edicine, Inc., 1275 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Valerie Bergdall
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Cruz-Hernandez A, Mendoza RP, Nguyen K, Harder A, Evans CM, Bauer AK, Tewari-Singh N, Brown JM. Mast Cells Promote Nitrogen Mustard-Mediated Toxicity in the Lung Associated With Proinflammatory Cytokine and Bioactive Lipid Mediator Production. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:127-141. [PMID: 34453837 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) has been widely used as a chemical warfare agent including most recently in Syria. Mice exposed to SM exhibit an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by immune cell infiltration in the lung, however, the mechanisms leading to these inflammatory responses has not been completely elucidated. Mast cells are one of the first responding innate immune cells found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and have been reported to be activated by SM in the skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that nitrogen mustard (NM: a surrogate for SM) exposure promotes activation of mast cells causing chronic respiratory inflammation. To assess the role of mast cells in NM-mediated pulmonary toxicity, we compared the effects of NM exposure between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ (KitW-sh; mast cell deficient) mice. Lung injury was observed in C57BL/6J mice following NM exposure (0.125 mg/kg) at 72 h, which was significantly abrogated in KitW-sh mice. Although both strains exhibited damage from NM, C57BL/6J mice had higher inflammatory cell infiltration and more elevated prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with KitW-sh mice. Additionally, we utilized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells to assess NM-induced early and late activation. Although NM exposure did not result in mast cell degranulation, we observed an upregulation in PGD2 and IL-6 levels following exposure to NM. Results suggest that mast cells play a prominent role in lung injury induced by NM and may contribute to the acute and potentially long-term lung injury observed caused by SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cruz-Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Ryan P Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Anna Harder
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Soni AK, Bhaskar ASB, Pathak U, Nagar DP, Gupta AK, Kannan GM. Pulmonary protective efficacy of S-2[2-aminoethylamino] ethyl phenyl sulphide (DRDE-07) and its analogues against sulfur mustard induced toxicity in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 76:103333. [PMID: 32062414 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that percutaneous sulfur mustard (SM) exposure induced pulmonary toxicity, which was attenuated by DRDE-07 (S-2[2-aminoethylamino] ethyl phenyl sulphide) pretreatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective efficacy of DRDE-07 and its analogues viz., DRDE-30 (S-2(2-aminoethyl amino)ethyl propyl sulphide) and DRDE-35 (S-2(2-aminoethyl amino)ethyl butyl sulphide) against SM. Thirty minutes before percutaneous SM (0.8 LD50) exposure, female Swiss mice were orally gavaged with DRDE-07 and its analogues(0.2 LD50). Animals were sacrificed on day 3 and 7, BAL fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected for biochemical, histopathological studies. As results, DRDE-07 and its analogues were beneficial in reducing the number of BALF inflammatory cells, protein level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and β-glucuronidase activity, while content of BALF and lung reduced glutathione level (GSH) were significantly protected. The pretreatment of DRDE-07 and its analogues inhibited the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the lung. The beneficial effects of DRDE-07 and its analogues were attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Among the analogues, DRDE-30 exhibited significant beneficial effects as compared to the other two compounds. These analogues may be considered as prototype candidate molecules as there is no effective antidote for SM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Soni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
| | - A S B Bhaskar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
| | - U Pathak
- Synthetic Chemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
| | - D P Nagar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
| | - A K Gupta
- Process Technology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India
| | - G M Kannan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474 002, India.
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Nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injury involves the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway. Ocul Surf 2017; 16:154-162. [PMID: 29129753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nitrogen mustard (NM), which simulates the effects of sulfur mustard (SM), is a potent vesicant known to cause irreversible corneal damage. This study investigates the mechanisms by which NM induces corneal damage by examining the impact of NM exposure on the morphology and lipidome of the cornea. METHODS Intact ex vivo rabbit eyes were placed in serum-free DMEM organ culture. NM (0, 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/ml) was applied to the central cornea for 5, 10 or 15 min using a 5 mm filter disk and subsequently rinsed with DMEM. Corneas were then cultured for 3, 24, or 48 h before being fixed for morphological analysis or for 24 h before being snap frozen for lipidomic analysis. RESULTS No morphological changes were detected 3 h after NM exposure. Twenty-four h after exposure, 1 mg/ml NM caused erosion of the corneal epithelium, but no damage to the underlying stroma. Damage caused by 2.5 mg/ml NM extended almost two thirds through the corneal stroma, while 5 mg/ml completely penetrated the corneal stroma. An altered lipid profile occurred 24 h after corneas were exposed to NM. Specific sphingomyelins, ceramides, and diacylglycerols were increased up to 9-, 60- and 10-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS NM induces concentration- and exposure time-dependent damage to the cornea that increases in severity over time. Alterations in the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway may contribute to the damaging effects of NM exposure.
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Jost P, Fikrova P, Svobodova H, Pejchal J, Stetina R. Protective potential of different compounds and their combinations with MESNA against sulfur mustard-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:92-100. [PMID: 28495614 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potential candidate molecules or their combinations against strong alkylation agent sulfur mustard (SM) on the human lung alveolar epithelial cell line A-549. Candidate molecules were chosen on the basis of their previously observed protective effects in vitro. The tested compounds, including antioxidants, sulfhydryl or other sulfur-containing molecules, nitrogen-containing molecules, PARP inhibitors and a NO synthase inhibitor, were applicated 30min before SM treatment. The efficiency of candidate molecules to protect cells against DNA damage and cell death induced by SM was determined using single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction by viable cells. The damage of DNA was assessed 1 and 24h after dose 50μM SM. Cell survival was assessed 24 and 72h after the exposure. To achieve maximal cytoprotection, combinations of selected compounds with sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate (MESNA) were tested. We found significant protective effects by several drugs used individually and also in combination with MESNA. High protection was achieved by sodium thiosulphate, which was further potentiated when combined with MESNA. Most of the selected compounds or mixture provided only moderate genoptotection without having any effect towards cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Fikrova
- Department of Research and Development, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Svobodova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Stetina
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Emadi SN, Shiri M, Shiri Z, Emadi SE, Mortazavi H, Nikoo A, Akhavan-Moghaddam J. Mycosis fungoides two decades after exposure to sulphur mustard: a follow-up of 1100 victims. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:432-437. [PMID: 27699871 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulphur mustard (SM) is an alkylating chemical warfare agent which causes acute and chronic injuries to the eyes, skin, lung and respiratory tract. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the relationship between SM poisoning and Mycosis fungoides (MF) as a late consequence. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, the medical files of 1100 Iranian veterans confirmed to have exposure to SM agent during the Iraq-Iran war of the 1980s were reviewed. RESULTS All 10 cases with MF were confirmed by clinical and histopathological examinations. The mean age of the studied subjects was 43.3 ± 9.8 (years). In comparison to MF incidence rate in Iranian general population (0.39/100 000 person-years), we found an incidence rate of 0.799/100 000 person-years for MF among those who had short-term exposure to SM. The most common sites for SM lesions were flexural and thin skin areas. The main limitation was the retrospective design. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the risk of MF in those exposed to SM may increase over time. Therefore, their follow-up is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Emadi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shiri
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Shiri
- Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S E Emadi
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - H Mortazavi
- Department of Dermatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Nikoo
- Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Akhavan-Moghaddam
- Department of General Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Kannan GM, Kumar P, Bhaskar ASB, Pathak U, Kumar D, Nagar DP, Pant SC, Ganesan K. Prophylactic efficacy of S-2(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl phenyl sulfide (DRDE-07) against sulfur mustard induced lung toxicity in mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:182-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gustafsson Å, Svensson-Elfsmark L, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A. Strain differences influence timing and magnitude of both acute and late inflammatory reactions after intratracheal instillation of an alkylating agent in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:272-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Gustafsson
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security; Swedish Defence Research Agency; Umeå Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Johnny C. Lorentzen
- The Institute of Environmental Health; Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Division of CBRN Defence and Security; Swedish Defence Research Agency; Umeå Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Wigenstam E, Rocksén D, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Bucht A. Treatment with dexamethasone or liposome-encapsuled vitamin E provides beneficial effects after chemical-induced lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:958-64. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370802596298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Korkmaz A, Yaren H, Topal T, Oter S. Molecular targets against mustard toxicity: implication of cell surface receptors, peroxynitrite production, and PARP activation. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:662-70. [PMID: 16552503 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of research into chemical warfare agents, cytotoxic mechanisms induced by mustards are not well understood. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are likely to be involved in chemical warfare agents induced toxicity. These species lead to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA injury, and trigger many pathophysiological processes that harm the organism. In this article, several steps of pathophysiological mechanisms and possible ways of protection against chemical warfare agents have been discussed. In summary, pathogenesis of mustard toxicity is explained by three steps: (1) mustard binds target cell surface receptor, (2) activates intracellular ROS and RNS leading to peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) production, and (3) the increased ONOO(-) level damages organic molecules (lipids, proteins, and DNA) leading to poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation. Therefore, protection against mustard toxicity could also be performed in these ways: (1) blocking of cell surface receptor, (2) inhibiting the ONOO(-) production or scavenging the ONOO(-) produced, and (3) inhibiting the PARP, activated by ONOO(-) and hydroxyl radical (OH(*)) induced DNA damage. As conclusion, to be really effective, treatment against mustards must take all molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity into account. Combination of several individual potent agents, each blocking one of the toxic mechanisms induced by mustards, would be interesting. Therefore, variations of combination of cell membrane receptor blockers, antioxidants, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, ONOO(-) scavengers, and PARP inhibitors should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Korkmaz
- Department of Physiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Etlik/Ankara, Turkey
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Osterlund C, Lilliehöök B, Ekstrand-Hammarström B, Sandström T, Bucht A. The nitrogen mustard melphalan activates mitogen-activated phosphorylated kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor-kappaB and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2005; 25:328-37. [PMID: 16025434 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how respiratory epithelial cells react to an alkylating agent, we exposed human bronchial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar (A549) cells to the nitrogen mustard derivative melphalan. The BEAS-2B cells were highly sensitive to melphalan, as shown by a reduced viability after a 10-min incubation with 300 microM melphalan. The A549 cells were less sensitive and required several hours of exposure to reduce significantly in viability. However, exposure to melphalan also induces activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways, as indicated by phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 (proteins belonging to the family of stress-induced mitogen-activated phosphorylated kinases, MAPK) within 5 min, as well as translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB to the nucleus within 45 min. This early activation was followed by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA within 2 h. We also observed increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the surface of both cell lines 18 h after exposure to 25 microM melphalan and an increased adhesion of monocytes to the epithelial cells in vitro.In conclusion, we have demonstrated that alkylating compounds not only cause cell death of lung epithelial cells but also activate stress-associated MAPK signal transduction pathways and induce expression of mediators known to participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Osterlund
- Division of NBC Defence, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden
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