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Phosphodiesterases PDE2A and PDE10A both change mRNA expression in the human brain with age, but only PDE2A changes in a region-specific manner with psychiatric disease. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109592. [PMID: 32119913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies implicate altered cyclic nucleotide signaling in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BPD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). As such, we explored how phosphodiesterases 2A (PDE2A) and 10A (PDE10A)-enzymes that break down cyclic nucleotides-may be altered in brains of these patients. Using autoradiographic in situ hybridization on postmortem brain tissue from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium, we measured expression of PDE2 and PDE10 mRNA in multiple brain regions implicated in psychiatric pathophysiology, including cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex (OFC), superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, amygdala, and the striatum. We also assessed how PDE2A and PDE10A expression changes in these brain regions across development using the Allen Institute for Brain Science Brainspan database. Compared to controls, patients with SCZ, MDD and BPD all showed reduced PDE2A mRNA in the amygdala. In contrast, PDE2A expression changes in frontal cortical regions were only significant in patients with SCZ, while those in caudal entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and the striatum were most pronounced in patients with BPD. PDE10A expression was only detected in striatum and did not differ by disease group; however, all groups showed significantly less PDE10A mRNA expression in ventral versus dorsal striatum. Across development, PDE2A mRNA increased in these brain regions; whereas, PDE10A mRNA expression decreased in all regions except striatum. Thus, PDE2A mRNA expression changes in both a disorder- and brain region-specific manner, potentially implicating PDE2A as a novel diagnostic and/or patient-selection biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Wong RW, Balachandran A, Cheung PK, Cheng R, Pan Q, Stoilov P, Harrigan PR, Blencowe BJ, Branch DR, Cochrane A. An activator of G protein-coupled receptor and MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling inhibits HIV-1 replication by altering viral RNA processing. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008307. [PMID: 32069328 PMCID: PMC7048317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 to evolve resistance to combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) has stimulated research into alternative means of controlling this infection. We assayed >60 modulators of RNA alternative splicing (AS) to identify new inhibitors of HIV-1 RNA processing-a segment of the viral lifecycle not targeted by current drugs-and discovered compound N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-amine (5342191) as a potent inhibitor of both wild-type (Ba-L, NL4-3, LAI, IIIB, and N54) and drug-resistant strains of HIV-1 (IC50: ~700 nM) with no significant effect on cell viability at doses tested. 5342191 blocks expression of four essential HIV-1 structural and regulatory proteins (Gag, Env, Tat, and Rev) without affecting total protein synthesis of the cell. This response is associated with altered unspliced (US) and singly-spliced (SS) HIV-1 RNA accumulation (~60% reduction) and transport to the cytoplasm (loss of Rev) whereas parallel analysis of cellular RNAs revealed less than a 0.7% of host alternative splicing (AS) events (0.25-0.67% by ≥ 10-20%), gene expression (0.01-0.46% by ≥ 2-5 fold), and protein abundance (0.02-0.34% by ≥ 1.5-2 fold) being affected. Decreased expression of Tat, but not Gag/Env, upon 5342191 treatment was reversed by a proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that this compound alters the synthesis/degradation of this key viral factor. Consistent with an affect on HIV-1 RNA processing, 5342191 treatment of cells altered the abundance and phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SRSF) 1, 3, and 4. Despite the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways by 5342191 (Ras, MEK1/2-ERK1/2, and JNK1/2/3), inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by this compound could be reversed by pre-treatment with either a G-protein α-subunit inhibitor or two different MEK1/2 inhibitors. These observations demonstrate enhanced sensitivity of HIV-1 gene expression to small changes in host RNA processing and highlights the potential of modulating host intracellular signaling as an alternative approach for controlling HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahalya Balachandran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K. Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qun Pan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Stoilov
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - P. Richard Harrigan
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald R. Branch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Infection and Immunity Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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de Oliveira PG, Ramos MLS, Amaro AJ, Dias RA, Vieira SI. G i/o-Protein Coupled Receptors in the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:89. [PMID: 31105551 PMCID: PMC6492497 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells translate extracellular signals to regulate processes such as differentiation, metabolism and proliferation, via transmembranar receptors. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest family of transmembrane receptors, with over 800 members in the human species. Given the variety of key physiological functions regulated by GPCRs, these are main targets of existing drugs. During normal aging, alterations in the expression and activity of GPCRs have been observed. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly affected by these alterations, which results in decreased brain functions, impaired neuroregeneration, and increased vulnerability to neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson diseases. GPCRs signal via heterotrimeric G proteins, such as Go, the most abundant heterotrimeric G protein in CNS. We here review age-induced effects of GPCR signaling via the Gi/o subfamily at the CNS. During the aging process, a reduction in protein density is observed for almost half of the Gi/o-coupled GPCRs, particularly in age-vulnerable regions such as the frontal cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra and striatum. Gi/o levels also tend to decrease with aging, particularly in regions such as the frontal cortex. Alterations in the expression and activity of GPCRs and coupled G proteins result from altered proteostasis, peroxidation of membranar lipids and age-associated neuronal degeneration and death, and have impact on aging hallmarks and age-related neuropathologies. Further, due to oligomerization of GPCRs at the membrane and their cooperative signaling, down-regulation of a specific Gi/o-coupled GPCR may affect signaling and drug targeting of other types/subtypes of GPCRs with which it dimerizes. Gi/o-coupled GPCRs receptorsomes are thus the focus of more effective therapeutic drugs aiming to prevent or revert the decline in brain functions and increased risk of neuropathologies at advanced ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia G de Oliveira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and The Discovery CTR, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta L S Ramos
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and The Discovery CTR, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António J Amaro
- School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roberto A Dias
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and The Discovery CTR, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and The Discovery CTR, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Senese NB, Rasenick MM, Traynor JR. The Role of G-proteins and G-protein Regulating Proteins in Depressive Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1289. [PMID: 30483131 PMCID: PMC6244039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress toward new antidepressant therapies has been relatively slow over the past few decades, with the result that individuals suffering from depression often struggle to find an effective treatment – a process often requiring months. Furthermore, the neural factors that contribute to depression remain poorly understood, and there are many open questions regarding the mechanism of action of existing antidepressants. A better understanding of the molecular processes that underlie depression and contribute to antidepressant efficacy is therefore badly needed. In this review we highlight research investigating the role of G-proteins and the regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, two protein families that are intimately involved in both the genesis of depressive states and the action of antidepressant drugs. Many antidepressants are known to indirectly affect the function of these proteins. Conversely, dysfunction of the G-protein and RGS systems can affect antidepressant efficacy. However, a great deal remains unknown about how these proteins interact with antidepressants. Findings pertinent to each individual G-protein and RGS protein are summarized from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas B Senese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mark M Rasenick
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
Suicide and bipolar disorder (BD) are challenging, complex, and intertwined areas of study in contemporary psychiatry. Indeed, BD is associated with the highest lifetime risk for suicide attempt and completion of all the psychiatric conditions. Given that several clinical risk factors for both suicide and BD have been well noted in the literature, exploring the neurobiological aspects of suicide in BD may provide insights into both preventive measures and future novel treatments. This review synthesizes findings regarding the neurobiological aspects of suicide and, when applicable, their link to BD. Neurochemical findings, genes/epigenetics, and potential molecular targets for current or future treatments are discussed. The role of endophenotypes and related proximal and distal risk factors underlying suicidal behavior are also explored. Lastly, we discuss the manner in which preclinical work on aggression and impulsivity may provide additional insights for the future development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612
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González-Maeso J, Meana JJ. Heterotrimeric g proteins: insights into the neurobiology of mood disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 4:127-38. [PMID: 18615130 DOI: 10.2174/157015906776359586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder are common, severe, chronic and often life-threatening illnesses. Suicide is estimated to be the cause of death in up to approximately 10-15% of individuals with mood disorders. Alterations in the signal transduction through G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways have been reported in the etiopathology of mood disorders and the suicidal behavior. In this regard, the implication of certain GPCR subtypes such as alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor has been repeatedly described using different approaches. However, several discrepancies have been recently reported in density and functional status of the heterotrimeric G proteins both in major depression and bipolar disorder. A compilation of the most relevant research topics about the implication of heterotrimeric G proteins in the etiology of mood disorders (i.e., animal models of mood disorders, studies in peripheral tissue of depressive patients, and studies in postmortem human brain of suicide victims with mood disorders) will provide a broad perspective of this potential therapeutic target field. Proposed causes of the discrepancies reported at the level of G proteins in postmortem human brain of suicide victims will be discussed.
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Cocchi M, Tonello L, Rasenick MM. Human depression: a new approach in quantitative psychiatry. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:25. [PMID: 20525273 PMCID: PMC2890698 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomolecular approach to major depression disorder is explained by the different steps that involve cell membrane viscosity, Gsalpha protein and tubulin. For the first time it is hypothesised that a biomolecular pathway exists, moving from cell membrane viscosity through Gsalpha protein and Tubulin, which can condition the conscious state and is measurable by electroencephalogram study of the brain's gamma wave synchrony.
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Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Zhang H, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN. Modulation in activation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten, Akt1, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1: further evidence demonstrating altered phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1017-25. [PMID: 20163786 PMCID: PMC2868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) signaling plays a crucial role in neuronal growth and plasticity. Recently, we demonstrated that suicide brain is associated with decreased activation and expression of selective catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3-K. The present investigation examined the regulation and functional significance of compromised PI3-K in suicide brain at the level of upstream phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten (PTEN) and downstream substrates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt. METHODS Messenger RNA expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, and PDK1 by competitive reverse transcription polymerase polymerase chain reaction; protein expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, PDK1, phosphorylated Akt1 (Ser473 and Thr308), phosphorylated PDK1, and phosphorylated PTEN by Western blot; and catalytic activities of Akt1, Akt3, and PDK1 by enzymatic assays were determined in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus obtained from suicide subjects and nonpsychiatric control subjects. RESULTS No significant changes in the expression of Akt1 or Akt3 were observed; however, catalytic activity of Akt1, but not of Akt3, was decreased in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of suicide subjects, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 and Thr308. The catalytic activity of PDK1 and the level of phosphorylated PDK1 were also decreased in both brain areas without any change in expression levels of PDK1. On the other hand, messenger RNA and protein expression of PTEN was increased, whereas the level of phosphorylated PTEN was decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates abnormalities in PI3-K signaling at several levels in brain of suicide subjects and suggests the possible involvement of aberrant PI3-K/Akt signaling in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hooriyah S. Rizavi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
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Zhang L, Rasenick MM. Chronic treatment with escitalopram but not R-citalopram translocates Galpha(s) from lipid raft domains and potentiates adenylyl cyclase: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter-independent action of this antidepressant compound. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:977-84. [PMID: 19996298 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.162644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic antidepressant treatment has been shown to increase adenylyl cyclase activity, in part, due to translocation of Galpha(s) from lipid rafts to a nonraft fraction of the plasma membrane where they engage in a more facile stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. This effect holds for multiple classes of antidepressants, and for serotonin uptake inhibitors, it occurs in the absence of the serotonin transporter. In the present study, we examined the change in the amount of Galpha(s) in lipid raft and whole cell lysate after exposing C6 cells to escitalopram. The results showed that chronic (but not acute) escitalopram decreased the content of Galpha(s) in lipid rafts, whereas there was no change in overall Galpha(s) content. These effects were drug dose- and exposure time-dependent. Although R-citalopram has been reported to antagonize some effects of escitalopram, this compound was without effect on Galpha(s) localization in lipid rafts, and R-citalopram did not inhibit these actions of escitalopram. Escitalopram treatment increased cAMP accumulation, and this seemed due to increased coupling between Galpha(s) and adenylyl cyclase. Thus, escitalopram is potent, rapid and efficacious in translocating Galpha(s) from lipid rafts, and this effect seems to occur independently of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporters. Our results suggest that, although antidepressants display distinct affinities for well identified targets (e.g., monoamine transporters), several presynaptic and postsynaptic molecules are probably modified during chronic antidepressant treatment, and these additional targets may be required for clinical efficacy of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqiu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Illinois Chicago, 835 S Wolcott Ave., M/C 901 Rm. E202, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
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Sequeira A, Mamdani F, Ernst C, Vawter MP, Bunney WE, Lebel V, Rehal S, Klempan T, Gratton A, Benkelfat C, Rouleau GA, Mechawar N, Turecki G. Global brain gene expression analysis links glutamatergic and GABAergic alterations to suicide and major depression. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6585. [PMID: 19668376 PMCID: PMC2719799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies investigating the neurobiology of depression and suicide have focused on the serotonergic system. While it seems clear that serotonergic alterations play a role in the pathogenesis of these major public health problems, dysfunction in additional neurotransmitter systems and other molecular alterations may also be implicated. Microarray expression studies are excellent screening tools to generate hypotheses about additional molecular processes that may be at play. In this study we investigated brain regions that are known to be implicated in the neurobiology of suicide and major depression are likely to represent valid global molecular alterations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed gene expression analysis using the HG-U133AB chipset in 17 cortical and subcortical brain regions from suicides with and without major depression and controls. Total mRNA for microarray analysis was obtained from 663 brain samples isolated from 39 male subjects, including 26 suicide cases and 13 controls diagnosed by means of psychological autopsies. Independent brain samples from 34 subjects and animal studies were used to control for the potential confounding effects of comorbidity with alcohol. Using a Gene Ontology analysis as our starting point, we identified molecular pathways that may be involved in depression and suicide, and performed follow-up analyses on these possible targets. Methodology included gene expression measures from microarrays, Gene Score Resampling for global ontological profiling, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. We observed the highest number of suicide specific alterations in prefrontal cortical areas and hippocampus. Our results revealed alterations of synaptic neurotransmission and intracellular signaling. Among these, Glutamatergic (GLU) and GABAergic related genes were globally altered. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR results investigating expression of GLU and GABA receptor subunit genes were consistent with microarray data. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The observed results represent the first overview of global expression changes in brains of suicide victims with and without major depression and suggest a global brain alteration of GLU and GABA receptor subunit genes in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Sequeira
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carl Ernst
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - William E. Bunney
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Veronique Lebel
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tim Klempan
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Ste Justine Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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David DJ, Samuels BA, Rainer Q, Wang JW, Marsteller D, Mendez I, Drew M, Craig DA, Guiard BP, Guilloux JP, Artymyshyn RP, Gardier AM, Gerald C, Antonijevic IA, Leonardo ED, Hen R. Neurogenesis-dependent and -independent effects of fluoxetine in an animal model of anxiety/depression. Neuron 2009; 62:479-93. [PMID: 19477151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiopathology of affective disorders and their treatment relies on the availability of experimental models that accurately mimic aspects of the disease. Here we describe a mouse model of an anxiety/depressive-like state induced by chronic corticosterone treatment. Furthermore, chronic antidepressant treatment reversed the behavioral dysfunctions and the inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis induced by corticosterone treatment. In corticosterone-treated mice where hippocampal neurogenesis is abolished by X-irradiation, the efficacy of fluoxetine is blocked in some, but not all, behavioral paradigms, suggesting both neurogenesis-dependent and -independent mechanisms of antidepressant action. Finally, we identified a number of candidate genes, the expression of which is decreased by chronic corticosterone and normalized by chronic fluoxetine treatment selectively in the hypothalamus. Importantly, mice deficient in one of these genes, beta-arrestin 2, displayed a reduced response to fluoxetine in multiple tasks, suggesting that beta-arrestin signaling is necessary for the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J David
- Université Paris-Sud EA 3544, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex F-92296, France.
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Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Zhang H, Mondal AC, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN. Neurotrophin receptor activation and expression in human postmortem brain: effect of suicide. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:319-28. [PMID: 18930453 PMCID: PMC2654767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological functions of neurotrophins occur through binding to two receptors: pan75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) and a family of tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks A, B, and C). We recently reported that expression of neurotrophins and TrkB were reduced in brains of suicide subjects. This study examines whether expression and activation of Trk receptors and expression of p75(NTR) are altered in brain of these subjects. METHODS Expression levels of TrkA, B, C, and of p75(NTR) were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of suicide and normal control subjects. The activation of Trks was determined by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting using phosphotyrosine antibody. RESULTS In hippocampus, lower mRNA levels of TrkA and TrkC were observed in suicide subjects. In the PFC, the mRNA level of TrkA was decreased, without any change in TrkC. However, the mRNA level of p75(NTR) was increased in both PFC and hippocampus. Immunolabeling studies showed similar results as observed for the mRNAs. In addition, phosphorylation of all Trks was decreased in hippocampus, but in PFC, decreased phosphorylation was noted only for TrkA and B. Increased expression ratios of p75(NTR) to Trks were also observed in PFC and hippocampus of suicide subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest not only reduced functioning of Trks in brains of suicide subjects but also that increased ratios of p75(NTR) to Trks indicate possible activation of pathways that are apoptotic in nature. These findings may be crucial in the pathophysiology of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hooriyah S. Rizavi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Amal C. Mondal
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 865D Sparks Center, 1720 7th Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
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Newman-Tancredi A, Martel JC, Assié MB, Buritova J, Lauressergues E, Cosi C, Heusler P, Bruins Slot L, Colpaert FC, Vacher B, Cussac D. Signal transduction and functional selectivity of F15599, a preferential post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:338-53. [PMID: 19154445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors may provide enhanced therapy against depression. We describe the signal transduction profile of F15599, a novel 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH F15599 was compared with a chemical congener, F13714, and with (+)8-OH-DPAT in models of signal transduction in vitro and ex vivo. KEY RESULTS F15599 was highly selective for 5-HT(1A) receptors in binding experiments and in [(35)S]-GTPgammaS autoradiography of rat brain, where F15599 increased labelling in regions expressing 5-HT(1A) receptors. In cell lines expressing h5-HT(1A) receptors, F15599 more potently stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, compared with G-protein activation, internalization of h5-HT(1A) receptors or inhibition of cAMP accumulation. F13714, (+)8-OH-DPAT and 5-HT displayed a different rank order of potency for these responses. F15599 stimulated [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding more potently in frontal cortex than raphe. F15599, unlike 5-HT, more potently and efficaciously stimulated G(alphai) than G(alphao) activation. In rat prefrontal cortex (a region expressing post-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors), F15599 potently activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and strongly induced c-fos mRNA expression. In contrast, in raphe regions (expressing pre-synaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors) F15599 only weakly or did not induce c-fos mRNA expression. Finally, despite its more modest affinity in vitro, F15599 bound to 5-HT(1A) receptors in vivo almost as potently as F13714. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS F15599 showed a distinctive activation profiles for 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated signalling pathways, unlike those of reference agonists and consistent with functional selectivity at 5-HT(1A) receptors. In rat, F15599 potently activated signalling in prefrontal cortex, a feature likely to underlie its beneficial effects in models of depression and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newman-Tancredi
- Neurobiology 2 Division, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17 avenue Jean Moulin, Castres, France.
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Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Teppen T, Gaszner GL, Roberts RC, Conley RR. GSK-3beta gene expression in human postmortem brain: regional distribution, effects of age and suicide. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:274-85. [PMID: 18584322 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3beta) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and schizophrenia. To examine its role in suicide, we determined GSK-3beta messenger RNA (mRNA) in human postmortem brain from suicide and normal control subjects using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. We found that GSK-3beta mRNA was highly abundant in almost all of the 12 brain areas we studied. We also found a significant age effect on GSK-3beta and that GSK-3beta mRNA level were significantly higher in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of teenage normal controls compared with adult normal controls and was significantly decreased in PFC of teenage suicide but not adult suicide victims compared with respective normal control subjects. The decrease observed in the mRNA levels in teenage suicide but not in adult suicide victims may represent a neurodevelopmentally associated decrease and may be important in the pathophysiology of teenage suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Postmortem brain tissue of depressed suicides reveals increased Gs alpha localization in lipid raft domains where it is less likely to activate adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci 2008; 28:3042-50. [PMID: 18354007 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5713-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that Gs alpha migrates from a Triton X-100 (TX-100)-insoluble membrane domain (lipid raft) to a TX-100-soluble nonraft membrane domain in response to chronic, but not acute, treatment with tricyclic or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. This migration resulted in a more facile association with adenylyl cyclase. Our hypothesis is that Gs alpha may be ensconced, to a greater extent, in lipid rafts during depression, and that one action of chronic antidepressant treatment is to reverse this. In this postmortem study, we examined Gs alpha membrane localization in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of brains from nonpsychiatric control subjects and suicide cases with confirmed unipolar depression. Sequential TX-100 and TX-114 detergent extractions were performed on the brain tissue. In the cerebellum, the ratio of TX-100/TX-114-soluble Gs alpha is approximately 2:1 for control versus depressed suicides. Results with prefrontal cortex samples from each group demonstrate a similar trend. These data suggest that depression localizes Gs alpha to a membrane domain (lipid rafts) where it is less likely to couple to adenylyl cyclase and that antidepressants may upregulate Gs alpha signaling via disruption of membrane microenvironments. Raft localization of Gs alpha in human peripheral tissue may thus serve as a biomarker for depression and as a harbinger of antidepressant responsiveness.
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Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Adenylyl cyclase-cyclicAMP signaling in mood disorders: role of the crucial phosphorylating enzyme protein kinase A. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:161-76. [PMID: 18728821 PMCID: PMC2515915 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are among the most prevalent and recurrent forms of psychiatric illnesses. In the last decade, there has been increased understanding of the biological basis of mood disorders. In fact, novel mechanistic concepts of the neurobiology of unipolar and bipolar disorders are evolving based on recent pre-clinical and clinical studies, most of which now focus on the role of signal transduction mechanisms in these psychiatric illnesses. Particular investigative emphasis has been given to the role of phosphorylating enzymes, which are crucial in regulating gene expression and neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Among the most important phosphorylating enzyme is protein kinase A (PKA), a component of adenylyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AC-cAMP) signaling system. In this review, we critically and comprehensively discuss the role of various components of AC-cAMP signaling in mood disorders, with a special focus on PKA, because of the interesting observation that have been made about its involvement in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We also discuss the functional significance of the findings regarding PKA by discussing the role of important PKA substrates, namely, Rap-1, cyclicAMP-response element binding protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These studies suggest the interesting possibility that PKA and related signaling molecules may serve as important neurobiological factors in mood disorders and may be relevant in target-specific therapeutic interventions for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Pandey GN, Dwivedi Y, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Faludi G, Sarosi A, Palkovits M. Regional distribution and relative abundance of serotonin(2c) receptors in human brain: effect of suicide. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:167-76. [PMID: 16673176 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-9006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in serotonin receptor subtypes have been observed in the postmortem brain of suicide victims. We examined the regional distribution of serotonin (5HT)(2C) receptor mRNA in several areas of the human brain and also compared its protein and mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and choroid plexus between suicide victims and normal control subjects. 5HT(2C) receptors were found to be distributed in several areas of the human brain (in order of abundance): highly concentrated and richest in choroid plexus; hypothalamus; nucleus accumbens; with the lowest abundance in PFC and cerebellum. Comparison of 5HT(2C) receptors between suicide victims and control subjects showed higher protein levels in the PFC but not the hippocampus or choroid plexus of suicide victims. However, there were no significant differences in mRNA levels between suicide victims and control subjects in these brain areas. These results suggest that 5HT(2C) receptors are richly distributed throughout the brain with the highest level in the choroid plexus and that abnormalities in protein expression of 5HT(2C) receptors in the PFC may be associated with suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Corvol JC, Muriel MP, Valjent E, Féger J, Hanoun N, Girault JA, Hirsch EC, Hervé D. Persistent increase in olfactory type G-protein alpha subunit levels may underlie D1 receptor functional hypersensitivity in Parkinson disease. J Neurosci 2004; 24:7007-14. [PMID: 15295036 PMCID: PMC6729591 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0676-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Revised: 06/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although L-dopa remains the most effective treatment of Parkinson disease, its long-term administration is hampered by the appearance of dyskinesia. Hypersensitivity of dopamine D1 receptors in the striatum has been suggested to contribute to the genesis of these delayed adverse effects. However, D1 receptor amounts are unchanged in Parkinson disease, suggesting alterations of downstream effectors. In rodents, striatal D1 receptors activate adenylyl cyclase through olfactory type G-protein alpha subunit (Galphaolf) and G-protein gamma 7 subunit (Ggamma7). We found that Galphaolf was enriched in human basal ganglia and was markedly diminished in the putamen of patients with Huntington disease, in relation with the degeneration of medium spiny neurons. In contrast, in the putamen of patients with Parkinson disease, Galphaolf and Ggamma7 levels were both significantly increased. In the rat, the degeneration of dopamine neurons augmented Galphaolf levels in the striatal neurons, specifically at the plasma membrane, an effect accounting for the increase of D1 response on cAMP production in dopamine-depleted striatum. In lesioned rats, Galphaolf levels were normalized by a 3 week treatment with l-dopa or a D1 agonist but not with aD2-D3 agonist, supporting a Galphaolf regulation by D1 receptor usage. In contrast, the increases of Galphaolf levels in patients were not affected by the duration of l-dopa treatment but correlated with duration of disease. In conclusion, our results revealed in the parkinsonian putamen a prolonged elevation of Galphaolf levels that may lead to a persistent D1 receptor hypersensitivity and contribute to the genesis of long-term complications of L-dopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Université Pierre et Marie Curie Unité 536, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France.
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