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Morin CM, Chen SJ, Ivers H, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Krystal AD, Guay B, Bélanger L, Cartwright A, Simmons B, Lamy M, Busby M, Edinger JD. Effect of Psychological and Medication Therapies for Insomnia on Daytime Functions: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2349638. [PMID: 38153735 PMCID: PMC10755607 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Daytime functional impairments are the primary reasons for patients with insomnia to seek treatment, yet little is known about what the optimal treatment is for improving daytime functions and how best to proceed with treatment for patients whose insomnia has not remitted. Objectives To compare the efficacy of behavioral therapy (BT) and zolpidem as initial therapies for improving daytime functions among patients with insomnia and evaluate the added value of a second treatment for patients whose insomnia has not remitted. Design, Setting, and Participants In this sequential multiple-assignment randomized clinical trial conducted at institutions in Canada and the US, 211 adults with chronic insomnia disorder were enrolled between May 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015, and followed up for 12 months. Statistical analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis in April and October 2023. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to either BT or zolpidem as first-stage therapy, and those whose insomnia had not remitted received a second-stage psychological therapy (BT or cognitive therapy) or medication therapy (zolpidem or trazodone). Main Outcomes and Measures Study outcomes were daytime symptoms of insomnia, including mood disturbances, fatigue, functional impairments of insomnia, and scores on the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) physical and mental health components. Results Among 211 adults with insomnia (132 women [63%]; mean [SD] age, 45.6 [14.9] years), 104 were allocated to BT and 107 to zolpidem at the first stage. First-stage treatment with BT or zolpidem yielded significant and equivalent benefits for most of the daytime outcomes, including depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II mean score change, -3.5 [95% CI, -4.7 to -2.3] vs -4.3 [95% CI, -5.7 to -2.9]), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory mean score change, -4.7 [95% CI, -7.3 to -2.2] vs -5.2 [95% CI, -7.9 to -2.5]), functional impairments (Work and Social Adjustment Scale mean score change, -5.0 [95% CI, -6.7 to -3.3] vs -5.1 [95% CI, -7.2 to -2.9]), and mental health (SF-36 mental health subscale mean score change, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.9-5.1] vs 2.5 [95% CI, 0.4-4.5]), while BT produced larger improvements for anxiety symptoms relative to zolpidem (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory mean score change, -4.1 [95% CI, -5.8 to -2.4] vs -1.2 [95% CI, -3.0 to 0.5]; P = .02; Cohen d = 0.55). Second-stage therapy produced additional improvements for the 2 conditions starting with zolpidem at posttreatment in fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory mean score change: zolpidem plus BT, -3.8 [95% CI, -7.1 to -0.4]; zolpidem plus trazodone, -3.7 [95% CI, -6.3 to -1.1]), functional impairments (Work and Social Adjustment Scale mean score change: zolpidem plus BT, -3.7 [95% CI, -6.4 to -1.0]; zolpidem plus trazodone, -3.3 [95% CI, -5.9 to -0.7]) and mental health (SF-36 mental health subscale mean score change: zolpidem plus BT, 5.3 [95% CI, 2.7-7.9]; zolpidem plus trazodone, 2.0 [95% CI, 0.1-4.0]). Treatment benefits achieved at posttreatment were well maintained throughout the 12-month follow-up, and additional improvements were noted for patients receiving the BT treatment sequences. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of adults with insomnia disorder, BT and zolpidem produced improvements for various daytime symptoms of insomnia that were no different between treatments. Adding a second treatment offered an added value with further improvements of daytime functions. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01651442.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Morin
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Si-Jing Chen
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Li Chiu Kong Family Sleep Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hans Ivers
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Beaulieu-Bonneau
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bernard Guay
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lynda Bélanger
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Manon Lamy
- Centre de Recherche CERVO/Brain Research Center, École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jack D. Edinger
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Does Bupropion Increase Anxiety?: A Naturalistic Study Over 12 Weeks. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 43:152-156. [PMID: 36706284 PMCID: PMC9988222 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND There has long been a clinical belief that bupropion exacerbates anxiety. The purpose of the current retrospective study is to compare anxiety severity over time in those prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus bupropion. METHODS/PROCEDURES Archival data (N = 8457) from patients receiving psychiatric care from a national tele-mental health company were used. Propensity matching was used to create SSRI and bupropion groups using 17 covariates. These samples were then compared using repeated measures analysis of variance on Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7 scores at start of treatment, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. FINDINGS/RESULTS The SSRI and bupropion groups were significantly different across a number of variables. In the entire sample, the bupropion group had significantly greater anxiety levels. However, for propensity-matched comparisons, there were no significant interactions between group and time (ie, groups did not differ and improved comparably over time). IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS Using propensity matching, there were no differences in anxiety outcome between those prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor versus bupropion across 12 weeks of treatment.
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Pantoni MM, Carmack SA, Hammam L, Anagnostaras SG. Dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition for long-term fear memory enhancement. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112266. [PMID: 31580915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants are highly effective cognitive-enhancing therapeutics yet have a significant potential for abuse and addiction. While psychostimulants likely exert their rewarding and addictive properties through dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibition, the mechanisms of their procognitive effects are less certain. By one prevalent view, psychostimulants exert their procognitive effects exclusively through norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibition, however increasing evidence suggests that DAT also plays a critical role in their cognitive-enhancing properties, including long-term memory enhancement. The present experiments test the hypothesis that combined strong NET and weak DAT inhibition will mimic the fear memory-enhancing but not the addiction-related effects of psychostimulants in mice. We examined the effects of the high affinity NET inhibitors atomoxetine or nisoxetine and the low affinity DAT inhibitor bupropion, either alone or in combination, on short- and long-term memory of Pavlovian fear conditioning. We also examined the addiction-related effects of combined strong NET and weak DAT inhibition using conditioned place preference and a locomotor activity test. While atomoxetine or nisoxetine alone enhanced short-term fear memory, the addition of bupropion was required to significantly enhance long-term fear memory. Additionally, combined atomoxetine and bupropion did not produce substantial motor stimulation or place preference. These findings suggest that combining strong NET and weak DAT inhibition could lead to the development of a highly effective cognitive enhancer that lacks the potential for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Pantoni
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Carmack
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
| | - Leen Hammam
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
| | - Stephan G Anagnostaras
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA; Program in Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA
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Parris MS, Marver JE, Chaudhury SR, Ellis SP, Metts AV, Keilp JG, Burke AK, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, Grunebaum MF. Effects of anxiety on suicidal ideation: exploratory analysis of a paroxetine versus bupropion randomized trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:249-254. [PMID: 29864037 PMCID: PMC6066420 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether anxiety increases or decreases suicidal risk. This may contribute to the lack of guidance on which antidepressant medications are best for suicidal depressed patients who present with high anxiety. This study explored whether anxiety predicts suicidal ideation in depressed individuals treated with paroxetine or bupropion. An 8-week double-blind trial comparing controlled-release paroxetine (N=36) versus extended-release bupropion (N=38) for effect on suicidal ideation and behavior in depressed patients with suicidal ideation, past attempt, or both found an advantage for paroxetine, but anxiety effects were not investigated. This secondary analysis explored the relationship, measured at baseline and weekly, of anxiety with suicidal ideation. Anxiety severity measured weekly correlated with suicidal ideation severity irrespective of treatment (P=0.012). Patients with high baseline anxiety showed a trend toward faster reduction of suicidal ideation with paroxetine compared with bupropion treatment (standard P=0.047; bootstrap P=0.077). The latter finding, if confirmed in larger samples, could enhance choice of antidepressant medication for suicidal, depressed patients presenting with high levels of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Parris
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Julia E Marver
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Sadia R Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Steven P Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Allison V Metts
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - John G Keilp
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ainsley K Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Michael F Grunebaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
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Effects of tandospirone augmentation in major depressive disorder patients with high anxiety: A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled, open-label study. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 99:104-110. [PMID: 29433063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of anxiety symptoms are common in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Adjunctive anxiolytics are widely used in such patients; however, only a few studies have examined the strategy using tandospirone. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive tandospirone in individuals with MDD and high level of anxiety symptoms. METHODS A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled, open-label study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tandospirone coupled with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in patients with MDD and high level of anxiety symptoms. Two hundred and forty-five patients fulfilling the DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either SSRIs and tandospirone or SSRIs alone treatment. The efficacy was measured by HAMA total scores, HAMD-17 total scores, and Clinical Global Impressions severity subscale (CGI-S) score. RESULTS After a 6-week follow-up, two hundred and thirty patients completed this study. Tandospirone coupled with SSRIs significantly improved depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to monotherapy with SSRIs as assessed by HAMD-17 total score (P = 0.003), HAMA total score (P = 0.010), and CGI-S score at week 6 (P = 0.003). The incidence rate of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar in both groups; the therapy was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Short-term tandospirone augmentation was effective and well-tolerated in this study. Addition of tandospirone may improve outcomes in MDD patients with high anxiety.
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Dunlop BW, Rakofsky JJ. Surveying Psychiatrists' Psychopharmacology Practices Across Common Clinical Scenarios. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 15:445-449. [PMID: 31975878 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The practice of psychopharmacology has become increasingly complex with the expansion of medication options across psychiatric conditions. The level of variability among psychiatrists in their application of medication treatments has received little attention to date. We surveyed 111 psychiatrists attending one of two annual psychiatry meetings in 2017, asking whether they agreed or disagreed with statements about psychopharmacological approaches to 14 common clinical scenarios. High consistency was found for six scenarios, which generally reflected published treatment guidelines, and in recommending that their patients avoid using marijuana. However, low consistency was found for seven scenarios, particularly for statements addressing the use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotic medications. These statements of low consistency generally reflected contradictions or ambiguity across treatment guidelines. In comparison with male psychiatrists, female psychiatrists' responses revealed greater caution around use of medications with addictive potential. Responses to statements were not associated with psychiatrists' perceived adequacy of psychopharmacology training received during residency. Although psychiatrists have high consistency in some aspects of psychopharmacological practice, significant variability exists in important areas of medication use. The consistency of psychotropic medication prescribing may be improved through conducting practical clinical trials that address the existing evidence gaps and by developing educational materials targeting areas of prescriber disagreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boadie W Dunlop
- Drs. Dunlop and Rakofsky are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeffrey J Rakofsky
- Drs. Dunlop and Rakofsky are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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A meta-analysis of the efficacy of vortioxetine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and high levels of anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2016; 206:140-150. [PMID: 27474960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexisting anxiety is common in major depressive disorder (MDD) and more difficult to treat than depression without anxiety. This analysis assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vortioxetine in MDD patients with high levels of anxiety (baseline Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A] total score ≥20). METHODS Efficacy was assessed using an aggregated, study-level meta-analysis of 10 randomized, placebo-controlled, 6/8-week trials of vortioxetine 5-20mg/day in adults (18-75 years), with a study in elderly patients (≥65 years) analyzed separately. Outcome measures included mean differences from placebo in change from baseline to endpoint (Δ) in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), HAM-A total, and HAM-A subscales. Safety and tolerability were assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). RESULTS A total of 1497 (48.6%) vortioxetine-treated and 860 (49.1%) placebo-treated patients had baseline HAM-A≥20. There were significant differences from placebo in MADRS (vortioxetine 5mg/day, n=415, Δ-2.68, P=0.005; 10mg/day, n=373, Δ-3.59, P<0.001; 20mg/day, n=207, Δ-4.30, P=0.005) and HAM-A total (5mg/day, n=419, Δ-1.64, P=0.022; 10mg/day, n=373, Δ-2.04, P=0.003; 20mg/day, n=207, Δ-2.19, P=0.027). There were significantly greater improvements versus placebo on the HAM-A psychic subscale for all doses. The most common TEAEs (≥5.0%) were nausea, headache, dizziness, dry mouth, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, constipation, and vomiting. Incidence of serious TEAEs was 1.3% (placebo) and ≤1.3% (vortioxetine, across doses). LIMITATIONS Study heterogeneity limits this analysis. Patients with baseline HAM-A≥20 were not directly compared to baseline HAM-A<20 or total MDD population. CONCLUSIONS Vortioxetine was efficacious in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with MDD and high levels of anxiety.
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Dilbaz N, Darçin AE, Çavuş SY. Depresyon Tedavisinde Karşılanmamış İhtiyaçlar: Eştanılı Anksiyete ve Yaklaşım. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10177833.2011.11790744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Dilbaz
- Ankara Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, 2. Psikiyatri Kliniği, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - Aslı Enez Darçin
- Kayseri Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Psikiyatri Kliniği, Kayseri-Türkiye
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Patel K, Allen S, Haque MN, Angelescu I, Baumeister D, Tracy DK. Bupropion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness as an antidepressant. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016; 6:99-144. [PMID: 27141292 PMCID: PMC4837968 DOI: 10.1177/2045125316629071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bupropion has been used as an antidepressant for over 20 years, though its licence for such use varies and it is typically a third- or fourth-line agent. It has a unique pharmacology, inhibiting the reuptake of noradrenaline and dopamine, potentially providing pharmacological augmentation to more common antidepressants such as selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This systematic review and meta-analysis identified 51 studies, dividing into four categories: bupropion as a sole antidepressant, bupropion coprescribed with another antidepressant, bupropion in 'other' populations (e.g. bipolar depression, elderly populations) and primary evaluation of side effects. Methodologically more robust trials support the superiority of bupropion over placebo, and most head-to-head antidepressant trials showed an equivalent effectiveness, though some of these are hindered by a lack of a placebo arm. Most work on the coprescribing of bupropion with another antidepressant supports an additional effect, though many are open-label trials. Several large multi-medication trials, most notably STAR*D, also support a therapeutic role for bupropion; in general, it demonstrated similar effectiveness to other medications, though this literature highlights the generally low response rates in refractory cohorts. Effectiveness has been shown in 'other' populations, though there is an overall dearth of research. Bupropion is generally well tolerated, it has very low rates of sexual dysfunction, and is more likely to cause weight loss than gain. Our findings support the use of bupropion as a sole or coprescribed antidepressant, particularly if weight gain or sexual dysfunction are, or are likely to be, significant problems. However there are notable gaps in the literature, including less information on treatment naïve and first presentation depression, particularly when one considers the ever-reducing rates of response in more refractory illness. There are some data to support bupropion targeting specific symptoms, but insufficient information to reliably inform such prescribing, and it remains uncertain whether bupropion pharmacodynamically truly augments other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisna Patel
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Sophie Allen
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mariam N Haque
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Ilinca Angelescu
- Cognition, Schizophrenia and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - David Baumeister
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Green Parks House, Princess Royal University Hospital, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London BR6 8NY, UK
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Strawn JR, Welge JA, Wehry AM, Keeshin BR, Rynn MA. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in pediatric anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:149-57. [PMID: 25449861 PMCID: PMC4514767 DOI: 10.1002/da.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that antidepressants are efficacious in the treatment of anxiety disorders in youth. However, there are no recent, systematic analyses of the efficacy, safety, or tolerability of these medications in pediatric anxiety disorders. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs) in pediatric patients with non-obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) anxiety disorders was undertaken using a search of PubMed/Medline (1966-2014). The meta-analysis utilized random-effects models to evaluate change in the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale or similar anxiety scale, suicidality, and adverse events. Additionally, pharmacologic variables were explored with regard to effect size, although no correction for multiple comparisons was made with regard to these relationships. RESULTS Nine trials involving 1,673 patients and six medications were included. All SSRI/SSNRIs evaluated demonstrated efficacy, and the meta-analytic estimate of effect was of moderate magnitude (Cohen's d = 0.62, confidence interval [CI]: 0.34-0.89, P = .009) and there was evidence of modest heterogeneity (I(2) = 0.29, P = .103). Activation trended toward being more likely with antidepressant treatment (OR: 1.86, CI: 0.98-3.53, P = .054), but no increased risk was observed for nausea/abdominal symptoms (P = .262), discontinuation as a result of an adverse event (P = .132), or suicidality (OR: 1.3, CI: 0.53-3.2, P = .514). Finally, the effect size correlated with the serotonergic specificity of the agent (R = .79, P = .021). CONCLUSIONS Data for nine SSRI/SSNRIs suggest superiority of antidepressants relative to placebo for the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders with a moderate effect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267
| | - Jeffrey A. Welge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Anna M. Wehry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | | | - Moira A. Rynn
- Columbia University, Department of Psychiatry and New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, New York
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Nussbaumer B, Morgan LC, Reichenpfader U, Greenblatt A, Hansen RA, Van Noord M, Lux L, Gaynes BN, Gartlehner G. Comparative efficacy and risk of harms of immediate- versus extended-release second-generation antidepressants: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:699-712. [PMID: 24794101 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) has detrimental effects on an individual's personal life, leads to increased risk of comorbidities, and places an enormous economic burden on society. Several 'second-generation' antidepressants are available as both immediate-release (IR) and extended-release formulations. The advantage of extended-release formulations may be the potentially improved adherence and a lower risk of adverse events. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the comparative efficacy, risk of harms, and patients' adherence of IR and extended-release antidepressants for the treatment of MDD. DATA SOURCE English-language abstracts were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 to October 2012, as well as from reference lists of pertinent review articles and grey literature searches. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 6 weeks' duration that compared an IR formulation with an extended-release formulation of the same antidepressant in adult patients with MDD. We also included placebo-controlled trials to conduct a network meta-analysis. To assess harms and adherence, in addition to RCTs, we searched for observational studies with ≥1,000 participants and a follow-up of ≥12 weeks. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We dually reviewed abstracts and full texts and assessed quality ratings. Lacking head-to-head evidence for many comparisons of interest, we conducted network meta-analyses using Bayesian methods. Our outcome measure of choice was response on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. RESULTS We located seven head-to-head trials and 94 placebo- and active-controlled trials for network meta-analysis. Overall, our analyses indicate that IR and extended-release formulations do not differ substantially with respect to efficacy and risk of harms. The evidence is mixed with respect to differences in adherence, indicating lower adherence for IR formulations. LIMITATIONS The lack of head-to-head comparisons for many drugs compromises our conclusions. Network meta-analyses have methodological limitations that need to be taken into consideration when interpreting findings. CONCLUSION Available evidence currently shows no clear differences between the two formulations and therefore we cannot recommend a first choice. However, if adherence or compliance with one medication is an issue, then clinicians and patients should consider the alternative medication. If adherence or costs are a problem with one formulation, consideration of the other formulation to provide an adequate treatment trial is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nussbaumer
- Department for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria,
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Olin JT, Schneider LS, Katz IR, Meyers BS, Alexopoulos GS, Breitner JC, Bruce ML, Caine ED, Cummings JL, Devanand DP, Jeste DV, Krishnan KRR, Lyketsos CG, Lyness JM, Rabins PV, III CFR, Rovner BW, Steffens DC, Unützer J, Lebowitz BD. Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer’s disease: description and review. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 3:99-106. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
A total of 17 years after its introduction, bupropion remains a safe and effective antidepressant, suitable for first-line use. Bupropion undergoes metabolic transformation to an active metabolite, 4-hydroxybupropion, through hepatic cytochrome P450-2B6 (CYP2B6) and has inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450-2D6 (CYP2D6), thus raising concern for clinically-relevant drug interactions. Common side effects are nervousness and insomnia. Nausea appears slightly less common than with the SSRI drugs and sexual dysfunction is probably the least of any antidepressant. Bupropion is relatively safe in overdose with seizures being the predominant concern. The mechanism of action of bupropion is still uncertain but may be related to inhibition of presynaptic dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. The activity of vesicular monoamine transporter-2, the transporter pumping dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin from the cytosol into presynaptic vesicles, is increased by bupropion and may be a component of its mechanism of action. Bupropion is approved for use in major depression and seasonal affective disorder and has demonstrated comparable efficacy to other antidepressants in clinical trials. Bupropion is also useful in augmenting a partial response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, although bupropion should not be combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. It may be less likely to provoke mania than antidepressants with prominent serotonergic effects. Bupropion is effective in helping people quit tobacco smoking. Anecdotal reports indicate bupropion may lower inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, may lower fatigue in cancer and may help reduce concentration problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Foley
- University of Vermont, Department of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences Burlington, 302 Rowell Building, VT 05405, USA.
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Daviss WB, Pan RJ, Perel JM. Bupropion for attentiondeficit hyperactivity and comorbid disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 3:9-18. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.3.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antidepressive-Like Property of Dichloromethane Fraction of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus and Relevance of Monoamine Metabolic Enzymes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:659391. [PMID: 23365611 PMCID: PMC3556429 DOI: 10.1155/2013/659391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus popularly referred to as craveiro is considered as a calming agent in different local preparations. The present study attempted to examine antidepressant-like effect of dichloromethane fraction (DF) and role of monoamine oxidase (MAO), tryptophan, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Based on the research focus, tail suspension (TS), forced swimming (FS), and open field (OF) tests were conducted after oral administration of DF (125, 250, or 500 mg/Kg). Ex vivo assay of MAO was also conducted to evaluate inhibitory effect of DF (250 mg/Kg). Administration of DF elicits antidepressant-like response in the TS and FS. However, DF 500 mg/Kg did not alter mice performance in these models. The data obtained in the OF showed a reduction in total crossing and rearing activity; these effects suggest motor interference in TS and FS performance. Mice pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA) (100 mg/kg, i.p.—serotonin biosynthesis inhibitor) for 4 consecutive days or acute administration of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) (100 mg/kg, i.p.—catecholamine synthesis inhibitor) blocked anti-immobility effect of DF in the FS. In ex vivo assay of MAO, DF did not inhibit catabolic activity of MAO. Our findings support antidepressant-like activity of DF and suggest an effect that depends on monoamine biosynthesis.
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Gartlehner G, Thaler K, Hill S, Hansen RA. How should primary care doctors select which antidepressants to administer? Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14:360-9. [PMID: 22648236 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians can choose among various second-generation antidepressants for treating depressive disorders, such as major depressive disorder, subsyndromal depression, or dysthymia. Systematic reviews indicate that available drugs differ in frequency of administration, costs, and the risks of some adverse events but have similar efficacy for treating major depressive disorder. Furthermore, evidence does not support the choice of one antidepressant over another based on accompanying symptoms, such anxiety, insomnia, or pain. Available studies provide little guidance for clinicians about the benefits of second-generation antidepressants for treating dysthymia and subsyndromal depression. Evidence is also unclear about the comparative risks of serious adverse events, such as suicidality, seizures, fractures, increased bleeding, or serotonin syndrome. This article summarizes the best available evidence regarding comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants for treating depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gartlehner
- Department of Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Danube University, Karl Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
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Thaler KJ, Morgan LC, Van Noord M, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, Lux LJ, Krebs EE, Lohr KN, Gartlehner G. Comparative effectiveness of second-generation antidepressants for accompanying anxiety, insomnia, and pain in depressed patients: a systematic review. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:495-505. [PMID: 22553134 DOI: 10.1002/da.21951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) often suffer from accompanying symptoms that influence the choice of pharmacotherapy with second-generation antidepressants (SGAs). We conducted a systematic review to determine the comparative effectiveness of citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, bupropion, mirtazapine, nefazodone, and trazodone, for accompanying anxiety, insomnia, and pain in patients with MDD. METHODS We conducted searches in multiple databases including MEDLINE®, Embase, the Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and PsycINFO, from 1980 through August 2011 and reviewed reference lists of pertinent articles. We dually reviewed abstracts, full-text articles, and abstracted data. We included randomized, head-to-head trials of SGAs of at least 6 weeks' duration. We grouped SGAs into three classes for the analysis: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and others. We graded the strength of the evidence as high, moderate, low, or very low based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group (GRADE) approach. RESULTS We located 19 head-to-head trials in total: 11 on anxiety, six on insomnia, and four on pain. For the majority of comparisons, the strength of the evidence was moderate or low: evidence is weakened by inconsistency and imprecision. For treating anxiety, insomnia, and pain moderate evidence suggests that the SSRIs do not differ. CONCLUSIONS Evidence guiding the selection of an SGA based on accompanying symptoms of depression is limited. Very few trials were designed and adequately powered to answer questions about accompanying symptoms; analyses were generally of subgroups in larger MDD trials.
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Carter GC, Cantrell RA, Victoria Zarotsky, Haynes VS, Phillips G, Alatorre CI, Goetz I, Paczkowski R, Marangell LB. Comprehensive review of factors implicated in the heterogeneity of response in depression. Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:340-54. [PMID: 22511365 DOI: 10.1002/da.21918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity in overall response and outcomes to pharmacological treatment has been reported in several depression studies but with few sources that integrate these results. The goal of this study was to review the literature and attempt to identify nongenetic factors potentially predictive of overall response to depression treatments. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature from the last 10 years was performed using three key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane). All relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and scored for their levels of evidence using the NICE scoring method. A subjective assessment of the strength of evidence for each factor was performed using predefined criteria. RESULTS Our broad search yielded 76 articles relevant to treatment heterogeneity. Sociodemographic factors, disease characteristics, and comorbidities were the most heavily researched areas. Some of the factors associated with more favorable overall response include being married, other social support, and low levels of baseline depressive symptoms. Evidence relating to baseline disease severity as a factor predictive of antidepressant response was particularly convincing among the factors reviewed. The presence of comorbid anxiety and pain contributed to worse antidepressant treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Several factors either predictive of or associated with overall response to antidepressant treatment have been identified. Inclusion of factors predictive of response in the design of future trials may help tailor treatments to depression patients presenting to the average clinical practice, resulting in improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebra Cuyún Carter
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Gollan JK, Fava M, Kurian B, Wisniewski SR, Rush AJ, Daly E, Miyahara S, Trivedi MH. What are the clinical implications of new onset or worsening anxiety during the first two weeks of SSRI treatment for depression? Depress Anxiety 2012; 29:94-101. [PMID: 22147631 PMCID: PMC3860362 DOI: 10.1002/da.20917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of new onset or worsening of anxiety symptoms, as well as their clinical implications, during the first 2 weeks of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) pharmacotherapy for depression. METHOD Adult outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder were enrolled in an 8-week acute phase SSRI treatment trial at 15 clinical sites across the United States. Worsening anxiety was defined as a greater than 2-point increase on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) between baseline and Week 2. New onset of anxiety symptoms was ascribed when the BAI baseline rating was 0 and the Week 2 value was greater or equal to 2 points on the BAI. RESULTS Overall, after 2 weeks of treatment, 48.8% (98 of 201 participants) reported improvement in anxiety symptoms, 36.3% (73 of 201) reported minimal symptom change, and 14.9% (30 of 201) reported worsening of anxiety symptoms. No association was found between change in anxiety symptoms within the first 2 weeks and change in depressive symptoms or remission at the end of 8 weeks of treatment. For participants with clinically meaningful anxiety symptoms at baseline, however, worsening of anxiety during the first 2 weeks of treatment was associated with worsening depressive symptoms by 8 weeks (P = .054). CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of anxiety symptom change early in SSRI treatment is an important indicator of eventual outcome for outpatients with major depression and baseline anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie K Gollan
- Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benji Kurian
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen R. Wisniewski
- Epidemiology Data Center, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - A. John Rush
- Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ella Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sachiko Miyahara
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Madhukar H. Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Boulenger JP, Hermes A, Huusom AKT, Weiller E. Baseline anxiety effect on outcome of SSRI treatment in patients with severe depression: escitalopram vs paroxetine. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26:605-14. [PMID: 20067433 DOI: 10.1185/03007990903482467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if treatment outcome for severely depressed patients depends on their baseline level of anxiety. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients with a primary diagnosis of severe major depressive disorder (n = 459) were randomised to 24 weeks of double-blind treatment with escitalopram (20 mg) or paroxetine (40 mg). Post hoc analyses of efficacy in patients with a baseline HAM-A total score < or =20 (n = 171) or >20 (n = 280) were based on analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (ITT, LOCF). RESULTS At week 24, the mean change from baseline in MADRS total scores was -24.2 for escitalopram-treated patients (n = 141) and -21.5 for paroxetine-treated patients (n = 139) (p < 0.05) in high baseline anxiety patients and the mean change from baseline in HAM-A total score was -17.4 (escitalopram) and -15.1 (paroxetine) (p < 0.05). When examining the proportion of complete remitters (CGI-S = 1) after 24 weeks of treatment, there was an increasing treatment difference as a function of baseline HAM-A total score in favour of escitalopram (ITT, LOCF). There was no treatment difference in the low baseline anxiety group. Significantly more patients (p < 0.01) withdrew from the paroxetine group (31%) than from the escitalopram group (17%), partly as the result of significantly more withdrawals due to AEs (p < 0.05). Incidence of AEs and withdrawals were not related to baseline anxiety and there were no significant differences in the incidence of individual AEs with escitalopram compared to paroxetine. LIMITATIONS The post hoc nature of these analyses, the absence of placebo control group, and the requirement that patients should be suffering from severe depression, limit the generalisability of the results. CONCLUSION Patients with severe depression together with comorbid anxiety symptoms responded significantly better to treatment with escitalopram 20 mg compared with paroxetine 40 mg. Contrary to paroxetine, escitalopram maintained its efficacy with increasing baseline anxiety levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Boulenger
- CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, France.
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Papakostas GI, Fava M. Predictors, moderators, and mediators (correlates) of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19170401 PMCID: PMC3181892 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2008.10.4/gipapakostas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent illness that is frequently associated with significant disability, morbidity and mortality. Despite the development and availability of numerous treatment options for MDD, studies have shown that antidepressant monotherapy yields only modest rates of response and remission. Clearly, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies for patients with MDD, One possible approach towards the development of novel pharmacotherapeuiic strategies for MDD involves identifying subpopulations of depressed patients who are more likely to experience the benefits of a given (existing) treatment versus placebo, or versus a second treatment. Attempts have been made to identify such “subpopulations, ” specifically by testing whether a given biological or clinical marker also serves as a moderator, mediator (correlate), or predictor of clinical improvement following the treatment of MDD with standard, first-line antidepressants. In the following article, we will attempt to summarize the literature focusing on several major areas (“leads”) where preliminary evidence exists regarding clinical and biologic moderators, mediators, and predictors of symptom improvement in MDD, Such clinical leads will include the presence of hopelessness, anxious symptoms, or medical comorbidity. Biologic leads will include gene polymorphisms, brain metabolism, quantitative electroencephalography, loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials, and functional brain asymmetry
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Papakostas
- Depression Clinical Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a representative sample of depressed inpatients - findings from the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:215-29. [PMID: 18586274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common and often difficult-to-treat clinical condition with a high rate of patients showing insufficient treatment response and persistence of symptoms. We report the characteristics of a representative sample of depressed inpatients participating in the Munich Antidepressant Response Signature (MARS) project. Eight hundred and forty-two inpatients admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment of a major depressive episode, recurrent or bipolar depression were thoroughly characterized with respect to demographic factors, clinical history, and the degree of HPA-axis dysregulation evaluated by means of combined dex/CRH tests, and the predictive value of these factors for treatment outcome is investigated. 80.8% of patients responded to treatment (i.e., improvement in symptom severity of at least 50%) and 57.9% reached remission (i.e., near absence of residual depressive symptoms) at discharge after a mean treatment period of 11.8 weeks. Regression analysis identified early partial response (within 2 weeks) as the most important positive predictor for achieving remission. Previous ineffective treatment trials in the current episode and presence of a migration background are potent negative predictors for treatment outcome. In addition, remitters were characterized by a more pronounced normalization of an initially dysregulated HPA-axis. We could show that a large majority of inpatients suffering from depression benefits from antidepressant treatment during hospitalization. However, a considerable number of patients failed to achieve remission. We demonstrated that this subgroup can be characterized by a set of demographic, clinical and neuroendocrine variables allowing to predict unfavorable outcome at an early stage of treatment.
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Gartlehner G, Thieda P, Hansen RA, Gaynes BN, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Krebs EE, Lohr KN. Comparative Risk for Harms of Second-Generation Antidepressants. Drug Saf 2008; 31:851-65. [DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200831100-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Hunter AM, Cook IA, Leuchter AF. The promise of the quantitative electroencephalogram as a predictor of antidepressant treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2007; 30:105-24. [PMID: 17362807 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown overall accuracy rates of 72% and 88% using baseline and/or 1-week change in QEEG biomarkers to predict clinical outcome to treatment with various antidepressant medications. In some cases, findings have been replicated across academic institutions and have been studied in the context of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Recent EEG findings are corroborated by studies that use techniques with greater spatial resolution (eg, PET, MEG) in localizing brain regions pertinent to clinical response. As such, EEG measurements increasingly are validated by other physiologic measurements that have the ability to assess deeper brain structures. Continued progress along these lines may lead to the realized promise of QEEG biomarkers as predictors of antidepressant treatment outcome in routine clinical practice. In the larger context, use of QEEG technology to predict antidepressant response in major depression may mean that more patients will achieve response and remission with less of the trial-and-error approach that currently accompanies antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Hunter
- Laboratory of Brain, Behavior, and Pharmacology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA.
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Clayton AH. Extended-release bupropion: an antidepressant with a broad spectrum of therapeutic activity? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:457-66. [PMID: 17309340 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion, a noradrenaline and dopamine re-uptake inhibitor, has long been indicated for the treatment of depression. Recent studies have demonstrated additional benefits in depression, including: prevention of the recurrence of seasonal affective disorder in depressive subtypes with decreased energy, pleasure and interest; in major depression with concomitant anxiety; in elderly depressed patients; for non-response to initial serotonin re-uptake inhibitor therapy or augmentation of partial efficacy with serotonin re-uptake inhibitors; and in bipolar depression. Efficacy in other conditions has also been shown in studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, nicotine dependence, obesity and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Thus, bupropion has proven effective across a broad spectrum of depressive conditions, subtypes and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita H Clayton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University of Virginia, 2955 Ivy Road, Northridge Suite 210, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Papakostas GI, Nutt DJ, Hallett LA, Tucker VL, Krishen A, Fava M. Resolution of sleepiness and fatigue in major depressive disorder: A comparison of bupropion and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:1350-5. [PMID: 16934768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine whether the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) with the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) bupropion results in a greater resolution of sleepiness and fatigue than with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). METHODS Six double-blind, randomized clinical trials comparing bupropion (n = 662) with an SSRI (n = 655) for the treatment of MDD were pooled. Hypersomnia scores were defined as the sum of scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) items #22, 23, and 24. Fatigue scores were defined as the score of HDRS item #13. RESULTS There was a greater improvement in hypersomnia scores among bupropion-treated than SSRI-treated (p < .0001) or placebo-treated patients (p = .0008). There was also a greater improvement in fatigue scores among bupropion-treated (p < .0001) and SSRI-treated (p = .0005) than placebo-treated patients as well as a greater improvement in fatigue scores among bupropion-treated than SSRI-treated patients (p = .0078). Fewer bupropion-remitters than SSRI-remitters experienced residual hypersomnia (20.5% vs. 32.1%; p = .0014) or residual fatigue (19.5% vs. 30.2%; p = .0020). CONCLUSION Treatment of MDD with the NDRI bupropion resulted in a greater resolution of sleepiness and fatigue than SSRIs treatment. Although preliminary, these results warrant prospectively designed studies examining potential differences between bupropion and the SSRIs on these specific depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George I Papakostas
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Zimmerman M, Chelminski I, McGlinchey JB, Young D. Diagnosing major depressive disorder X: can the utility of the DSM-IV symptom criteria be improved? J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194:893-7. [PMID: 17164626 DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000248970.50265.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are two practical problems with the DSM-IV symptom criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD)--they are somewhat lengthy and therefore difficult to remember, and there are difficulties in applying some of the criteria in patients with comorbid medical illnesses because of symptom nonspecificity. Therefore, in the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project, we attempted to develop a briefer definition of major depression that is composed entirely of mood and cognitive symptoms. Our goal was to develop an alternative set of diagnostic criteria for major depression that did not include somatic symptoms but would nonetheless demonstrate a high level of concordance with the current DSM-IV definition. We examined several alternative definitions of MDD. After eliminating the somatic criteria from the DSM-IV MDD criteria and adding the symptom "reduced drive," there was a very high level of concordance with DSM-IV classification (95%). This new definition thus offers two advantages over the current DSM-IV definition--it is briefer and it is free of somatic symptoms, thereby making it easier to apply with medically ill patients. We discuss using improvement in the clinical utility, rather than validity of diagnostic criteria, as the basis for making revisions in the nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Fava M, Rush AJ, Thase ME, Clayton A, Stahl SM, Pradko JF, Johnston JA. 15 years of clinical experience with bupropion HCl: from bupropion to bupropion SR to bupropion XL. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2005; 7:106-13. [PMID: 16027765 PMCID: PMC1163271 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.v07n0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupropion has been available in the United States since 1989. Initially a thrice-daily immediate-release formulation, a twice-daily sustained-release formulation followed in 1996, and, in August 2003, a once-daily extended-release formulation was introduced. On the 15th anniversary of its introduction, we undertook a review of the background/history, mechanism of action, formulations, and clinical profile of bupropion. DATA SOURCES Major efficacy trials and other reports were obtained and reviewed from MEDLINE searches, review of abstracts from professional meetings, and the bupropion SR manufacturer's databases. Searches of English-language articles were conducted from June 2003 through August 2004. No time limit was specified in the searches, which were conducted using the search terms bupropion, bupropion SR, and bupropion XL. DATA SYNTHESIS Bupropion inhibits the re-uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmission without any significant direct effects on serotonin neurotransmission. Bupropion is an effective antidepressant with efficacy comparable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants. It is well tolerated in short-and longer-term treatment. Headache, dry mouth, nausea, insomnia, constipation, and dizziness are the most common adverse events. Seizure and allergic reactions are medically important adverse events associated with bupropion and are reported rarely. Among all the newer antidepressants in the United States, bupropion appears to have among the lowest incidence of sexual dysfunction, weight gain, and somnolence. Although not U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved for these indications, bupropion has also been used as an adjunctive treatment to reverse antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and to augment anti-depressant efficacy in partial responders and non-responders to other agents. CONCLUSION Bupropion has played and will continue to play an important role as a treatment for major depressive disorder in adults, as well as for other related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Dulawa SC, Hen R. Recent advances in animal models of chronic antidepressant effects: the novelty-induced hypophagia test. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:771-83. [PMID: 15890403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models exhibiting sensitivity to chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatment are greatly needed for studying the neural mechanisms of the antidepressant response. Although several models of acute antidepressant effects provide excellent tools for antidepressant discovery, they do not permit investigation into their therapeutic effects, which require several weeks of treatment to emerge. The inhibition of feeding produced by novelty, termed 'hyponeophagia', provides an anxiety-related measure that is sensitive to the effects of chronic, but not acute or subchronic, antidepressant treatment. This review evaluates the value of hyponeophagia-based tests as tools for investigating the neurobiology of the therapeutic response to antidepressant treatment. Criteria for the development and validation of animal models used to study neurobiological mechanisms of the antidepressant response are presented. Methodological considerations affecting the reliability, specificity, and ease of use of hyponeophagia-based models are also discussed. Lastly, we present a newly revised hyponeophagia paradigm, called the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) test, which attempts to maximize the predictive validity and practicality of the test. The NIH paradigm provides a promising new model for investigations into the neurobiology underlying the antidepressant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Dulawa
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, PI Annex, Room 725, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Nelson JC, Portera L, Leon AC. Are there differences in the symptoms that respond to a selective serotonin or norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor? Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1535-42. [PMID: 15953490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined two previously published studies comparing a norepinephrine (NE) selective agent, reboxetine, and a serotonin (5-HT) selective agent, fluoxetine, to determine if these agents have different effects on individual depressive symptoms. METHODS Both studies were 8-week, double-blind, comparison studies of men and women with DSM III-R major depression. Within-group effect sizes for individual symptom change on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) were determined in the observed case samples and in patients for whom the symptom was relatively severe at baseline. We required that any significant differences in one sample be cross-validated in the second. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-three subjects in study I and 168 subjects in study II were randomized to reboxetine or fluoxetine. In both samples, depressed mood, decreased interest, and psychic anxiety had the greatest change. Effect sizes for all HAMD symptoms were similar for the two drugs. No difference between groups in one sample was replicated in the second. Among subjects with severe symptoms, no significant differences were cross-validated. CONCLUSIONS Reboxetine and fluoxetine appear to have similar effects on depressive symptoms. These data suggest that NE and 5-HT selective antidepressant drugs act through the same final common pathway and challenge the belief that symptom differences are useful for antidepressant selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craig Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are well-established first-line agents for Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety is also a frequent manifestation of major depression. Many psychiatrists assume that anxious depression is more responsive to SSRIs than to other antidepressants. The purpose of this literature review was to determine if SSRIs or any other antidepressants are superior. METHODS A computerized search was conducted of double-blind, English-language studies comparing antidepressants available in the United States. Databases searched included Medline and PsycINFO. RESULTS SSRIs were not found to be superior to other antidepressants in the treatment of anxious depression. CONCLUSIONS The above assumption is not supported. Treatment implications are discussed.
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Carrasco MC, Vicens P, Vidal J, Redolat R. Effects of acute administration of bupropion on behavior in the elevated plus-maze test by NMRI mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:1135-41. [PMID: 15610926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion attenuates some symptoms of nicotine abstinence, although its effects on anxiety are unclear. The present study investigates acute effects of bupropion (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) on anxiety as expressed in the elevated plus-maze test in male NMRI mice. Given the influence of locomotion in this test, effects of bupropion were also evaluated in an actimeter. Spontaneous motor activity remained significantly increased in mice treated with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of bupropion during the 60 min recorded. Results from the elevated plus-maze showed that 20 mg/kg increased total arm entries and 40 mg/kg increased total and open arm entries. Although the increase in the number of visits to the open arms suggests an anxiolytic-like effect, if the actions of this drug on locomotion are taking into account, one may conclude that the increase in open arm entries observed with the highest doses is a motor effect rather than anxiolysis per se. In addition, ethological measures failed to detect a clear anxiolytic profile since neither a significant decrease in total stretched attend postures nor a reduction in the percentage of protected forms of head dipping or stretched attend postures were observed at any dose tested. These results suggest that the elevated plus-maze is sensitive to the motor actions of bupropion and that this should be taken into account in the evaluation of the "emotional" effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Carrasco
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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