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Brown ST, Medina-Pizarro M, Holla M, Vaaga CE, Raman IM. Simple spike patterns and synaptic mechanisms encoding sensory and motor signals in Purkinje cells and the cerebellar nuclei. Neuron 2024; 112:1848-1861.e4. [PMID: 38492575 PMCID: PMC11156563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Whisker stimulation in awake mice evokes transient suppression of simple spike probability in crus I/II Purkinje cells. Here, we investigated how simple spike suppression arises synaptically, what it encodes, and how it affects cerebellar output. In vitro, monosynaptic parallel fiber (PF)-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) facilitated strongly, whereas disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) remained stable, maximizing relative inhibitory strength at the onset of PF activity. Short-term plasticity thus favors the inhibition of Purkinje spikes before PFs facilitate. In vivo, whisker stimulation evoked a 2-6 ms synchronous spike suppression, just 6-8 ms (∼4 synaptic delays) after sensory onset, whereas active whisker movements elicited broadly timed spike rate increases that did not modulate sensory-evoked suppression. Firing in the cerebellar nuclei (CbN) inversely correlated with disinhibition from sensory-evoked simple spike suppressions but was decoupled from slow, non-synchronous movement-associated elevations of Purkinje firing rates. Synchrony thus allows the CbN to high-pass filter Purkinje inputs, facilitating sensory-evoked cerebellar outputs that can drive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mauricio Medina-Pizarro
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Meghana Holla
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Indira M Raman
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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2
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Brown SP, Lawson RJ, Moreno JD, Ransdell JL. A reinterpretation of the relationship between persistent and resurgent sodium currents. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.25.564042. [PMID: 38187680 PMCID: PMC10769191 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.564042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The resurgent sodium current (INaR) activates on membrane repolarization, such as during the downstroke of neuronal action potentials. Due to its unique activation properties, INaR is thought to drive high rates of repetitive neuronal firing. However, INaR is often studied in combination with the persistent or non-inactivating portion of sodium currents (INaP). We used dynamic clamp to test how INaR and INaP individually affect repetitive firing in adult cerebellar Purkinje neurons from male and female mice. We learned INaR does not scale repetitive firing rates due to its rapid decay at subthreshold voltages, and that subthreshold INaP is critical in regulating neuronal firing rate. Adjustments to the Nav conductance model used in these studies revealed INaP and INaR can be inversely scaled by adjusting occupancy in the slow inactivated kinetic state. Together with additional dynamic clamp experiments, these data suggest the regulation of sodium channel slow inactivation can fine-tune INaP and Purkinje neuron repetitive firing rates.
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3
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Beau M, Herzfeld DJ, Naveros F, Hemelt ME, D’Agostino F, Oostland M, Sánchez-López A, Chung YY, Michael Maibach, Kyranakis S, Stabb HN, Martínez Lopera MG, Lajko A, Zedler M, Ohmae S, Hall NJ, Clark BA, Cohen D, Lisberger SG, Kostadinov D, Hull C, Häusser M, Medina JF. A deep-learning strategy to identify cell types across species from high-density extracellular recordings. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.577845. [PMID: 38352514 PMCID: PMC10862837 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.577845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
High-density probes allow electrophysiological recordings from many neurons simultaneously across entire brain circuits but don't reveal cell type. Here, we develop a strategy to identify cell types from extracellular recordings in awake animals, revealing the computational roles of neurons with distinct functional, molecular, and anatomical properties. We combine optogenetic activation and pharmacology using the cerebellum as a testbed to generate a curated ground-truth library of electrophysiological properties for Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons, Golgi cells, and mossy fibers. We train a semi-supervised deep-learning classifier that predicts cell types with greater than 95% accuracy based on waveform, discharge statistics, and layer of the recorded neuron. The classifier's predictions agree with expert classification on recordings using different probes, in different laboratories, from functionally distinct cerebellar regions, and across animal species. Our classifier extends the power of modern dynamical systems analyses by revealing the unique contributions of simultaneously-recorded cell types during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beau
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J. Herzfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francisco Naveros
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Computer Engineering, Automation and Robotics, Research Centre for Information and Communication Technologies, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marie E. Hemelt
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Federico D’Agostino
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marlies Oostland
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Young Yoon Chung
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Maibach
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Kyranakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah N. Stabb
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Agoston Lajko
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marie Zedler
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shogo Ohmae
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan J. Hall
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beverley A. Clark
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dana Cohen
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Dimitar Kostadinov
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Javier F. Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Gowers RP, Schreiber S. How neuronal morphology impacts the synchronisation state of neuronal networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011874. [PMID: 38437226 PMCID: PMC10939433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The biophysical properties of neurons not only affect how information is processed within cells, they can also impact the dynamical states of the network. Specifically, the cellular dynamics of action-potential generation have shown relevance for setting the (de)synchronisation state of the network. The dynamics of tonically spiking neurons typically fall into one of three qualitatively distinct types that arise from distinct mathematical bifurcations of voltage dynamics at the onset of spiking. Accordingly, changes in ion channel composition or even external factors, like temperature, have been demonstrated to switch network behaviour via changes in the spike onset bifurcation and hence its associated dynamical type. A thus far less addressed modulator of neuronal dynamics is cellular morphology. Based on simplified and anatomically realistic mathematical neuron models, we show here that the extent of dendritic arborisation has an influence on the neuronal dynamical spiking type and therefore on the (de)synchronisation state of the network. Specifically, larger dendritic trees prime neuronal dynamics for in-phase-synchronised or splayed-out activity in weakly coupled networks, in contrast to cells with otherwise identical properties yet smaller dendrites. Our biophysical insights hold for generic multicompartmental classes of spiking neuron models (from ball-and-stick-type to anatomically reconstructed models) and establish a connection between neuronal morphology and the susceptibility of neural tissue to synchronisation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Gowers
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Schreiber
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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Richardson RJ, Petrou S, Bryson A. Established and emerging GABA A receptor pharmacotherapy for epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1341472. [PMID: 38449810 PMCID: PMC10915249 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1341472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Drugs that modulate the GABAA receptor are widely used in clinical practice for both the long-term management of epilepsy and emergency seizure control. In addition to older medications that have well-defined roles for the treatment of epilepsy, recent discoveries into the structure and function of the GABAA receptor have led to the development of newer compounds designed to maximise therapeutic benefit whilst minimising adverse effects, and whose position within the epilepsy pharmacologic armamentarium is still emerging. Drugs that modulate the GABAA receptor will remain a cornerstone of epilepsy management for the foreseeable future and, in this article, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of both established and emerging pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Richardson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Praxis Precision Medicines, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alexander Bryson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ozsvár A, Sieburg MC, Sietam MD, Hou WH, Capogna M. A combinatory genetic strategy for targeting neurogliaform neurons in the mouse basolateral amygdala. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1254460. [PMID: 38362542 PMCID: PMC10867116 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1254460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The mouse basolateral amygdala (BLA) contains various GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, which have distinctive roles in the neuronal microcircuit controlling numerous behavioral functions. In mice, roughly 15% of the BLA GABAergic interneurons express neuropeptide Y (NPY), a reasonably characteristic marker for neurogliaform cells (NGFCs) in cortical-like brain structures. However, genetically labeled putative NPY-expressing interneurons in the BLA yield a mixture of interneuron subtypes besides NGFCs. Thus, selective molecular markers are lacking for genetically accessing NGFCs in the BLA. Here, we validated the NGFC-specific labeling with a molecular marker, neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF), in the mouse BLA, as such specificity has been demonstrated in the neocortex and hippocampus. We characterized genetically defined NDNF-expressing (NDNF+) GABAergic interneurons in the mouse BLA by combining the Ndnf-IRES2-dgCre-D transgenic mouse line with viral labeling, immunohistochemical staining, and in vitro electrophysiology. We found that BLA NDNF+ GABAergic cells mainly expressed NGFC neurochemical markers NPY and reelin (Reln) and exhibited small round soma and dense axonal arborization. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings indicated that most NDNF+ interneurons showed late spiking and moderate firing adaptation. Moreover, ∼81% of BLA NDNF+ cells generated retroaxonal action potential after current injections or optogenetic stimulations, frequently developing into persistent barrage firing. Optogenetic activation of the BLA NDNF+ cell population yielded both GABAA- and GABAB receptor-mediated currents onto BLA pyramidal neurons (PNs). We demonstrate a combinatory strategy combining the NDNF-cre mouse line with viral transfection to specifically target adult mouse BLA NGFCs and further explore their functional and behavioral roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Ozsvár
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Meike Claudia Sieburg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Monica Dahlstrup Sietam
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Wen-Hsien Hou
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Shin H, Sharma R, Neupane C, Pham TL, Park SE, Lee SY, Kim HW, Bae YM, Stern JE, Park JB. Tonic NMDAR Currents of NR2A-Containing NMDARs Represent Altered Ambient Glutamate Concentration in the Supraoptic Nucleus. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0279-23.2023. [PMID: 38176904 PMCID: PMC10863629 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0279-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) modulate glutamatergic excitatory tone in the brain via two complementary modalities: a phasic excitatory postsynaptic current and a tonic extrasynaptic modality. Here, we demonstrated that the tonic NMDAR-current (I NMDA) mediated by NR2A-containing NMDARs is an efficient biosensor detecting the altered ambient glutamate level in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). I NMDA of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) measured by nonselective NMDARs antagonist, AP5, at holding potential (V holding) -70 mV in low concentration of ECF Mg2+ ([Mg2+]o) was transiently but significantly increased 1-week post induction of a DOCA salt hypertensive model rat which was compatible with that induced by a NR2A-selective antagonist, PEAQX (I PEAQX) in both DOCA-H2O and DOCA-salt groups. In agreement, NR2B antagonist, ifenprodil, or NR2C/D antagonist, PPDA, did not affect the holding current (I holding) at V holding -70 mV. Increased ambient glutamate by exogenous glutamate (10 mM) or excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) antagonist (TBOA, 50 mM) abolished the I PEAQX difference between two groups, suggesting that attenuated EAATs activity increased ambient glutamate concentration, leading to the larger I PEAQX in DOCA-salt rats. In contrast, only ifenprodil but not PEAQX and PPDA uncovered I NMDA at V holding +40 mV under 1.2 mM [Mg2+]o condition. I ifenprodil was not different in DOCA-H2O and DOCA-salt groups. Finally, NR2A, NR2B, and NR2D protein expression were not different in the SON of the two groups. Taken together, NR2A-containing NMDARs efficiently detected the increased ambient glutamate concentration in the SON of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats due to attenuated EAATs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Shin
- Department of Physiology & Medical Science, College of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, South Korea
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Physiology & Medical Science, College of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, South Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjivi Neupane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Linh Pham
- Department of Physiology & Medical Science, College of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, South Korea
| | - Su Eun Park
- Department of Physiology & Medical Science, College of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, South Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology & Medical Science, College of Medicine & Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, South Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Department of Physiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Javier E Stern
- Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Jin Bong Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Nomura T. In Vitro Patch-Clamp. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:221-244. [PMID: 38630233 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The patch-clamp technique is one of the most useful tools to analyze the function of electrically active cells such as neurons. This technique allows for the analysis of proteins (ion channels and receptors), cells (neurons), and synapses that are the building blocks of neuronal networks. Cortical development involves coordinated changes in functional measures at each of these levels of analysis that reflect both cellular and circuit maturation. This chapter explains the technical and theoretical basis of patch-clamp methodology and introduces several examples of how this technique can be applied in the context of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Nanclares C, Noriega-Prieto JA, Labrada-Moncada FE, Cvetanovic M, Araque A, Kofuji P. Altered calcium signaling in Bergmann glia contributes to spinocerebellar ataxia type-1 in a mouse model of SCA1. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106318. [PMID: 37802154 PMCID: PMC10624966 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal expansion of glutamine (Q) encoding CAG repeats in the ATAXIN1 (ATXN1) gene and characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, and eventual deterioration of bulbar functions. SCA1 shows severe degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and activation of Bergmann glia (BG), a type of cerebellar astroglia closely associated with PCs. Combining electrophysiological recordings, calcium imaging techniques, and chemogenetic approaches, we have investigated the electrical intrinsic and synaptic properties of PCs and the physiological properties of BG in SCA1 mouse model expressing mutant ATXN1 only in PCs. PCs of SCA1 mice displayed lower spontaneous firing rate and larger slow afterhyperpolarization currents (sIAHP) than wildtype mice, whereas the properties of the synaptic inputs were unaffected. BG of SCA1 mice showed higher calcium hyperactivity and gliotransmission, manifested by higher frequency of NMDAR-mediated slow inward currents (SICs) in PC. Preventing the BG calcium hyperexcitability of SCA1 mice by loading BG with the calcium chelator BAPTA restored sIAHP and spontaneous firing rate of PCs to similar levels of wildtype mice. Moreover, mimicking the BG hyperactivity by activating BG expressing Gq-DREADDs in wildtype mice reproduced the SCA1 pathological phenotype of PCs, i.e., enhancement of sIAHP and decrease of spontaneous firing rate. These results indicate that the intrinsic electrical properties of PCs, but not their synaptic properties, were altered in SCA1 mice and that these alterations were associated with the hyperexcitability of BG. Moreover, preventing BG hyperexcitability in SCA1 mice and promoting BG hyperexcitability in wildtype mice prevented and mimicked, respectively, the pathological electrophysiological phenotype of PCs. Therefore, BG plays a relevant role in the dysfunction of the electrical intrinsic properties of PCs in SCA1 mice, suggesting that they may serve as potential targets for therapeutic approaches to treat the spinocerebellar ataxia type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nanclares
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Marija Cvetanovic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Carzoli KL, Kogias G, Fawcett-Patel J, Liu SJ. Cerebellar interneurons control fear memory consolidation via learning-induced HCN plasticity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113057. [PMID: 37656617 PMCID: PMC10616818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While synaptic plasticity is considered the basis of learning and memory, modifications of the intrinsic excitability of neurons can amplify the output of neuronal circuits and consequently change behavior. However, the mechanisms that underlie learning-induced changes in intrinsic excitability during memory formation are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, we find that silencing molecular layer interneurons completely abolishes fear memory, revealing their critical role in memory consolidation. The fear conditioning paradigm produces a lasting reduction in hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in these interneurons. This change increases intrinsic membrane excitability and enhances the response to synaptic stimuli. HCN loss is driven by a decrease in endocannabinoid levels via altered cGMP signaling. In contrast, an increase in release of cerebellar endocannabinoids during memory consolidation abolishes HCN plasticity. Thus, activity in cerebellar interneurons drives fear memory formation via a learning-specific increase in intrinsic excitability, and this process requires the loss of endocannabinoid-HCN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Lynn Carzoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Georgios Kogias
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Jessica Fawcett-Patel
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
| | - Siqiong June Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
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Wang JY, Weng WC, Wang TQ, Liu Y, Qiu DL, Wu MC, Chu CP. Noradrenaline depresses facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar MLI-PC synaptic transmission via α2-AR/PKA signaling cascade in vivo in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15908. [PMID: 37741947 PMCID: PMC10517918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic fibers of the locus coeruleus, together with mossy fibers and climbing fibers, comprise the three types of cerebellar afferents that modulate the cerebellar neuronal circuit. We previously demonstrated that noradrenaline (NA) modulated synaptic transmission in the mouse cerebellar cortex via adrenergic receptors (ARs). In the present study, we investigated the effect of NA on facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar molecular layer interneuron (MLI)-Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice using an in vivo cell-attached recording technique and a pharmacological method. MLI-PC synaptic transmission was induced by air-puff stimulation (duration: 60 ms) of the ipsilateral whisker pad, which exhibited positive components (P1 and P2) accompanied by a pause in simple spike activity. Cerebellar molecular layer application of NA (15 µM) decreased the amplitude and area under the curve of P1, and the pause in simple spike activity, but increased the P2/P1 ratio. The NA-induced decrease in P1 amplitude was concentration-dependent, and the half-inhibitory concentration was 10.94 µM. The NA-induced depression of facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission was completely abolished by blockade of α-ARs or α2-ARs, but not by antagonism of α1-ARs or β-ARs. Bath application of an α2-AR agonist inhibited MLI-PC synaptic transmission and attenuated the effect of NA on the synaptic response. NA-induced depression of MLI-PC synaptic transmission was completely blocked by a mixture of α2A- and 2B-AR antagonists, and was abolished by inhibition of protein kinase A. In addition, electrical stimulation of the molecular layer evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission in the presence of an AMPA receptor antagonist, which was inhibited by NA through α2-ARs. Our results indicate that NA inhibits MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission by reducing GABA release via an α2-AR/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Cai Weng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department Radiology, Dalian Xinhua Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China.
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Villalobos N, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM. Pallidal GABA B receptors: involvement in cortex beta dynamics and thalamic reticular nucleus activity. J Physiol Sci 2023; 73:14. [PMID: 37328793 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-023-00870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GP) firing rate synchronizes the basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex network controlling GABAergic output to different nuclei. In this context, two findings are significant: the activity and GABAergic transmission of the GP modulated by GABA B receptors and the presence of the GP-thalamic reticular nucleus (RTn) pathway, the functionality of which is unknown. The functional participation of GABA B receptors through this network in cortical dynamics is feasible because the RTn controls transmission between the thalamus and cortex. To analyze this hypothesis, we used single-unit recordings of RTn neurons and electroencephalograms of the motor cortex (MCx) before and after GP injection of the GABA B agonist baclofen and the antagonist saclofen in anesthetized rats. We found that GABA B agonists increase the spiking rate of the RTn and that this response decreases the spectral density of beta frequency bands in the MCx. Additionally, injections of GABA B antagonists decreased the firing activity of the RTn and reversed the effects in the power spectra of beta frequency bands in the MCx. Our results proved that the GP modulates cortical oscillation dynamics through the GP-RTn network via tonic modulation of RTn activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Villalobos
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, México City, México.
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Victor Manuel Magdaleno-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Neuromodulación Experimental, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
- Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza-UNAM, México City, México
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13
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Matsunaga W, Shinoe T, Hirono M. GAD65 deficient mice are susceptible to ethanol-induced impairment of motor coordination and facilitation of cerebellar neuronal firing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286031. [PMID: 37216370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and its concentrations in the brain could be associated with EtOH-induced impairment of motor coordination. GABA is synthesized by two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD): GAD65 and GAD67. Mice deficient in GAD65 (GAD65-KO) can grow up to adulthood, and show that GABA concentration in their adult brains was 50-75% that of wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT). Although a previous study showed that there was no difference in recovery from the motor-incoordination effect of acute intraperitoneally administered injections of 2.0 g/kg EtOH between WT and GAD65-KO, the sensitivity of GAD65-KO to acute EtOH-induced ataxia has not been fully understood. Here, we sought to determine whether motor coordination and spontaneous firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in GAD65-KO are more sensitive to the effect of EtOH than in WT. Motor performance in WT and GAD65-KO was examined by rotarod and open-field tests following acute administration of EtOH at lower-doses, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 g/kg. In a rotarod test, there was no significant difference between WT and GAD65-KO in terms of baseline motor coordination. However, only the KO mice showed a significant decrease in rotarod performance of 1.2 g/kg EtOH. In the open-field test, GAD65-KO showed a significant increase in locomotor activity after 1.2 and 1.6 g/kg EtOH injections, but not WT. In in vitro studies of cerebellar slices, the firing rate of PCs was increased by 50 mM EtOH in GAD65-KO compared with WT, whereas no difference was observed in the effect of EtOH at more than 100 mM between the genotypes. Taken together, GAD65-KO are more susceptible to the effect of acute EtOH exposure on motor coordination and PC firing than WT. This different sensitivity could be attributed to the basal low GABA concentration in the brain of GAD65-KO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Shinoe
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Martin HGS, Kullmann DM. Basket to Purkinje Cell Inhibitory Ephaptic Coupling Is Abolished in Episodic Ataxia Type 1. Cells 2023; 12:1382. [PMID: 37408217 PMCID: PMC10216961 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominantly inherited missense mutations of the KCNA1 gene, which encodes the KV1.1 potassium channel subunit, cause Episodic Ataxia type 1 (EA1). Although the cerebellar incoordination is thought to arise from abnormal Purkinje cell output, the underlying functional deficit remains unclear. Here we examine synaptic and non-synaptic inhibition of Purkinje cells by cerebellar basket cells in an adult mouse model of EA1. The synaptic function of basket cell terminals was unaffected, despite their intense enrichment for KV1.1-containing channels. In turn, the phase response curve quantifying the influence of basket cell input on Purkine cell output was maintained. However, ultra-fast non-synaptic ephaptic coupling, which occurs in the cerebellar 'pinceau' formation surrounding the axon initial segment of Purkinje cells, was profoundly reduced in EA1 mice in comparison with their wild type littermates. The altered temporal profile of basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells underlines the importance of Kv1.1 channels for this form of signalling, and may contribute to the clinical phenotype of EA1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri M. Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
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15
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Bartelt LC, Switonski PM, Adamek G, Carvalho J, Duvick LA, Jarrah SI, McLoughlin HS, Scoles DR, Pulst SM, Orr HT, Hull C, Lowe CB, La Spada AR. Purkinje-Enriched snRNA-seq in SCA7 Cerebellum Reveals Zebrin Identity Loss as a Central Feature of Polyglutamine Ataxias. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.19.533345. [PMID: 37214832 PMCID: PMC10197555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.533345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG-polyglutamine repeat expansion. SCA7 patients display a striking loss of Purkinje cell (PC) neurons with disease progression; however, PCs are rare, making them difficult to characterize. We developed a PC nuclei enrichment protocol and applied it to single-nucleus RNA-seq of a SCA7 knock-in mouse model. Our results unify prior observations into a central mechanism of cell identity loss, impacting both glia and PCs, driving accumulation of inhibitory synapses and altered PC spiking. Zebrin-II subtype dysregulation is the predominant signal in PCs, leading to complete loss of zebrin-II striping at motor symptom onset in SCA7 mice. We show this zebrin-II subtype degradation is shared across Polyglutamine Ataxia mouse models and SCA7 patients. It has been speculated that PC subtype organization is critical for cerebellar function, and our results suggest that a breakdown of zebrin-II parasagittal striping is pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Bartelt
- University Program in Genetics & Genomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, Biological Chemistry, and Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pawel M. Switonski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grażyna Adamek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Juliana Carvalho
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lisa A. Duvick
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sabrina I. Jarrah
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Daniel R. Scoles
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Harry T. Orr
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Craig B. Lowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Albert R. La Spada
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Neurology, Biological Chemistry, and Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- UCI Center for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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16
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Hirono M, Nakata M. Ghrelin signaling in the cerebellar cortex enhances GABAergic transmission onto Purkinje cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2150. [PMID: 36750743 PMCID: PMC9905081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a), occurs not only in the stomach but also in the brain, and modulates neuronal activity and synaptic efficacy. Previous studies showed that GHS-R1a exists in the cerebellum, and ghrelin facilitates spontaneous firing of Purkinje cells (PCs). However, the effects of ghrelin on cerebellar GABAergic transmission have yet to be elucidated. We found that ghrelin enhanced GABAergic transmission between molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) and PCs using electrophysiological recordings in mouse cerebellar slices. This finding was consistent with the possibility that blocking synaptic transmission enhanced the ghrelin-induced facilitation of PC firing. Ghrelin profoundly increased the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in PCs without affecting miniature or stimulation-evoked IPSCs, whereas it significantly facilitated spontaneous firing of MLIs. This facilitation of MLI spiking disappeared during treatments with blockers of GHS-R1a, type 1 transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC1) channels and KCNQ channels. These results suggest that both activating TRPC1 channels and inhibiting KCNQ channels occur downstream the ghrelin-GHS-R1a signaling pathway probably in somatodendritic sites of MLIs. Thus, ghrelin can control PC firing directly and indirectly via its modulation of GABAergic transmission, thereby impacting activity in cerebellar circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritoshi Hirono
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
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17
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Wang R, Liu C, Guo W, Wang L, Chen S, Zhao J, Qin X, Bai W, Yang Z, Kong D, Jia Z, Liu S, Zhang W. Movement disorder caused by FRRS1L deficiency may be associated with morphological and functional disorders in Purkinje cells. Brain Res Bull 2022; 191:93-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Manto M. The underpinnings of cerebellar ataxias. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:372-387. [PMID: 36504687 PMCID: PMC9731828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebellum contains more than 60% of all neurons of the brain. Anatomically, the cerebellum is divided into 10 lobules (I-X). The cerebellar cortex is arranged into three layers: the molecular layer (external), the Purkinje cell layer and the granular layer (internal). Purkinje neurons and interneurons are inhibitory, except for granule cells. The layer of Purkinje neurons inhibit cerebellar nuclei, the sole output of the cerebellar circuitry, as well as vestibular nuclei. The cerebellum is arranged into a series of olivo-cortico-nuclear modules arranged longitudinally in the rostro-caudal plane. The cerebro-cerebellar connectivity is organized into multiple loops running in parallel. From the clinical standpoint, it is now considered that cerebellar symptoms can be gathered into 3 cerebellar syndromes: a cerebellar motor syndrome (CMS), a vestibulocerebellar syndrome (VCS) and a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome/Schmahmann syndrome (CCAS/SS). CMS remains a cornerstone of modern clinical ataxiology, and relevant lesions involve lobules I-V, VI and VIII. The core feature of cerebellar symptoms is dysmetria, covering motor dysmetria (errors in the metrics of motion) and dysmetria of thought. The cerebellar circuitry plays a key-role in the generation and maintenance of internal models which correspond to neural representations reproducing the dynamic properties of the body. These models allow predictive computations for motor, cognitive, social, and affective operations. Cerebellar circuitry is endowed with noticeable plasticity properties.
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19
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Rindner DJ, Proddutur A, Lur G. Cell-type-specific integration of feedforward and feedback synaptic inputs in the posterior parietal cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:3760-3773.e5. [PMID: 36087582 PMCID: PMC9671855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The integration of feedforward (sensory) and feedback (top-down) neuronal signals is a principal function of the neocortex. Yet, we have limited insight into how these information streams are combined by individual neurons. Using a two-color optogenetic strategy, we found that layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the posterior parietal cortex receive monosynaptic dual innervation, combining sensory inputs with top-down signals. Subclasses of layer 5 pyramidal neurons integrated these synapses with distinct temporal dynamics. Specifically, regular spiking cells exhibited supralinear enhancement of delayed-but not coincident-inputs, while intrinsic burst-firing neurons selectively boosted coincident synaptic events. These subthreshold integration characteristics translated to a nonlinear summation of action potential firing. Complementing electrophysiology with computational modeling, we found that distinct integration profiles arose from a cell-type-specific interaction of ionic mechanisms and feedforward inhibition. These data provide insight into the cellular properties that guide the nonlinear interaction of distinct long-range afferents in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rindner
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Archana Proddutur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gyorgy Lur
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1215 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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20
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Lyu C, Yu C, Sun G, Zhao Y, Cai R, Sun H, Wang X, Jia G, Fan L, Chen X, Zhou L, Shen Y, Gao L, Li X. Deconstruction of Vermal Cerebellum in Ramp Locomotion in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2203665. [PMID: 36373709 PMCID: PMC9811470 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in encoding balance, posture, speed, and gravity during locomotion. However, most studies are carried out on flat surfaces, and little is known about cerebellar activity during free ambulation on slopes. Here, it has been imaged the neuronal activity of cerebellar molecular interneurons (MLIs) and Purkinje cells (PCs) using a miniaturized microscope while a mouse is walking on a slope. It has been found that the neuronal activity of vermal MLIs specifically enhanced during uphill and downhill locomotion. In addition, a subset of MLIs is activated during entire uphill or downhill positions on the slope and is modulated by the slope inclines. In contrast, PCs showed counter-balanced neuronal activity to MLIs, which reduced activity at the ramp peak. So, PCs may represent the ramp environment at the population level. In addition, chemogenetic inactivation of lobule V of the vermis impaired uphill locomotion. These results revealed a novel micro-circuit in the vermal cerebellum that regulates ambulatory behavior in 3D terrains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Lyu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Chencen Yu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Guanglong Sun
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Department of PsychiatrySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Ruolan Cai
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xintai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of PsychiatrySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Guoqiang Jia
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Lingzhu Fan
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Department of PsychiatrySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of PsychiatrySir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationSchool of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and TechnologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310027China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐machine IntegrationSchool of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310027China
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21
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Kassa M, Bradley J, Jalil A, Llano I. KCa1.1 channels contribute to optogenetically driven post-stimulation silencing in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons. J Gen Physiol 2022; 155:213661. [PMID: 36326690 PMCID: PMC9640226 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using cell-attached recordings from molecular layer interneurons (MLI) of the cerebellar cortex of adult mice expressing channel rhodopsin 2, we show that wide-field optical activation induces an increase in firing rate during illumination and a firing pause when the illumination ends (post-stimulation silencing; PSS). Significant spike rate changes with respect to basal firing rate were observed for optical activations lasting 200 ms and 1 s as well as for 1 s long trains of 10 ms pulses at 50 Hz. For all conditions, the net effect of optical activation on the integrated spike rate is significantly reduced because of PSS. Three lines of evidence indicate that this PSS is due to intrinsic factors. Firstly, PSS is induced when the optical stimulation is restricted to a single MLI using a 405-nm laser delivering a diffraction-limited spot at the focal plane. Secondly, PSS is not affected by block of GABA-A or GABA-B receptors, ruling out synaptic interactions amongst MLIs. Thirdly, PSS is mimicked in whole-cell recording experiments by step depolarizations under current clamp. Activation of Ca-dependent K channels during the spike trains appears as a likely candidate to underlie PSS. Using immunocytochemistry, we find that one such channel type, KCa1.1, is present in the somato-dendritic and axonal compartments of MLIs. In cell-attached recordings, charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin significantly reduce the optically induced PSS, while TRAM-34 does not affect it, suggesting that KCa1.1 channels, but not KCa3.1 channels, contribute to PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merouann Kassa
- Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Superieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Abdelali Jalil
- Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Llano
- Université Paris Cité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
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22
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Villalobos N, Almazán-Alvarado S, Magdaleno-Madrigal VM. Elevation of GABA levels in the globus pallidus disinhibits the thalamic reticular nucleus and desynchronized cortical beta oscillations. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:17. [PMID: 35896962 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The external globus pallidus (GP) is a GABAergic node involved in motor control regulation and coordinates firing and synchronization in the basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical network through inputs and electrical activity. In Parkinson's disease, high GABA levels alter electrical activity in the GP and contribute to motor symptoms. Under normal conditions, GABA levels are regulated by GABA transporters (GATs). GAT type 1 (GAT-1) is highly expressed in the GP, and pharmacological blockade of GAT-1 increases the duration of currents mediated by GABA A receptors and induces tonic inhibition. The functional contribution of the pathway between the GP and the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTn) is unknown. This pathway is important since the RTn controls the flow of information between the thalamus and cortex, suggesting that it contributes to cortical dynamics. In this work, we investigated the effect of increased GABA levels on electrical activity in the RTn by obtaining single-unit extracellular recordings from anesthetized rats and on the motor cortex (MCx) by corticography. Our results show that high GABA levels increase the spontaneous activity rate of RTn neurons and desynchronize oscillations in the beta frequency band in the MCx. Our findings provide evidence that the GP exerts tonic control over RTn activity through the GP-reticular pathway and functionally contributes to cortical oscillation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Villalobos
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico. .,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Almazán-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Magdaleno-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico. .,Carrera de Psicología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza-UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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23
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Stimulus presentation can enhance spiking irregularity across subcortical and cortical regions. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010256. [PMID: 35789328 PMCID: PMC9286274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulus presentation is believed to quench neural response variability as measured by fano-factor (FF). However, the relative contributions of within-trial spike irregularity and trial-to-trial rate variability to FF fluctuations have remained elusive. Here, we introduce a principled approach for accurate estimation of spiking irregularity and rate variability in time for doubly stochastic point processes. Consistent with previous evidence, analysis showed stimulus-induced reduction in rate variability across multiple cortical and subcortical areas. However, unlike what was previously thought, spiking irregularity, was not constant in time but could be enhanced due to factors such as bursting abating the quench in the post-stimulus FF. Simulations confirmed plausibility of a time varying spiking irregularity arising from within and between pool correlations of excitatory and inhibitory neural inputs. By accurate parsing of neural variability, our approach reveals previously unnoticed changes in neural response variability and constrains candidate mechanisms that give rise to observed rate variability and spiking irregularity within brain regions. Mounting evidence suggest neural response variability to be important for understanding and constraining the underlying neural mechanisms in a given brain area. Here, by analyzing responses across multiple brain areas and by using a principled method for parsing variability components into rate variability and spiking irregularity, we show that unlike what was previously thought, event-related quench of variability is not a brain-wide phenomenon and that point process variability and nonrenewal bursting can enhance post-stimulus spiking irregularity across certain cortical and subcortical regions. We propose possible presynaptic mechanisms that may underlie the observed heterogeneities in spiking variability across the brain.
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24
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Mayoral-Palarz K, Neves-Carvalho A, Duarte-Silva S, Monteiro-Fernandes D, Maciel P, Khodakhah K. Cerebellar neuronal dysfunction accompanies early motor symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275597. [PMID: 35660856 PMCID: PMC9367011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an adult-onset, progressive ataxia. SCA3 presents with ataxia before any gross neuropathology. A feature of many cerebellar ataxias is aberrant cerebellar output that contributes to motor dysfunction. We examined whether abnormal cerebellar output was present in the CMVMJD135 SCA3 mouse model and, if so, whether it correlated with the disease onset and progression. In vivo recordings showed that the activity of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons, the main output of the cerebellum, was altered. The aberrant activity correlated with the onset of ataxia. However, although the severity of ataxia increased with age, the severity of the aberrant cerebellar output was not progressive. The abnormal cerebellar output, however, was accompanied by non-progressive abnormal activity of their upstream synaptic inputs, the Purkinje cells. In vitro recordings indicated that alterations in intrinsic Purkinje cell pacemaking and in their synaptic inputs contributed to abnormal Purkinje cell activity. These findings implicate abnormal cerebellar physiology as an early, consistent contributor to pathophysiology in SCA3, and suggest that the aberrant cerebellar output could be an appropriate therapeutic target in SCA3. Summary: In a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), aberrant cerebellar physiology is apparent early in disease, prior to cerebellar neuronal pathology. Aberrant cerebellar output could be a therapeutic target in SCA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Mayoral-Palarz
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andreia Neves-Carvalho
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Monteiro-Fernandes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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25
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Sedaghat-Nejad E, Pi JS, Hage P, Fakharian MA, Shadmehr R. Synchronous spiking of cerebellar Purkinje cells during control of movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118954119. [PMID: 35349338 PMCID: PMC9168948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118954119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe information that one region of the brain transmits to another is usually viewed through the lens of firing rates. However, if the output neurons could vary the timing of their spikes, then, through synchronization, they would spotlight information that may be critical for control of behavior. Here we report that, in the cerebellum, Purkinje cell populations that share a preference for error convey, to the nucleus, when to decelerate the movement, by reducing their firing rates and temporally synchronizing the remaining spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jay S. Pi
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Paul Hage
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Mohammad Amin Fakharian
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, 1956836484, Iran
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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26
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Nicotine depresses facial stimulation-evoked molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell synaptic transmission via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mouse cerebellar cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174854. [PMID: 35231469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine modulates cerebellar physiology function by interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and is involved in modulation of cerebellar cortical circuitry functions. Here, we investigated the effect of nicotine on sensory stimulation-evoked molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell (MLI-PC) synaptic transmission mouse cerebellar cortex using in vivo cell-attached recording technique and pharmacological methods. The results show that micro-application of nicotine to the cerebellar molecular layer significantly decreased sensory stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission in mouse cerebellar cortex. Nicotine-induced depression in sensory stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission was abolished by either a non-selective nAChR blocker, hexamethonium, or the α7-nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA), but not the selective α4β2-nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine. Notably, molecular layer micro-application of nicotine did not significantly affect the number of spontaneous or facial stimulation-evoked action potentials of MLIs. Moreover, nicotine produced significant increases in the amplitude and frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents of PCs, which were abolished by MLA in cerebellar slices. These results indicate that micro-application of nicotine to the cerebellar molecular layer depresses facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC synaptic transmission by activating α7 nAChRs, suggesting that cholinergic inputs modulate MLI-PC synapses to process sensory information in the cerebellar cortex of mice in vivo.
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27
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Mario M. Cerebellar Disorders: At the Frontiers of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Modern Approach to Psychology. THE NEW REVOLUTION IN PSYCHOLOGY AND THE NEUROSCIENCES 2022:105-122. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06093-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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28
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Structure, Function, and Genetics of the Cerebellum in Autism. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2022; 7:e220008. [PMID: 36425354 PMCID: PMC9683352 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are common neurodevelopmental disorders that are defined by core behavioral symptoms but have diverse genetic and environmental risk factors. Despite its etiological heterogeneity, several unifying theories of autism have been proposed, including a central role for cerebellar dysfunction. The cerebellum follows a protracted course of development that culminates in an exquisitely crafted brain structure containing over half of the neurons in the entire brain densely packed into a highly organized structure. Through its complex network of connections with cortical and subcortical brain regions, the cerebellum acts as a sensorimotor regulator and affects changes in executive and limbic processing. In this review, we summarize the structural, functional, and genetic contributions of the cerebellum to autism.
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29
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Kim SY, Lim W. Influence of various temporal recoding on pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in the cerebellum. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:1067-1099. [PMID: 34790271 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-021-09673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider the Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning (EBC) via repeated presentation of paired conditioned stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (US; airpuff). In an effective cerebellar ring network, we change the connection probability p c from Golgi to granule (GR) cells, and make a dynamical classification of various firing patterns of the GR cells. Individual GR cells are thus found to show various well- and ill-matched firing patterns relative to the US timing signal. Then, these variously-recoded signals are fed into the Purkinje cells (PCs) through the parallel-fibers (PFs). Based on such unique dynamical classification of various firing patterns, we make intensive investigations on the influence of various temporal recoding (i.e., firing patterns) of the GR cells on the synaptic plasticity of the PF-PC synapses and the subsequent learning process for the EBC. We first note that the variously-recoded PF signals are effectively depressed by the (error-teaching) instructor climbing-fiber (CF) signals from the inferior olive neuron. In the case of well-matched PF signals, they are strongly depressed through strong long-term depression (LTD) by the instructor CF signals due to good association between the in-phase PF and the instructor CF signals. On the other hand, practically no LTD occurs for the ill-matched PF signals because most of them have no association with the instructor CF signals. This kind of "effective" depression at the PF-PC synapses coordinates firings of PCs effectively, which then makes effective inhibitory coordination on the cerebellar nucleus neuron [which elicits conditioned response (CR; eyeblink)]. When the learning trial passes a threshold, acquisition of CR begins. In this case, the timing degree T d of CR becomes good due to presence of the ill-matched firing group which plays a role of protection barrier for the timing. With further increase in the number of trials, strength S of CR (corresponding to the amplitude of eyelid closure) increases due to strong LTD in the well-matched firing group, while its timing degree T d decreases. In this way, the well- and the ill-matched firing groups play their own roles for the strength and the timing of CR, respectively. Thus, with increasing the number of learning trials, the (overall) learning efficiency degree L e (taking into consideration both timing and strength of CR) for the CR is increased, and eventually it becomes saturated. Finally, we also discuss dependence of the variety degree for firing patterns of the GR cells and the saturated learning efficiency degree L e of the CR on p c and their relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yoon Kim
- Institute for Computational Neuroscience and Department of Science Education, Daegu National University of Education, Daegu, 42411 Korea
| | - Woochang Lim
- Institute for Computational Neuroscience and Department of Science Education, Daegu National University of Education, Daegu, 42411 Korea
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30
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Biane C, Rückerl F, Abrahamsson T, Saint-Cloment C, Mariani J, Shigemoto R, DiGregorio DA, Sherrard RM, Cathala L. Developmental emergence of two-stage nonlinear synaptic integration in cerebellar interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:65954. [PMID: 34730085 PMCID: PMC8565927 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission, connectivity, and dendritic morphology mature in parallel during brain development and are often disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders. Yet how these changes influence the neuronal computations necessary for normal brain function are not well understood. To identify cellular mechanisms underlying the maturation of synaptic integration in interneurons, we combined patch-clamp recordings of excitatory inputs in mouse cerebellar stellate cells (SCs), three-dimensional reconstruction of SC morphology with excitatory synapse location, and biophysical modeling. We found that postnatal maturation of postsynaptic strength was homogeneously reduced along the somatodendritic axis, but dendritic integration was always sublinear. However, dendritic branching increased without changes in synapse density, leading to a substantial gain in distal inputs. Thus, changes in synapse distribution, rather than dendrite cable properties, are the dominant mechanism underlying the maturation of neuronal computation. These mechanisms favor the emergence of a spatially compartmentalized two-stage integration model promoting location-dependent integration within dendritic subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Biane
- Sorbonne Université et CNRS UMR 8256, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rückerl
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Unit of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Therese Abrahamsson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Unit of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Saint-Cloment
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Unit of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Jean Mariani
- Sorbonne Université et CNRS UMR 8256, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - David A DiGregorio
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Unit of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Paris, France
| | - Rachel M Sherrard
- Sorbonne Université et CNRS UMR 8256, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Cathala
- Sorbonne Université et CNRS UMR 8256, Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement, Paris, France.,Paris Brain Institute, CNRS UMR 7225 - Inserm U1127 - Sorbonne Université Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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31
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Lippiello P, Hoxha E, Tempia F, Miniaci MC. GIRK1-Mediated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Current Is a Candidate Mechanism Behind Purkinje Cell Excitability, Plasticity, and Neuromodulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:751-761. [PMID: 32617840 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels contribute to the resting membrane potential of many neurons and play an important role in controlling neuronal excitability. Although previous studies have revealed a high expression of GIRK subunits in the cerebellum, their functional role has never been clearly described. Using patch-clamp recordings in mice cerebellar slices, we examined the properties of the GIRK currents in Purkinje cells (PCs) and investigated the effects of a selective agonist of GIRK1-containing channels, ML297 (ML), on PC firing and synaptic plasticity. We demonstrated that GIRK channel activation decreases the PC excitability by inhibiting both sodium and calcium spikes and, in addition, modulates the complex spike response evoked by climbing fiber stimulation. Our results indicate that GIRK channels have also a marked effect on synaptic plasticity of the parallel fiber-PC synapse, as the application of ML297 increased the expression of LTP while preventing LTD. We, therefore, propose that the recruitment of GIRK channels represents a crucial mechanism by which neuromodulators can control synaptic strength and membrane conductance for proper refinement of the neural network involved in memory storage and higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Lippiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. .,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy. .,National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Turin, Italy.
| | - Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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32
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Brandenburg C, Smith LA, Kilander MBC, Bridi MS, Lin YC, Huang S, Blatt GJ. Parvalbumin subtypes of cerebellar Purkinje cells contribute to differential intrinsic firing properties. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103650. [PMID: 34197921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells (PCs) are central to cerebellar information coding and appreciation for the diversity of their firing patterns and molecular profiles is growing. Heterogeneous subpopulations of PCs have been identified that display differences in intrinsic firing properties without clear mechanistic insight into what underlies the divergence in firing parameters. Although long used as a general PC marker, we report that the calcium binding protein parvalbumin labels a subpopulation of PCs, based on high and low expression, with a conserved distribution pattern across the animals examined. We trained a convolutional neural network to recognize the parvalbumin subtypes and create maps of whole cerebellar distribution and find that PCs within these areas have differences in spontaneous firing that can be modified by altering calcium buffer content. These subtypes also show differential responses to potassium and calcium channel blockade, suggesting a mechanistic role for variability in PC intrinsic firing through differences in ion channel composition. It is proposed that ion channels drive the diversity in PC intrinsic firing phenotype and parvalbumin calcium buffering provides capacity for the highest firing rates observed. These findings open new avenues for detailed classification of PC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Brandenburg
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shiyong Huang
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Gene J Blatt
- Hussman Institute for Autism, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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33
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Doussau F, Perot JB, Roux MJ, Keime C, Hache A, Piguet F, Novati A, Weber C, Yalcin B, Meziane H, Champy MF, Grandgirard E, Karam A, Messaddeq N, Eisenmann A, Brouillet E, Nguyen HHP, Flament J, Isope P, Trottier Y. SCA7 Mouse Cerebellar Pathology Reveals Preferential Downregulation of Key Purkinje Cell-Identity Genes and Shared Disease Signature with SCA1 and SCA2. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4910-4936. [PMID: 33888607 PMCID: PMC8260160 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1882-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by motor incoordination because of progressive cerebellar degeneration. SCA7 is caused by polyglutamine expansion in ATXN7, a subunit of the transcriptional coactivator SAGA, which harbors histone modification activities. Polyglutamine expansions in specific proteins are also responsible for SCA1-SCA3, SCA6, and SCA17; however, the converging and diverging pathomechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a new SCA7 knock-in mouse, SCA7140Q/5Q, we analyzed gene expression in the cerebellum and assigned gene deregulation to specific cell types using published datasets. Gene deregulation affects all cerebellar cell types, although at variable degree, and correlates with alterations of SAGA-dependent epigenetic marks. Purkinje cells (PCs) are by far the most affected neurons and show reduced expression of 83 cell-type identity genes, including these critical for their spontaneous firing activity and synaptic functions. PC gene downregulation precedes morphologic alterations, pacemaker dysfunction, and motor incoordination. Strikingly, most PC genes downregulated in SCA7 have also decreased expression in SCA1 and SCA2 mice, revealing converging pathomechanisms and a common disease signature involving cGMP-PKG and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways and LTD. Our study thus points out molecular targets for therapeutic development, which may prove beneficial for several SCAs. Furthermore, we show that SCA7140Q/5Q males and females exhibit the major disease features observed in patients, including cerebellar damage, cerebral atrophy, peripheral nerves pathology, and photoreceptor dystrophy, which account for progressive impairment of behavior, motor, and visual functions. SCA7140Q/5Q mice represent an accurate model for the investigation of different aspects of SCA7 pathogenesis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCA7) is one of the several forms of inherited SCAs characterized by cerebellar degeneration because of polyglutamine expansion in specific proteins. The ATXN7 involved in SCA7 is a subunit of SAGA transcriptional coactivator complex. To understand the pathomechanisms of SCA7, we determined the cell type-specific gene deregulation in SCA7 mouse cerebellum. We found that the Purkinje cells are the most affected cerebellar cell type and show downregulation of a large subset of neuronal identity genes, critical for their spontaneous firing and synaptic functions. Strikingly, the same Purkinje cell genes are downregulated in mouse models of two other SCAs. Thus, our work reveals a disease signature shared among several SCAs and uncovers potential molecular targets for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Frédéric Doussau
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Perot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Michel J Roux
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Celine Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Antoine Hache
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Françoise Piguet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Ariana Novati
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Chantal Weber
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Celphedia, Phenomin, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Marie-France Champy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Celphedia, Phenomin, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Erwan Grandgirard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Alice Karam
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Aurélie Eisenmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Hoa Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Julien Flament
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de biologie François Jacob, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Illkirch 67404, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch 67404, U964, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
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Mandwal A, Orlandi JG, Simon C, Davidsen J. A biochemical mechanism for time-encoding memory formation within individual synapses of Purkinje cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251172. [PMID: 33961660 PMCID: PMC8104431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the classical eye-blink conditioning, Purkinje cells within the cerebellum are known to suppress their tonic firing rates for a well defined time period in response to the conditional stimulus after training. The temporal profile of the drop in tonic firing rate, i.e., the onset and the duration, depend upon the time interval between the onsets of the conditional and unconditional training stimuli. Direct stimulation of parallel fibers and climbing fiber by electrodes was found to be sufficient to reproduce the same characteristic drop in the firing rate of the Purkinje cell. In addition, the specific metabotropic glutamate-based receptor type 7 (mGluR7) was found responsible for the initiation of the response, suggesting an intrinsic mechanism within the Purkinje cell for the temporal learning. In an attempt to look for a mechanism for time-encoding memory formation within individual Purkinje cells, we propose a biochemical mechanism based on recent experimental findings. The proposed mechanism tries to answer key aspects of the “Coding problem” of Neuroscience by focusing on the Purkinje cell’s ability to encode time intervals through training. According to the proposed mechanism, the time memory is encoded within the dynamics of a set of proteins—mGluR7, G-protein, G-protein coupled Inward Rectifier Potassium ion channel, Protein Kinase A, Protein Phosphatase 1 and other associated biomolecules—which self-organize themselves into a protein complex. The intrinsic dynamics of these protein complexes can differ and thus can encode different time durations. Based on their amount and their collective dynamics within individual synapses, the Purkinje cell is able to suppress its own tonic firing rate for a specific time interval. The time memory is encoded within the effective dynamics of the biochemical reactions and altering these dynamics means storing a different time memory. The proposed mechanism is verified by both a minimal and a more comprehensive mathematical model of the conditional response behavior of the Purkinje cell and corresponding dynamical simulations of the involved biomolecules, yielding testable experimental predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Mandwal
- Complexity Science Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (AM); (JD)
| | - Javier G. Orlandi
- Complexity Science Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jörn Davidsen
- Complexity Science Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail: (AM); (JD)
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35
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Hooshmandi M, Truong VT, Fields E, Thomas RE, Wong C, Sharma V, Gantois I, Soriano Roque P, Chalkiadaki K, Wu N, Chakraborty A, Tahmasebi S, Prager-Khoutorsky M, Sonenberg N, Suvrathan A, Watt AJ, Gkogkas CG, Khoutorsky A. 4E-BP2-dependent translation in cerebellar Purkinje cells controls spatial memory but not autism-like behaviors. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109036. [PMID: 33910008 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that selective activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the cerebellum by deletion of the mTORC1 upstream repressors TSC1 or phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in Purkinje cells (PCs) causes autism-like features and cognitive deficits. However, the molecular mechanisms by which overactivated mTORC1 in the cerebellum engenders these behaviors remain unknown. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 (4E-BP2) is a central translational repressor downstream of mTORC1. Here, we show that mice with selective ablation of 4E-BP2 in PCs display a reduced number of PCs, increased regularity of PC action potential firing, and deficits in motor learning. Surprisingly, although spatial memory is impaired in these mice, they exhibit normal social interaction and show no deficits in repetitive behavior. Our data suggest that, downstream of mTORC1/4E-BP2, there are distinct cerebellar mechanisms independently controlling social behavior and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hooshmandi
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vinh Tai Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Eviatar Fields
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Riya Elizabeth Thomas
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Calvin Wong
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Vijendra Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Ilse Gantois
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Patricia Soriano Roque
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kleanthi Chalkiadaki
- Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Neil Wu
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Anindyo Chakraborty
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Soroush Tahmasebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aparna Suvrathan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3G1A4, Canada
| | - Alanna J Watt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Christos G Gkogkas
- Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Arkady Khoutorsky
- Department of Anesthesia and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada.
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36
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Arlt C, Häusser M. Microcircuit Rules Governing Impact of Single Interneurons on Purkinje Cell Output In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3020-3035.e3. [PMID: 32130904 PMCID: PMC7059114 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional impact of single interneurons on neuronal output in vivo and how interneurons are recruited by physiological activity patterns remain poorly understood. In the cerebellar cortex, molecular layer interneurons and their targets, Purkinje cells, receive excitatory inputs from granule cells and climbing fibers. Using dual patch-clamp recordings from interneurons and Purkinje cells in vivo, we probe the spatiotemporal interactions between these circuit elements. We show that single interneuron spikes can potently inhibit Purkinje cell output, depending on interneuron location. Climbing fiber input activates many interneurons via glutamate spillover but results in inhibition of those interneurons that inhibit the same Purkinje cell receiving the climbing fiber input, forming a disinhibitory motif. These interneuron circuits are engaged during sensory processing, creating diverse pathway-specific response functions. These findings demonstrate how the powerful effect of single interneurons on Purkinje cell output can be sculpted by various interneuron circuit motifs to diversify cerebellar computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Arlt
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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37
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BK Channel Regulation of Afterpotentials and Burst Firing in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2854-2869. [PMID: 33593855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BK calcium-activated potassium channels have complex kinetics because they are activated by both voltage and cytoplasmic calcium. The timing of BK activation and deactivation during action potentials determines their functional role in regulating firing patterns but is difficult to predict a priori. We used action potential clamp to characterize the kinetics of voltage-dependent calcium current and BK current during action potentials in Purkinje neurons from mice of both sexes, using acutely dissociated neurons that enabled rapid voltage clamp at 37°C. With both depolarizing voltage steps and action potential waveforms, BK current was entirely dependent on calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels. With voltage steps, BK current greatly outweighed the triggering calcium current, with only a brief, small net inward calcium current before Ca-activated BK current dominated the total Ca-dependent current. During action potential waveforms, although BK current activated with only a short (∼100 μs) delay after calcium current, the two currents were largely separated, with calcium current flowing during the falling phase of the action potential and most BK current flowing over several milliseconds after repolarization. Step depolarizations activated both an iberiotoxin-sensitive BK component with rapid activation and deactivation kinetics and a slower-gating iberiotoxin-resistant component. During action potential firing, however, almost all BK current came from the faster-gating iberiotoxin-sensitive channels, even during bursts of action potentials. Inhibiting BK current had little effect on action potential width or a fast afterhyperpolarization but converted a medium afterhyperpolarization to an afterdepolarization and could convert tonic firing of single action potentials to burst firing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BK calcium-activated potassium channels are widely expressed in central neurons. Altered function of BK channels is associated with epilepsy and other neuronal disorders, including cerebellar ataxia. The functional role of BK in regulating neuronal firing patterns is highly dependent on the context of other channels and varies widely among different types of neurons. Most commonly, BK channels are activated during action potentials and help produce a fast afterhyperpolarization. We find that in Purkinje neurons BK current flows primarily after the fast afterhyperpolarization and helps to prevent a later afterdepolarization from producing rapid burst firing, enabling typical regular tonic firing.
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38
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Rizza MF, Locatelli F, Masoli S, Sánchez-Ponce D, Muñoz A, Prestori F, D'Angelo E. Stellate cell computational modeling predicts signal filtering in the molecular layer circuit of cerebellum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3873. [PMID: 33594118 PMCID: PMC7886897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of cerebellar stellate cells and the way they regulate molecular layer activity are still unclear. We have measured stellate cells electroresponsiveness and their activation by parallel fiber bursts. Stellate cells showed intrinsic pacemaking, along with characteristic responses to depolarization and hyperpolarization, and showed a marked short-term facilitation during repetitive parallel fiber transmission. Spikes were emitted after a lag and only at high frequency, making stellate cells to operate as delay-high-pass filters. A detailed computational model summarizing these physiological properties allowed to explore different functional configurations of the parallel fiber-stellate cell-Purkinje cell circuit. Simulations showed that, following parallel fiber stimulation, Purkinje cells almost linearly increased their response with input frequency, but such an increase was inhibited by stellate cells, which leveled the Purkinje cell gain curve to its 4 Hz value. When reciprocal inhibitory connections between stellate cells were activated, the control of stellate cells over Purkinje cell discharge was maintained only at very high frequencies. These simulations thus predict a new role for stellate cells, which could endow the molecular layer with low-pass and band-pass filtering properties regulating Purkinje cell gain and, along with this, also burst delay and the burst-pause responses pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Francesca Rizza
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Locatelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Masoli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Diana Sánchez-Ponce
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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39
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Tang Y, An L, Yuan Y, Pei Q, Wang Q, Liu JK. Modulation of the dynamics of cerebellar Purkinje cells through the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory feedforward pathways. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008670. [PMID: 33566820 PMCID: PMC7909957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of cerebellar neuronal networks is controlled by the underlying building blocks of neurons and synapses between them. For which, the computation of Purkinje cells (PCs), the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex, is implemented through various types of neural pathways interactively routing excitation and inhibition converged to PCs. Such tuning of excitation and inhibition, coming from the gating of specific pathways as well as short-term plasticity (STP) of the synapses, plays a dominant role in controlling the PC dynamics in terms of firing rate and spike timing. PCs receive cascade feedforward inputs from two major neural pathways: the first one is the feedforward excitatory pathway from granule cells (GCs) to PCs; the second one is the feedforward inhibition pathway from GCs, via molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), to PCs. The GC-PC pathway, together with short-term dynamics of excitatory synapses, has been a focus over past decades, whereas recent experimental evidence shows that MLIs also greatly contribute to controlling PC activity. Therefore, it is expected that the diversity of excitation gated by STP of GC-PC synapses, modulated by strong inhibition from MLI-PC synapses, can promote the computation performed by PCs. However, it remains unclear how these two neural pathways are interacted to modulate PC dynamics. Here using a computational model of PC network installed with these two neural pathways, we addressed this question to investigate the change of PC firing dynamics at the level of single cell and network. We show that the nonlinear characteristics of excitatory STP dynamics can significantly modulate PC spiking dynamics mediated by inhibition. The changes in PC firing rate, firing phase, and temporal spike pattern, are strongly modulated by these two factors in different ways. MLIs mainly contribute to variable delays in the postsynaptic action potentials of PCs while modulated by excitation STP. Notably, the diversity of synchronization and pause response in the PC network is governed not only by the balance of excitation and inhibition, but also by the synaptic STP, depending on input burst patterns. Especially, the pause response shown in the PC network can only emerge with the interaction of both pathways. Together with other recent findings, our results show that the interaction of feedforward pathways of excitation and inhibition, incorporated with synaptic short-term dynamics, can dramatically regulate the PC activities that consequently change the network dynamics of the cerebellar circuit. It is well known that the dynamics of neuronal networks are controlled by various types of neural pathways that are interactively routing excitation and inhibition converged to postsynaptic neurons. In addition, gating of a specific neural pathway is enhanced by short-term plasticity of the synapses between neurons. However, it remains unclear how a combination of these factors, the strengths of excitation and inhibition, and their short-term dynamics respectively, contributes to the dynamics of single cells and neuronal networks. Using a network model of cerebellar Purkinje cells embedded with the feedforward excitatory pathway from granule cells and feedforward inhibition pathway of molecular layer interneurons. We show that the dynamics of firing rate, firing phase, and temporal spike pattern are notably yet differently modulated by these two pathways. At the single cell level, excitatory short-term plasticity nonlinearly modulates the input-output relationship of firing activity. At the network level, the diversity of synchronization and pause response is governed not only by the balance of excitation and inhibition, but also by synaptic short-term dynamics. Only when both neural pathways are incorporated, there is a strong pause response shown in the network. Our results, together with recent in vivo experimental observations in the cerebellum, show that the interaction of feedforward pathways of excitation and inhibition, together with synaptic short-term dynamics, can dramatically change the network dynamics of Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Tang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lingling An
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (LA); (JKL)
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qingqi Pei
- School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Quan Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian K. Liu
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LA); (JKL)
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40
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Gating by Functionally Indivisible Cerebellar Circuits: a Hypothesis. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:518-532. [PMID: 33464470 PMCID: PMC8360902 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The attempt to understand the cerebellum has been dominated for years by supervised learning models. The central idea is that a learning algorithm modifies transmission strength at repeatedly co-active synapses, creating memories stored as finely calibrated synaptic weights. As a result, Purkinje cells, usually the de facto output cells of these models, acquire a modified response to input in a remembered pattern. This paper proposes an alternative model of pattern memory in which the function of a match is permissive, allowing but not driving output, and accordingly controlling the timing of output but not the rate of firing by Purkinje cells. Learning does not result in graded synaptic weights. There is no supervised learning algorithm or memory of individual patterns, which, like graded weights, are unnecessary to explain the evidence. Instead, patterns are classed as simply either known or not, at the level of input to a functional population of 100s of Purkinje cells (a microzone). The standard is strict. If only a handful of Purkinje cells receive a mismatch output of the whole circuit is blocked. Only if there is a full and accurate match are projection neurons in deep nuclei, which carry the output of most circuits, released from default inhibitory restraint. Purkinje cell firing at those times is a linear function of input rates. There is no effect of modification of synaptic transmission except to either allow or block output.
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41
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The Cellular Electrophysiological Properties Underlying Multiplexed Coding in Purkinje Cells. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1850-1863. [PMID: 33452223 PMCID: PMC7939085 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1719-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal firing patterns are crucial to underpin circuit level behaviors. In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), both spike rates and pauses are used for behavioral coding, but the cellular mechanisms causing code transitions remain unknown. We use a well-validated PC model to explore the coding strategy that individual PCs use to process parallel fiber (PF) inputs. We find increasing input intensity shifts PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders by triggering localized dendritic spikes. We validate dendritic spike properties with experimental data, elucidate spiking mechanisms, and predict spiking thresholds with and without inhibition. Both linear and burst-pause computations use individual branches as computational units, which challenges the traditional view of PCs as linear point neurons. Dendritic spike thresholds can be regulated by voltage state, compartmentalized channel modulation, between-branch interaction and synaptic inhibition to expand the dynamic range of linear computation or burst-pause computation. In addition, co-activated PF inputs between branches can modify somatic maximum spike rates and pause durations to make them carry analog signals. Our results provide new insights into the strategies used by individual neurons to expand their capacity of information processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding how neurons process information is a fundamental question in neuroscience. Purkinje cells (PCs) were traditionally regarded as linear point neurons. We used computational modeling to unveil their electrophysiological properties underlying the multiplexed coding strategy that is observed during behaviors. We demonstrate that increasing input intensity triggers localized dendritic spikes, shifting PCs from linear rate-coders to burst-pause timing-coders. Both coding strategies work at the level of individual dendritic branches. Our work suggests that PCs have the ability to implement branch-specific multiplexed coding at the cellular level, thereby increasing the capacity of cerebellar coding and learning.
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42
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Wu WY, Liu Y, Wu MC, Wang HW, Chu CP, Jin H, Li YZ, Qiu DL. Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor Modulates the Facial Stimulation-Evoked Molecular Layer Interneuron-Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission in vivo in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:563428. [PMID: 33324165 PMCID: PMC7726213 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.563428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important neuromodulator in central nervous system that modulates neuronal activity via its receptors during stress responses. In cerebellar cortex, CRF modulates the simple spike (SS) firing activity of Purkinje cells (PCs) has been previously demonstrated, whereas the effect of CRF on the molecular layer interneuron (MLI)–PC synaptic transmission is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of CRF on the facial stimulation–evoked cerebellar cortical MLI-PC synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice by in vivo cell-attached recording, neurobiotin juxtacellular labeling, immunohistochemistry techniques, and pharmacological method. Cell-attached recordings from cerebellar PCs showed that air-puff stimulation of ipsilateral whisker pad evoked a sequence of tiny parallel fiber volley (N1) followed by MLI-PC synaptic transmission (P1). Microapplication of CRF in cerebellar cortical molecular layer induced increases in amplitude of P1 and pause of SS firing. The CRF decreases in amplitude of P1 waveform were in a dose-dependent manner with the EC50 of 241 nM. The effects of CRF on amplitude of P1 and pause of SS firing were abolished by either a non-selective CRF receptor antagonist, α-helical CRF-(9-14), or a selective CRF-R1 antagonist, BMS-763534 (BMS, 200 nM), but were not prevented by a selective CRF-R2 antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (200 nM). Notably, application CRF not only induced a significant increase in spontaneous spike firing rate, but also produced a significant increase in the number of the facial stimulation–evoked action potential in MLIs. The effect of CRF on the activity of MLIs was blocked by the selective CRF-R1 antagonist, and the MLIs expressed the CRF-R1 imunoreactivity. These results indicate that CRF increases excitability of MLIs via CRF-R1, resulting in an enhancement of the facial stimulation–evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yu-Zi Li
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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43
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Wong HHW, Rannio S, Jones V, Thomazeau A, Sjöström PJ. NMDA receptors in axons: there's no coincidence. J Physiol 2020; 599:367-387. [PMID: 33141440 DOI: 10.1113/jp280059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the textbook view, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are postsynaptically located detectors of coincident activity in Hebbian learning. However, controversial presynaptically located NMDA receptors (preNMDARs) have for decades been repeatedly reported in the literature. These preNMDARs have typically been implicated in the regulation of short-term and long-term plasticity, but precisely how they signal and what their functional roles are have been poorly understood. The functional roles of preNMDARs across several brain regions and different forms of plasticity can differ vastly, with recent discoveries showing key involvement of unusual subunit composition. Increasing evidence shows preNMDAR can signal through both ionotropic action by fluxing calcium and in metabotropic mode even in the presence of magnesium blockade. We argue that these unusual properties may explain why controversy has surrounded this receptor type. In addition, the expression of preNMDARs at some synapse types but not others can underlie synapse-type-specific plasticity. Last but not least, preNMDARs are emerging therapeutic targets in disease states such as neuropathic pain. We conclude that axonally located preNMDARs are required for specific purposes and do not end up there by accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovy Ho-Wai Wong
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Sabine Rannio
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victoria Jones
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurore Thomazeau
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - P Jesper Sjöström
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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44
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Effect of diverse recoding of granule cells on optokinetic response in a cerebellar ring network with synaptic plasticity. Neural Netw 2020; 134:173-204. [PMID: 33316723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We consider a cerebellar ring network for the optokinetic response (OKR), and investigate the effect of diverse recoding of granule (GR) cells on OKR by varying the connection probability pc from Golgi to GR cells. For an optimal value of pc∗(=0.06), individual GR cells exhibit diverse spiking patterns which are in-phase, anti-phase, or complex out-of-phase with respect to their population-averaged firing activity. Then, these diversely-recoded signals via parallel fibers (PFs) from GR cells are effectively depressed by the error-teaching signals via climbing fibers from the inferior olive which are also in-phase ones. Synaptic weights at in-phase PF-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses of active GR cells are strongly depressed via strong long-term depression (LTD), while those at anti-phase and complex out-of-phase PF-PC synapses are weakly depressed through weak LTD. This kind of "effective" depression (i.e., strong/weak LTD) at the PF-PC synapses causes a big modulation in firings of PCs, which then exert effective inhibitory coordination on the vestibular nucleus (VN) neuron (which evokes OKR). For the firing of the VN neuron, the learning gain degree Lg, corresponding to the modulation gain ratio, increases with increasing the learning cycle, and it saturates at about the 300th cycle. By varying pc from pc∗, we find that a plot of saturated learning gain degree Lg∗ versus pc forms a bell-shaped curve with a peak at pc∗ (where the diversity degree in spiking patterns of GR cells is also maximum). Consequently, the more diverse in recoding of GR cells, the more effective in motor learning for the OKR adaptation.
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45
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Marshall-Phelps KLH, Riedel G, Wulff P, Woloszynowska-Fraser M. Cerebellar molecular layer interneurons are dispensable for cued and contextual fear conditioning. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20000. [PMID: 33203929 PMCID: PMC7672060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cells are the only output cell of the cerebellar cortex. Their spatiotemporal activity is controlled by molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) through GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. Recently, it has been reported that the cerebellar cortex is required for consolidation of conditioned fear responses during fear memory formation. Although the relevance of MLIs during fear memory formation is currently not known, it has been shown that synapses made between MLIs and Purkinje cells exhibit long term plasticity following fear conditioning. The present study examined the role of cerebellar MLIs in the formation of fear memory using a genetically-altered mouse line (PC-∆γ2) in which GABAA receptor-mediated signaling at MLI to Purkinje cell synapses was functionally removed. We found that neither acquisition nor recall of fear memories to tone and context were altered after removal of MLI-mediated inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy L H Marshall-Phelps
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marta Woloszynowska-Fraser
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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46
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Ibrahim MF, Beevis JC, Empson RM. Essential Tremor - A Cerebellar Driven Disorder? Neuroscience 2020; 462:262-273. [PMID: 33212218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal tremors are the most common of all movement disorders. In this review we focus on the role of the cerebellum in Essential Tremor, a highly debilitating but poorly treated movement disorder. We propose a variety of mechanisms driving abnormal burst firing of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons as a key initiator of tremorgenesis in Essential Tremor. Targetting these mechanisms may generate more effective treatments for Essential Tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Fasil Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Jessica C Beevis
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ruth M Empson
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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47
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Tharaneetharan A, Cole M, Norman B, Romero NC, Wooltorton JRA, Harrington MA, Sun J. Functional Abnormalities of Cerebellum and Motor Cortex in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 452:78-97. [PMID: 33212215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating genetic neuromuscular disease. Diffuse neuropathology has been reported in SMA patients and mouse models, however, functional changes in brain regions have not been studied. In the SMNΔ7 mouse model, we identified three types of differences in neuronal function in the cerebellum and motor cortex from two age groups: P7-9 (P7) and P11-14 (P11). Microelectrode array studies revealed significantly lower spontaneous firing and network activity in the cerebellum of SMA mice in both age groups, but it was more profound in the P11 group. In the motor cortex, however, neural activity was not different in either age group. Whole-cell patch-clamp was used to study the function of output neurons in both brain regions. In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) of SMA mice, the input resistance was larger at P7, while capacitance was smaller at P11. In the motor cortex, no difference was observed in the passive membrane properties of layer V pyramidal neurons (PN5s). The action potential threshold of both types of output neurons was depolarized in the P11 group. We also observed lower spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity in PN5s and PCs respectively from P11 SMA mice. Overall, these differences suggest functional alterations in the neural network in these motor regions that change during development. Our results also suggest that neuronal dysfunction in these brain regions may contribute to the pathology of SMA. Comprehensive treatment strategies may consider motor regions outside of the spinal cord for better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugarajah Tharaneetharan
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Madison Cole
- Department of Psychology, Washington College, Chestertown, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Norman
- Department of Biology, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Nayeli C Romero
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Science, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Julian R A Wooltorton
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Melissa A Harrington
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Jianli Sun
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA.
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48
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Cellular-resolution mapping uncovers spatial adaptive filtering at the rat cerebellum input stage. Commun Biol 2020; 3:635. [PMID: 33128000 PMCID: PMC7599228 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is thought to provide the substrate for adaptive computation in brain circuits but very little is known about its spatiotemporal organization. Here, we combined multi-spot two-photon laser microscopy in rat cerebellar slices with realistic modeling to map the distribution of plasticity in multi-neuronal units of the cerebellar granular layer. The units, composed by ~300 neurons activated by ~50 mossy fiber glomeruli, showed long-term potentiation concentrated in the core and long-term depression in the periphery. This plasticity was effectively accounted for by an NMDA receptor and calcium-dependent induction rule and was regulated by the inhibitory Golgi cell loops. Long-term synaptic plasticity created effective spatial filters tuning the time-delay and gain of spike retransmission at the cerebellum input stage and provided a plausible basis for the spatiotemporal recoding of input spike patterns anticipated by the motor learning theory. Casali, Tognolina et al. use two-photon laser microscopy to spatially map long-term synaptic plasticity in rat cerebellar granular cells following stimulation of mossy fibers. Their data allow them to apply realistic modeling to test hypotheses about the synaptic spiking dynamics and reveal the importance of synaptic inhibition to defining these microcircuits.
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49
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Shadmehr R. Population coding in the cerebellum: a machine learning perspective. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:2022-2051. [PMID: 33112717 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00449.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cere resembles a feedforward, three-layer network of neurons in which the "hidden layer" consists of Purkinje cells (P-cells) and the output layer consists of deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) neurons. In this analogy, the output of each DCN neuron is a prediction that is compared with the actual observation, resulting in an error signal that originates in the inferior olive. Efficient learning requires that the error signal reach the DCN neurons, as well as the P-cells that project onto them. However, this basic rule of learning is violated in the cerebellum: the olivary projections to the DCN are weak, particularly in adulthood. Instead, an extraordinarily strong signal is sent from the olive to the P-cells, producing complex spikes. Curiously, P-cells are grouped into small populations that converge onto single DCN neurons. Why are the P-cells organized in this way, and what is the membership criterion of each population? Here, I apply elementary mathematics from machine learning and consider the fact that P-cells that form a population exhibit a special property: they can synchronize their complex spikes, which in turn suppress activity of DCN neuron they project to. Thus complex spikes cannot only act as a teaching signal for a P-cell, but through complex spike synchrony, a P-cell population may act as a surrogate teacher for the DCN neuron that produced the erroneous output. It appears that grouping of P-cells into small populations that share a preference for error satisfies a critical requirement of efficient learning: providing error information to the output layer neuron (DCN) that was responsible for the error, as well as the hidden layer neurons (P-cells) that contributed to it. This population coding may account for several remarkable features of behavior during learning, including multiple timescales, protection from erasure, and spontaneous recovery of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shadmehr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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50
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Kim J, Augustine GJ. Molecular Layer Interneurons: Key Elements of Cerebellar Network Computation and Behavior. Neuroscience 2020; 462:22-35. [PMID: 33075461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) play an important role in cerebellar information processing by controlling Purkinje cell (PC) activity via inhibitory synaptic transmission. A local MLI network, constructed from both chemical and electrical synapses, is organized into spatially structured clusters that amplify feedforward and lateral inhibition to shape the temporal and spatial patterns of PC activity. Several recent in vivo studies indicate that such MLI circuits contribute not only to sensorimotor information processing, but also to precise motor coordination and cognitive processes. Here, we review current understanding of the organization of MLI circuits and their roles in the function of the mammalian cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Kim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308238, Singapore
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308238, Singapore.
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