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Ryan CP, Ciotti S, Balestrucci P, Bicchi A, Lacquaniti F, Bianchi M, Moscatelli A. The relativity of reaching: Motion of the touched surface alters the trajectory of hand movements. iScience 2024; 27:109871. [PMID: 38784005 PMCID: PMC11112373 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
For dexterous control of the hand, humans integrate sensory information and prior knowledge regarding their bodies and the world. We studied the role of touch in hand motor control by challenging a fundamental prior assumption-that self-motion of inanimate objects is unlikely upon contact. In a reaching task, participants slid their fingertips across a robotic interface, with their hand hidden from sight. Unbeknownst to the participants, the robotic interface remained static, followed hand movement, or moved in opposition to it. We considered two hypotheses. Either participants were able to account for surface motion or, if the stationarity assumption held, they would integrate the biased tactile cues and proprioception. Motor errors consistent with the latter hypothesis were observed. The role of visual feedback, tactile sensitivity, and friction was also investigated. Our study carries profound implications for human-machine collaboration in a world where objects may no longer conform to the stationarity assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Ryan
- Department of Systems Medicine and Centre of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ciotti
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Research Centre E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Priscilla Balestrucci
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bicchi
- Research Centre E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Department of Systems Medicine and Centre of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bianchi
- Research Centre E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moscatelli
- Department of Systems Medicine and Centre of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Menéndez JA, Hennig JA, Golub MD, Oby ER, Sadtler PT, Batista AP, Chase SM, Yu BM, Latham PE. A theory of brain-computer interface learning via low-dimensional control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.589952. [PMID: 38712193 PMCID: PMC11071278 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.589952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A remarkable demonstration of the flexibility of mammalian motor systems is primates' ability to learn to control brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). This constitutes a completely novel motor behavior, yet primates are capable of learning to control BCIs under a wide range of conditions. BCIs with carefully calibrated decoders, for example, can be learned with only minutes to hours of practice. With a few weeks of practice, even BCIs with randomly constructed decoders can be learned. What are the biological substrates of this learning process? Here, we develop a theory based on a re-aiming strategy, whereby learning operates within a low-dimensional subspace of task-relevant inputs driving the local population of recorded neurons. Through comprehensive numerical and formal analysis, we demonstrate that this theory can provide a unifying explanation for disparate phenomena previously reported in three different BCI learning tasks, and we derive a novel experimental prediction that we verify with previously published data. By explicitly modeling the underlying neural circuitry, the theory reveals an interpretation of these phenomena in terms of biological constraints on neural activity.
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3
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Wood JM, Thompson E, Wright H, Festa L, Morton SM, Reisman DS, Kim HE. Explicit and implicit locomotor learning in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.04.578807. [PMID: 38370851 PMCID: PMC10871205 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.04.578807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Motor learning involves both explicit and implicit processes that are fundamental for acquiring and adapting complex motor skills. However, stroke may damage the neural substrates underlying explicit and/or implicit learning, leading to deficits in overall motor performance. While both learning processes are typically used in concert in daily life and rehabilitation, no gait studies have determined how these processes function together after stroke when tested during a task that elicits dissociable contributions from both. Here, we compared explicit and implicit locomotor learning in individuals with chronic stroke to age- and sex-matched neurologically intact controls. We assessed implicit learning using split-belt adaptation (where two treadmill belts move at different speeds). We assessed explicit learning (i.e., strategy-use) using visual feedback during split-belt walking to help individuals explicitly correct for step length errors created by the split-belts. The removal of visual feedback after the first 40 strides of split-belt walking, combined with task instructions, minimized contributions from explicit learning for the remainder of the task. We utilized computational modeling to determine the individual contributions of explicit and implicit processes to overall behavioral change. The computational and behavioral analyses revealed that, compared to controls, individuals with chronic stroke demonstrated deficits in both explicit and implicit contributions to locomotor learning, a result that runs counter to prior work testing each process individually during gait. Since post-stroke locomotor rehabilitation involves interventions that rely on both explicit and implicit motor learning, future work should determine how locomotor rehabilitation interventions can be structured to optimize overall motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Wood
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Henry Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Liam Festa
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Susanne M. Morton
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Darcy S. Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
| | - Hyosub E. Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, United States
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Losey DM, Hennig JA, Oby ER, Golub MD, Sadtler PT, Quick KM, Ryu SI, Tyler-Kabara EC, Batista AP, Yu BM, Chase SM. Learning leaves a memory trace in motor cortex. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1519-1531.e4. [PMID: 38531360 PMCID: PMC11097210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
How are we able to learn new behaviors without disrupting previously learned ones? To understand how the brain achieves this, we used a brain-computer interface (BCI) learning paradigm, which enables us to detect the presence of a memory of one behavior while performing another. We found that learning to use a new BCI map altered the neural activity that monkeys produced when they returned to using a familiar BCI map in a way that was specific to the learning experience. That is, learning left a "memory trace" in the primary motor cortex. This memory trace coexisted with proficient performance under the familiar map, primarily by altering neural activity in dimensions that did not impact behavior. Forming memory traces might be how the brain is able to provide for the joint learning of multiple behaviors without interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby M Losey
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jay A Hennig
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emily R Oby
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick T Sadtler
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kristin M Quick
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Byron M Yu
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Steven M Chase
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Tseng CT, Welch HF, Gi AL, Kang EM, Mamidi T, Pydimarri S, Ramesh K, Sandoval A, Ploski JE, Thorn CA. Frequency Specific Optogenetic Stimulation of the Locus Coeruleus Induces Task-Relevant Plasticity in the Motor Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1528232023. [PMID: 38124020 PMCID: PMC10869157 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1528-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus ceruleus (LC) is the primary source of neocortical noradrenaline, which is known to be involved in diverse brain functions including sensory perception, attention, and learning. Previous studies have shown that LC stimulation paired with sensory experience can induce task-dependent plasticity in the sensory neocortex and in the hippocampus. However, it remains unknown whether LC activation similarly impacts neural representations in the agranular motor cortical regions that are responsible for movement planning and production. In this study, we test whether optogenetic stimulation of the LC paired with motor performance is sufficient to induce task-relevant plasticity in the somatotopic cortical motor map. Male and female TH-Cre + rats were trained on a skilled reaching lever-pressing task emphasizing the use of the proximal forelimb musculature, and a viral approach was used to selectively express ChR2 in noradrenergic LC neurons. Once animals reached criterial behavioral performance, they received five training sessions in which correct task performance was paired with optogenetic stimulation of the LC delivered at 3, 10, or 30 Hz. After the last stimulation session, motor cortical mapping was performed using intracortical microstimulation. Our results show that lever pressing paired with LC stimulation at 10 Hz, but not at 3 or 30 Hz, drove the expansion of the motor map representation of the task-relevant proximal FL musculature. These findings demonstrate that phasic, training-paired activation of the LC is sufficient to induce experience-dependent plasticity in the agranular motor cortex and that this LC-driven plasticity is highly dependent on the temporal dynamics of LC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Tzu Tseng
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Hailey F Welch
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Ashley L Gi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Erica Mina Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Tanushree Mamidi
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Sahiti Pydimarri
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Kritika Ramesh
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas
| | - Alfredo Sandoval
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, Texas
| | - Jonathan E Ploski
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey 17033-0850, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine A Thorn
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson 75080, Texas,
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6
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Yoo J, Choi W, Kim J. Analysis of maintaining human maximal voluntary contraction control strategies through the power grip task in isometric contraction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1174. [PMID: 38216567 PMCID: PMC10786847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Power grip force is used as a representative indicator of the ability of the human neuromuscular system. However, people maintain the power grip force via different control strategies depending on the visual feedback that shows the magnitude of the force, the magnitude of the target grip force, and external disturbance. In this study, we investigated the control strategy of maintaining the power grip force in an isometric contraction depending on these conditions by expressing the power grip force as a person's Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC). The participants were asked to maintain the MVC for each condition. Experimental results showed that humans typically control their MVC constant abilities based on proprioception, and maintaining the target MVC becomes relatively difficult as the magnitude of the target MVC increases. In addition, through interactions between the external disturbance and the target MVC, the MVC error increases when the target MVC increases and an external disturbance is applied. When the MVC error reaches a certain level, the offset effect is expressed through visual feedback, helping to reduce the MVC error and maintain it smoothly, revealing a person's MVC maintenance control strategy for each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyeol Yoo
- Unmanned/Intelligent Robotic Systems, LIG Nex1, 338, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Choi
- College of ICT Construction and Welfare Convergence, Kangnam University, 40, Gangnam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaehyo Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Human Ecology and Technology, Handong Global University, 558, Handong-ro, Buk-gu, Pohang, 37554, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Calame DJ, Becker MI, Person AL. Cerebellar associative learning underlies skilled reach adaptation. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01347-y. [PMID: 37248339 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is hypothesized to refine movement through online adjustments. We examined how such predictive control may be generated using a mouse reach paradigm, testing whether the cerebellum uses within-reach information as a predictor to adjust reach kinematics. We first identified a population-level response in Purkinje cells that scales inversely with reach velocity, pointing to the cerebellar cortex as a potential site linking kinematic predictors and anticipatory control. Next, we showed that mice can learn to compensate for a predictable reach perturbation caused by repeated, closed-loop optogenetic stimulation of pontocerebellar mossy fiber inputs. Both neural and behavioral readouts showed adaptation to position-locked mossy fiber perturbations and exhibited aftereffects when stimulation was removed. Surprisingly, position-randomized stimulation schedules drove partial adaptation but no opposing aftereffects. A model that recapitulated these findings suggests that the cerebellum may decipher cause-and-effect relationships through time-dependent generalization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Calame
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew I Becker
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Abigail L Person
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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8
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Bachschmid-Romano L, Hatsopoulos NG, Brunel N. Interplay between external inputs and recurrent dynamics during movement preparation and execution in a network model of motor cortex. eLife 2023; 12:77690. [PMID: 37166452 PMCID: PMC10174693 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex has been shown to coordinate movement preparation and execution through computations in approximately orthogonal subspaces. The underlying network mechanisms, and the roles played by external and recurrent connectivity, are central open questions that need to be answered to understand the neural substrates of motor control. We develop a recurrent neural network model that recapitulates the temporal evolution of neuronal activity recorded from the primary motor cortex of a macaque monkey during an instructed delayed-reach task. In particular, it reproduces the observed dynamic patterns of covariation between neural activity and the direction of motion. We explore the hypothesis that the observed dynamics emerges from a synaptic connectivity structure that depends on the preferred directions of neurons in both preparatory and movement-related epochs, and we constrain the strength of both synaptic connectivity and external input parameters from data. While the model can reproduce neural activity for multiple combinations of the feedforward and recurrent connections, the solution that requires minimum external inputs is one where the observed patterns of covariance are shaped by external inputs during movement preparation, while they are dominated by strong direction-specific recurrent connectivity during movement execution. Our model also demonstrates that the way in which single-neuron tuning properties change over time can explain the level of orthogonality of preparatory and movement-related subspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Nicolas Brunel
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, United States
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, United States
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
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9
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Marciniak Dg Agra K, Dg Agra P. F = ma. Is the macaque brain Newtonian? Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 39:376-408. [PMID: 37045793 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2023.2191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive Physics, the ability to anticipate how the physical events involving mass objects unfold in time and space, is a central component of intelligent systems. Intuitive physics is a promising tool for gaining insight into mechanisms that generalize across species because both humans and non-human primates are subject to the same physical constraints when engaging with the environment. Physical reasoning abilities are widely present within the animal kingdom, but monkeys, with acute 3D vision and a high level of dexterity, appreciate and manipulate the physical world in much the same way humans do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Marciniak Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Khademi Z, Ebrahimi F, Kordy HM. A review of critical challenges in MI-BCI: From conventional to deep learning methods. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 383:109736. [PMID: 36349568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have achieved significant success in controlling external devices through the Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal processing. BCI-based Motor Imagery (MI) system bridges brain and external devices as communication tools to control, for example, wheelchair for people with disabilities, robotic control, and exoskeleton control. This success largely depends on the machine learning (ML) approaches like deep learning (DL) models. DL algorithms provide effective and powerful models to analyze compact and complex EEG data optimally for MI-BCI applications. DL models with CNN network have revolutionized computer vision through end-to-end learning from raw data. Meanwhile, RNN networks have been able to decode EEG signals by processing sequences of time series data. However, many challenges in the MI-BCI field have affected the performance of DL models. A major challenge is the individual differences in the EEG signal of different subjects. Therefore, the model must be retrained from the scratch for each new subject, which leads to computational costs. Analyzing the EEG signals is challenging due to its low signal to noise ratio and non-stationary nature. Additionally, limited size of existence datasets can lead to overfitting which can be prevented by using transfer learning (TF) approaches. The main contributions of this study are discovering major challenges in the MI-BCI field by reviewing the state of art machine learning models and then suggesting solutions to address these challenges by focusing on feature selection, feature extraction and classification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khademi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Ave., Babol, Iran.
| | - Farideh Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Ave., Babol, Iran.
| | - Hussain Montazery Kordy
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Shariati Ave., Babol, Iran.
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11
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Maris E. A bicycle can be balanced by stochastic optimal feedback control but only with accurate speed estimates. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278961. [PMID: 36848331 PMCID: PMC9970107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Balancing a bicycle is typical for the balance control humans perform as a part of a whole range of behaviors (walking, running, skating, skiing, etc.). This paper presents a general model of balance control and applies it to the balancing of a bicycle. Balance control has both a physics (mechanics) and a neurobiological component. The physics component pertains to the laws that govern the movements of the rider and his bicycle, and the neurobiological component pertains to the mechanisms via which the central nervous system (CNS) uses these laws for balance control. This paper presents a computational model of this neurobiological component, based on the theory of stochastic optimal feedback control (OFC). The central concept in this model is a computational system, implemented in the CNS, that controls a mechanical system outside the CNS. This computational system uses an internal model to calculate optimal control actions as specified by the theory of stochastic OFC. For the computational model to be plausible, it must be robust to at least two inevitable inaccuracies: (1) model parameters that the CNS learns slowly from interactions with the CNS-attached body and bicycle (i.e., the internal noise covariance matrices), and (2) model parameters that depend on unreliable sensory input (i.e., movement speed). By means of simulations, I demonstrate that this model can balance a bicycle under realistic conditions and is robust to inaccuracies in the learned sensorimotor noise characteristics. However, the model is not robust to inaccuracies in the movement speed estimates. This has important implications for the plausibility of stochastic OFC as a model for motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Maris
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Izawa J, Higo N, Murata Y. Accounting for the valley of recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation training via a model-based analysis of macaque manual dexterity. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:1042912. [PMID: 36644290 PMCID: PMC9838193 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1042912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background True recovery, in which a stroke patient regains the same precise motor skills observed in prestroke conditions, is the fundamental goal of rehabilitation training. However, a transient drop in task performance during rehabilitation training after stroke, observed in human clinical outcome as well as in both macaque and squirrel monkey retrieval data, might prevent smooth transitions during recovery. This drop, i.e., recovery valley, often occurs during the transition from compensatory skill to precision skill. Here, we sought computational mechanisms behind such transitions and recovery. Analogous to motor skill learning, we considered that the motor recovery process is composed of spontaneous recovery and training-induced recovery. Specifically, we hypothesized that the interaction of these multiple skill update processes might determine profiles of the recovery valley. Methods A computational model of motor recovery was developed based on a state-space model of motor learning that incorporates a retention factor and interaction terms for training-induced recovery and spontaneous recovery. The model was fit to previously reported macaque motor recovery data where the monkey practiced precision grip skills after a lesion in the sensorimotor area in the cortex. Multiple computational models and the effects of each parameter were examined by model comparisons based on information criteria and sensitivity analyses of each parameter. Result Both training-induced and spontaneous recoveries were necessary to explain the behavioral data. Since these two factors contributed following logarithmic function, the training-induced recovery were effective only after spontaneous biological recovery had developed. In the training-induced recovery component, the practice of the compensation also contributed to recovery of the precision grip skill as if there is a significant generalization effect of learning between these two skills. In addition, a retention factor was critical to explain the recovery profiles. Conclusions We found that spontaneous recovery, training-induced recovery, retention factors, and interaction terms are crucial to explain recovery and recovery valley profiles. This simulation-based examination of the model parameters provides suggestions for effective rehabilitation methods to prevent the recovery valley, such as plasticity-promoting medications, brain stimulation, and robotic rehabilitation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Izawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,Correspondence: Jun Izawa Yumi Murata
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yumi Murata
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan,Correspondence: Jun Izawa Yumi Murata
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13
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Chen K, Hu Q, Xie Z, Yang G. Monocyte NLRP3-IL-1β Hyperactivation Mediates Neuronal and Synaptic Dysfunction in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104106. [PMID: 35347900 PMCID: PMC9165480 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorder may develop in vulnerable patients following major operation. While neuroinflammation is linked to the cognitive effects of surgery, how surgery and immune signaling modulate neuronal circuits, leading to learning and memory impairment remains unknown. Using in vivo two-photon microscopy, Ca2+ activity and postsynaptic dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex of a mouse model of thoracic surgery are imaged. It is found that surgery causes neuronal hypoactivity, impairments in learning-dependent dendritic spine formation, and deficits in multiple learning tasks. These neuronal and synaptic alterations in the cortex are mediated by peripheral monocytes through the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production. Depleting peripheral monocytes or inactivating NLRP3 inflammasomes before surgery reduces levels of IL-1β and ameliorates neuronal and behavioral deficits in mice. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of IL-1β-producing myeloid cells from mice undertaking thoracic surgery is sufficient to induce neuronal and behavioral deficits in naïve mice. Together, these findings suggest that surgery leads to excessive NLRP3 activation in monocytes and elevated IL-1β signaling, which in turn causes neuronal hypoactivity and perioperative neurocognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Qiuping Hu
- Department of AnesthesiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMA02129USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
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14
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Skrebenkov EA, Vlasova OL. Mathematical Simulation of Efferent Regulation of Muscle Contraction. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350922020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Wang T, Chen Y, Cui H. From Parametric Representation to Dynamical System: Shifting Views of the Motor Cortex in Motor Control. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:796-808. [PMID: 35298779 PMCID: PMC9276910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to traditional representational perspectives in which the motor cortex is involved in motor control via neuronal preference for kinetics and kinematics, a dynamical system perspective emerging in the last decade views the motor cortex as a dynamical machine that generates motor commands by autonomous temporal evolution. In this review, we first look back at the history of the representational and dynamical perspectives and discuss their explanatory power and controversy from both empirical and computational points of view. Here, we aim to reconcile the above perspectives, and evaluate their theoretical impact, future direction, and potential applications in brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Wang
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Cui
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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16
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Sun X, O'Shea DJ, Golub MD, Trautmann EM, Vyas S, Ryu SI, Shenoy KV. Cortical preparatory activity indexes learned motor memories. Nature 2022; 602:274-279. [PMID: 35082444 PMCID: PMC9851374 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The brain's remarkable ability to learn and execute various motor behaviours harnesses the capacity of neural populations to generate a variety of activity patterns. Here we explore systematic changes in preparatory activity in motor cortex that accompany motor learning. We trained rhesus monkeys to learn an arm-reaching task1 in a curl force field that elicited new muscle forces for some, but not all, movement directions2,3. We found that in a neural subspace predictive of hand forces, changes in preparatory activity tracked the learned behavioural modifications and reassociated4 existing activity patterns with updated movements. Along a neural population dimension orthogonal to the force-predictive subspace, we discovered that preparatory activity shifted uniformly for all movement directions, including those unaltered by learning. During a washout period when the curl field was removed, preparatory activity gradually reverted in the force-predictive subspace, but the uniform shift persisted. These persistent preparatory activity patterns may retain a motor memory of the learned field5,6 and support accelerated relearning of the same curl field. When a set of distinct curl fields was learned in sequence, we observed a corresponding set of field-specific uniform shifts which separated the associated motor memories in the neural state space7-9. The precise geometry of these uniform shifts in preparatory activity could serve to index motor memories, facilitating the acquisition, retention and retrieval of a broad motor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulu Sun
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric M Trautmann
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saurabh Vyas
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Using EEG to study sensorimotor adaptation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104520. [PMID: 35016897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation, or the capacity to flexibly adapt movements to changes in the body or the environment, is crucial to our ability to move efficiently in a dynamic world. The field of sensorimotor adaptation is replete with rigorous behavioural and computational methods, which support strong conceptual frameworks. An increasing number of studies have combined these methods with electroencephalography (EEG) to unveil insights into the neural mechanisms of adaptation. We review these studies: discussing EEG markers of adaptation in the frequency and the temporal domain, EEG predictors for successful adaptation and how EEG can be used to unmask latent processes resulting from adaptation, such as the modulation of spatial attention. With its high temporal resolution, EEG can be further exploited to deepen our understanding of sensorimotor adaptation.
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18
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Yao Z, Hessburg JP, Francis JT. Normalization by valence and motivational intensity in the sensorimotor cortices (PMd, M1, and S1). Sci Rep 2021; 11:24221. [PMID: 34930930 PMCID: PMC8688489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our brain's ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - John P Hessburg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Joseph Thachil Francis
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering at The University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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19
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Hennig JA, Oby ER, Losey DM, Batista AP, Yu BM, Chase SM. How learning unfolds in the brain: toward an optimization view. Neuron 2021; 109:3720-3735. [PMID: 34648749 PMCID: PMC8639641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How do changes in the brain lead to learning? To answer this question, consider an artificial neural network (ANN), where learning proceeds by optimizing a given objective or cost function. This "optimization framework" may provide new insights into how the brain learns, as many idiosyncratic features of neural activity can be recapitulated by an ANN trained to perform the same task. Nevertheless, there are key features of how neural population activity changes throughout learning that cannot be readily explained in terms of optimization and are not typically features of ANNs. Here we detail three of these features: (1) the inflexibility of neural variability throughout learning, (2) the use of multiple learning processes even during simple tasks, and (3) the presence of large task-nonspecific activity changes. We propose that understanding the role of these features in the brain will be key to describing biological learning using an optimization framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Hennig
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Emily R Oby
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Darby M Losey
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron M Yu
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Chase
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Petitet P, Spitz G, Emir UE, Johansen-Berg H, O'Shea J. Age-related decline in cortical inhibitory tone strengthens motor memory. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118681. [PMID: 34728243 PMCID: PMC8752967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing disrupts the finely tuned excitation/inhibition balance (E:I) across cortex via a natural decline in inhibitory tone (γ-amino butyric acid, GABA), causing functional decrements. However, in young adults, experimentally lowering GABA in sensorimotor cortex enhances a specific domain of sensorimotor function: adaptation memory. Here, we tested the hypothesis that as sensorimotor cortical GABA declines naturally with age, adaptation memory would increase, and the former would explain the latter. Results confirmed this prediction. To probe causality, we used brain stimulation to further lower sensorimotor cortical GABA during adaptation. Across individuals, how stimulation changed memory depended on sensorimotor cortical E:I. In those with low E:I, stimulation increased memory; in those with high E:I stimulation reduced memory. Thus, we identified a form of motor memory that is naturally strengthened by age, depends causally on sensorimotor cortex neurochemistry, and may be a potent target for motor skill preservation strategies in healthy ageing and neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Petitet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe Trajectoires, Inserm UMR-S 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France.
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Uzay E Emir
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Jacinta O'Shea
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (NDCN), John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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21
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Multiple bouts of high-intensity interval exercise reverse age-related functional connectivity disruptions without affecting motor learning in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17108. [PMID: 34429472 PMCID: PMC8385059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has emerged as an intervention that may mitigate age-related resting state functional connectivity and sensorimotor decline. Here, 42 healthy older adults rested or completed 3 sets of high-intensity interval exercise for a total of 23 min, then immediately practiced an implicit motor task with their non-dominant hand across five separate sessions. Participants completed resting state functional MRI before the first and after the fifth day of practice; they also returned 24-h and 35-days later to assess short- and long-term retention. Independent component analysis of resting state functional MRI revealed increased connectivity in the frontoparietal, the dorsal attentional, and cerebellar networks in the exercise group relative to the rest group. Seed-based analysis showed strengthened connectivity between the limbic system and right cerebellum, and between the right cerebellum and bilateral middle temporal gyri in the exercise group. There was no motor learning advantage for the exercise group. Our data suggest that exercise paired with an implicit motor learning task in older adults can augment resting state functional connectivity without enhancing behaviour beyond that stimulated by skilled motor practice.
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22
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Chen S, Zhang X, Shen X, Huang Y, Wang Y. Tracking Fast Neural Adaptation by Globally Adaptive Point Process Estimation for Brain-Machine Interface. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:1690-1700. [PMID: 34410924 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) help the disabled restore body functions by translating neural activity into digital commands to control external devices. Neural adaptation, where the brain signals change in response to external stimuli or movements, plays an important role in BMIs. When subjects purely use neural activity to brain-control a prosthesis, some neurons will actively explore a new tuning property to accomplish the movement task. The prediction of this neural tuning property can help subjects adapt more efficiently to brain control and maintain a good decoding performance. Existing prediction methods track the slow change of the tuning property in the manual control, which is not suitable for the fast neural adaptation in brain control. In order to identify the active neurons in brain control and track their tuning property changes, we propose a globally adaptive point process method (GaPP) to estimate the neural modulation state from spike trains, decompose the states into the hyper preferred direction and reconstruct the kinematics in a dual-model framework. We implement the method on real data from rats performing a two-lever discrimination task under manual control and brain control. The results show our method successfully predicts the neural modulation state and identifies the neurons that become active in brain control. Compared to the existing method, ours tracks the fast changes of the hyper preferred direction from manual control to brain control more accurately and efficiently and reconstructs the kinematics better and faster.
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23
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Hennig JA, Oby ER, Golub MD, Bahureksa LA, Sadtler PT, Quick KM, Ryu SI, Tyler-Kabara EC, Batista AP, Chase SM, Yu BM. Learning is shaped by abrupt changes in neural engagement. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:727-736. [PMID: 33782622 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Internal states such as arousal, attention and motivation modulate brain-wide neural activity, but how these processes interact with learning is not well understood. During learning, the brain modifies its neural activity to improve behavior. How do internal states affect this process? Using a brain-computer interface learning paradigm in monkeys, we identified large, abrupt fluctuations in neural population activity in motor cortex indicative of arousal-like internal state changes, which we term 'neural engagement.' In a brain-computer interface, the causal relationship between neural activity and behavior is known, allowing us to understand how neural engagement impacted behavioral performance for different task goals. We observed stereotyped changes in neural engagement that occurred regardless of how they impacted performance. This allowed us to predict how quickly different task goals were learned. These results suggest that changes in internal states, even those seemingly unrelated to goal-seeking behavior, can systematically influence how behavior improves with learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Hennig
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Emily R Oby
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Bahureksa
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick T Sadtler
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristin M Quick
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Chase
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Byron M Yu
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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VanGilder P, Shi Y, Apker G, Buneo CA. Sensory feedback-dependent coding of arm position in local field potentials of the posterior parietal cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9060. [PMID: 33907213 PMCID: PMC8079385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multisensory integration is crucial for sensorimotor function, it is unclear how visual and proprioceptive sensory cues are combined in the brain during motor behaviors. Here we characterized the effects of multisensory interactions on local field potential (LFP) activity obtained from the superior parietal lobule (SPL) as non-human primates performed a reaching task with either unimodal (proprioceptive) or bimodal (visual-proprioceptive) sensory feedback. Based on previous analyses of spiking activity, we hypothesized that evoked LFP responses would be tuned to arm location but would be suppressed on bimodal trials, relative to unimodal trials. We also expected to see a substantial number of recording sites with enhanced beta band spectral power for only one set of feedback conditions (e.g. unimodal or bimodal), as was previously observed for spiking activity. We found that evoked activity and beta band power were tuned to arm location at many individual sites, though this tuning often differed between unimodal and bimodal trials. Across the population, both evoked and beta activity were consistent with feedback-dependent tuning to arm location, while beta band activity also showed evidence of response suppression on bimodal trials. The results suggest that multisensory interactions can alter the tuning and gain of arm position-related LFP activity in the SPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul VanGilder
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ, 85287-9709, USA
| | - Ying Shi
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ, 85287-9709, USA
| | - Gregory Apker
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ, 85287-9709, USA
| | - Christopher A Buneo
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 879709, Tempe, AZ, 85287-9709, USA.
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25
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Kraeutner SN, Rubino C, Rinat S, Lakhani B, Borich MR, Wadden KP, Boyd LA. Resting State Connectivity Is Modulated by Motor Learning in Individuals After Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:513-524. [PMID: 33825574 PMCID: PMC8135242 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211006713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective Activity patterns across brain regions that can be characterized at rest (ie, resting-state functional connectivity [rsFC]) are disrupted after stroke and linked to impairments in motor function. While changes in rsFC are associated with motor recovery, it is not clear how rsFC is modulated by skilled motor practice used to promote recovery. The current study examined how rsFC is modulated by skilled motor practice after stroke and how changes in rsFC are linked to motor learning. Methods Two groups of participants (individuals with stroke and age-matched controls) engaged in 4 weeks of skilled motor practice of a complex, gamified reaching task. Clinical assessments of motor function and impairment, and brain activity (via functional magnetic resonance imaging) were obtained before and after training. Results While no differences in rsFC were observed in the control group, increased connectivity was observed in the sensorimotor network, linked to learning in the stroke group. Relative to healthy controls, a decrease in network efficiency was observed in the stroke group following training. Conclusions Findings indicate that rsFC patterns related to learning observed after stroke reflect a shift toward a compensatory network configuration characterized by decreased network efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Rubino
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shie Rinat
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bimal Lakhani
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Katie P Wadden
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Kraeutner SN, McArthur JL, Kraeutner PH, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Leveraging the effector independent nature of motor imagery when it is paired with physical practice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21335. [PMID: 33288785 PMCID: PMC7721807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While considered analogous to physical practice, the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition—specifically whether or not both effector independent and dependent encoding occurs through motor imagery—is not well understood. Here, motor imagery-based training was applied prior to or after physical practice-based training to probe the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition. Three groups of participants (N = 38) engaged in 10 days of training of a dart throwing task: 5 days of motor imagery prior to physical practice (MIP-PP), motor imagery following physical practice (PP-MIP), or physical practice only (PP-PP). Performance-related outcomes were assessed throughout. Brain activity was measured at three time points using fMRI (pre/mid/post-training; MIP-PP and PP-MIP groups). In contrast with physical practice, motor imagery led to changes in global versus specific aspects of the movement. Following 10 days of training, performance was greater when motor imagery preceded physical practice, although remained inferior to performance resulting from physical practice alone. Greater activation of regions that support effector dependent encoding was observed mid-, but not post-training for the PP-MIP group. Findings indicate that changes driven by motor imagery reflect effector independent encoding, providing new information regarding how motor imagery may be leveraged for skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer L McArthur
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - Paul H Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - David A Westwood
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.
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27
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Maeda RS, Kersten R, Pruszynski JA. Shared internal models for feedforward and feedback control of arm dynamics in non-human primates. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1605-1620. [PMID: 33222285 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that humans account for and learn novel properties or the arm's dynamics, and that such learning causes changes in both the predictive (i.e., feedforward) control of reaching and reflex (i.e., feedback) responses to mechanical perturbations. Here we show that similar observations hold in old-world monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Two monkeys were trained to use an exoskeleton to perform a single-joint elbow reaching and to respond to mechanical perturbations that created pure elbow motion. Both of these tasks engaged robust shoulder muscle activity as required to account for the torques that typically arise at the shoulder when the forearm rotates around the elbow joint (i.e., intersegmental dynamics). We altered these intersegmental arm dynamics by having the monkeys generate the same elbow movements with the shoulder joint either free to rotate, as normal, or fixed by the robotic manipulandum, which eliminates the shoulder torques caused by forearm rotation. After fixing the shoulder joint, we found a systematic reduction in shoulder muscle activity. In addition, after releasing the shoulder joint again, we found evidence of kinematic aftereffects (i.e., reach errors) in the direction predicted if failing to compensate for normal arm dynamics. We also tested whether such learning transfers to feedback responses evoked by mechanical perturbations and found a reduction in shoulder feedback responses, as appropriate for these altered arm intersegmental dynamics. Demonstrating this learning and transfer in non-human primates will allow the investigation of the neural mechanisms involved in feedforward and feedback control of the arm's dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Maeda
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rhonda Kersten
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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28
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Christiansen L, Larsen MN, Madsen MJ, Grey MJ, Nielsen JB, Lundbye-Jensen J. Long-term motor skill training with individually adjusted progressive difficulty enhances learning and promotes corticospinal plasticity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15588. [PMID: 32973251 PMCID: PMC7518278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor skill acquisition depends on central nervous plasticity. However, behavioural determinants leading to long lasting corticospinal plasticity and motor expertise remain unexplored. Here we investigate behavioural and electrophysiological effects of individually tailored progressive practice during long-term motor skill training. Two groups of participants practiced a visuomotor task requiring precise control of the right digiti minimi for 6 weeks. One group trained with constant task difficulty, while the other group trained with progressively increasing task difficulty, i.e. continuously adjusted to their individual skill level. Compared to constant practice, progressive practice resulted in a two-fold greater performance at an advanced task level and associated increases in corticospinal excitability. Differences were maintained 8 days later, whereas both groups demonstrated equal retention 14 months later. We demonstrate that progressive practice enhances motor skill learning and promotes corticospinal plasticity. These findings underline the importance of continuously challenging patients and athletes to promote neural plasticity, skilled performance, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Christiansen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Malte Nejst Larsen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Just Madsen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Michael James Grey
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Ma Z, Liu H, Komiyama T, Wessel R. Stability of motor cortex network states during learning-associated neural reorganizations. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1327-1342. [PMID: 32937084 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00061.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial reorganization of neural activity and neuron-to-movement relationship in motor cortical circuits accompanies the emergence of reproducible movement patterns during motor learning. Little is known about how this tempest of neural activity restructuring impacts the stability of network states in recurrent cortical circuits. To investigate this issue, we reanalyzed data in which we recorded for 14 days via population calcium imaging the activity of the same neural populations of pyramidal neurons in layer 2/3 and layer 5 of forelimb motor and premotor cortex in mice during the daily learning of a lever-press task. We found that motor cortex network states remained stable with respect to the critical network state during the extensive reorganization of both neural population activity and its relation to lever movement throughout learning. Specifically, layer 2/3 cortical circuits unceasingly displayed robust evidence for operating at the critical network state, a regime that maximizes information capacity and transmission and provides a balance between network robustness and flexibility. In contrast, layer 5 circuits operated away from the critical network state for all 14 days of recording and learning. In conclusion, this result indicates that the wide-ranging malleability of synapses, neurons, and neural connectivity during learning operates within the constraint of a stable and layer-specific network state regarding dynamic criticality, and suggests that different cortical layers operate under distinct constraints because of their specialized goals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neural activity reorganizes throughout motor learning, but how this reorganization impacts the stability of network states is unclear. We used two-photon calcium imaging to investigate how the network states in layer 2/3 and layer 5 of forelimb motor and premotor cortex are modulated by motor learning. We show that motor cortex network states are layer-specific and constant regarding criticality during neural activity reorganization, and suggests that layer-specific constraints could be motivated by different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Ma
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Haixin Liu
- Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ralf Wessel
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
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30
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Kraeutner SN, Stratas A, McArthur JL, Helmick CA, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Neural and Behavioral Outcomes Differ Following Equivalent Bouts of Motor Imagery or Physical Practice. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1590-1606. [PMID: 32420839 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite its reported effectiveness for the acquisition of motor skills, we know little about how motor imagery (MI)-based brain activation and performance evolves when MI (the imagined performance of a motor task) is used to learn a complex motor skill compared to physical practice (PP). The current study examined changes in MI-related brain activity and performance driven by an equivalent bout of MI- or PP-based training. Participants engaged in 5 days of either MI or PP of a dart-throwing task. Brain activity (via fMRI) and performance-related outcomes were obtained using a pre/post/retention design. Relative to PP, MI-based training did not drive robust changes in brain activation and was inferior for realizing improvements in performance: Greater activation in regions critical to refining the motor program was observed in the PP versus MI group posttraining, and relative to those driven via PP, MI led only to marginal improvements in performance. Findings indicate that the modality of practice (i.e., MI vs. PP) used to learn a complex motor skill manifests as differences in both resultant patterns of brain activity and performance. Ultimately, by directly comparing brain activity and behavioral outcomes after equivalent training through MI versus PP, this work provides unique knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms underlying learning through MI.
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31
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Williams JHG, Huggins CF, Zupan B, Willis M, Van Rheenen TE, Sato W, Palermo R, Ortner C, Krippl M, Kret M, Dickson JM, Li CSR, Lowe L. A sensorimotor control framework for understanding emotional communication and regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:503-518. [PMID: 32070695 PMCID: PMC7505116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our research team was asked to consider the relationship of the neuroscience of sensorimotor control to the language of emotions and feelings. Actions are the principal means for the communication of emotions and feelings in both humans and other animals, and the allostatic mechanisms controlling action also apply to the regulation of emotional states by the self and others. We consider how motor control of hierarchically organised, feedback-based, goal-directed action has evolved in humans, within a context of consciousness, appraisal and cultural learning, to serve emotions and feelings. In our linguistic analysis, we found that many emotion and feelings words could be assigned to stages in the sensorimotor learning process, but the assignment was often arbitrary. The embodied nature of emotional communication means that action words are frequently used, but that the meanings or senses of the word depend on its contextual use, just as the relationship of an action to an emotion is also contextually dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H G Williams
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Charlotte F Huggins
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barbra Zupan
- Central Queensland University, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Megan Willis
- Australian Catholic University, School of Psychology, ARC Centre for Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E Van Rheenen
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, 161 Barry Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Wataru Sato
- Kyoto University, Kokoro Research Centre, 46 Yoshidashimoadachicho, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Romina Palermo
- University of Western Australia, School of Psychological Science, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Catherine Ortner
- Thompson Rivers University, Department of Psychology, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - Martin Krippl
- Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Mariska Kret
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology, Pieter de la Court, Waassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne M Dickson
- Edith Cowan University, Psychology Department, School of Arts and Humanities, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Yale University, Connecticut Mental Health Centre, S112, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Neuroqualia, Room 229A, Forrester Hall, 36 Arthur Street, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 1X5, Canada
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32
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Maeda RS, Gribble PL, Pruszynski JA. Learning New Feedforward Motor Commands Based on Feedback Responses. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1941-1948.e3. [PMID: 32275882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Learning a new motor task modifies feedforward (i.e., voluntary) motor commands and such learning also changes the sensitivity of feedback responses (i.e., reflexes) to mechanical perturbations [1-9]. For example, after people learn to generate straight reaching movements in the presence of an external force field or learn to reduce shoulder muscle activity when generating pure elbow movements with shoulder fixation, evoked stretch reflex responses to mechanical perturbations reflect the learning expressed during self-initiated reaching. Such a transfer from feedforward motor commands to feedback responses is thought to take place because of shared neural circuits at the level of the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex [10-13]. The presence of shared neural resources also predicts the transfer from feedback responses to feedforward motor commands. Little is known about such a transfer presumably because it is relatively hard to elicit learning in reflexes without engaging associated voluntary responses following mechanical perturbations. Here, we demonstrate such transfer by leveraging two approaches to elicit stretch reflexes while minimizing engagement of voluntary motor responses in the learning process: applying very short mechanical perturbations [14-19] and instructing participants to not respond to them [20-26]. Taken together, our work shows that transfer between feedforward and feedback control is bidirectional, furthering the notion that these processes share common neural circuits that underlie motor learning and transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Maeda
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6A5C2, Canada
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6A5C2, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
| | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A5B7, Canada; Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6A5C2, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada.
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33
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Xu SY, Lu FM, Wang MY, Hu ZS, Zhang J, Chen ZY, Armada-da-Silva PAS, Yuan Z. Altered Functional Connectivity in the Motor and Prefrontal Cortex for Children With Down's Syndrome: An fNIRS Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:6. [PMID: 32116599 PMCID: PMC7034312 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Down's syndrome (DS) might exhibit disrupted brain functional connectivity in the motor and prefrontal cortex. To inspect the alterations in brain activation and functional connectivity for children with DS, the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) method was applied to examine the brain activation difference in the motor and prefrontal cortex between the DS and typically developing (TD) groups during a fine motor task. In addition, small-world analysis based on graph theory was also carried out to characterize the topological organization of functional brain networks. Interestingly, behavior data demonstrated that the DS group showed significantly long reaction time and low accuracy as compared to the TD group (p < 0.05). More importantly, significantly reduced brain activations in the frontopolar area, the pre-motor, and the supplementary motor cortex (p < 0.05) were identified in the DS group compared with the TD group. Meanwhile, significantly high global efficiency (E g ) and short average path length (L p ) were also detected for the DS group. This pilot study illustrated that the disrupted connectivity of frontopolar area, pre-motor, and supplementary motor cortex might be one of the core mechanisms associated with motor and cognitive impairments for children with DS. Therefore, the combination of the fNIRS technique with functional network analysis may pave a new avenue for improving our understanding of the neural mechanisms of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Feng-Mei Lu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng-Yun Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Hu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paulo A. S. Armada-da-Silva
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Neuromechanics of Human Movement, Faculty of Human Kinetics, CIPER, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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34
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Task Errors Drive Memories That Improve Sensorimotor Adaptation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3075-3088. [PMID: 32029533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1506-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional views of sensorimotor adaptation (i.e., adaptation of movements to perturbed sensory feedback) emphasize the role of automatic, implicit correction of sensory prediction errors. However, latent memories formed during sensorimotor adaptation, manifest as improved relearning (e.g., savings), have recently been attributed to strategic corrections of task errors (failures to achieve task goals). To dissociate contributions of task errors and sensory prediction errors to latent sensorimotor memories, we perturbed target locations to remove or enforce task errors during learning and/or test, with male/female human participants. Adaptation improved after learning in all conditions where participants were permitted to correct task errors, and did not improve whenever we prevented correction of task errors. Thus, previous correction of task errors was both necessary and sufficient to improve adaptation. In contrast, a history of sensory prediction errors was neither sufficient nor obligatory for improved adaptation. Limiting movement preparation time showed that the latent memories driven by learning to correct task errors take at least two forms: a time-consuming but flexible component, and a rapidly expressible, inflexible component. The results provide strong support for the idea that movement corrections driven by a failure to successfully achieve movement goals underpin motor memories that manifest as savings. Such persistent memories are not exclusively mediated by time-consuming strategic processes but also comprise a rapidly expressible but inflexible component. The distinct characteristics of these putative processes suggest dissociable underlying mechanisms, and imply that identification of the neural basis for adaptation and savings will require methods that allow such dissociations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Latent motor memories formed during sensorimotor adaptation manifest as improved adaptation when sensorimotor perturbations are reencountered. Conflicting theories suggest that this "savings" is underpinned by different mechanisms, including a memory of successful actions, a memory of errors, or an aiming strategy to correct task errors. Here we show that learning to correct task errors is sufficient to show improved subsequent adaptation with respect to naive performance, even when tested in the absence of task errors. In contrast, a history of sensory prediction errors is neither sufficient nor obligatory for improved adaptation. Finally, we show that latent sensorimotor memories driven by task errors comprise at least two distinct components: a time-consuming, flexible component, and a rapidly expressible, inflexible component.
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35
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Avraham G, Keizman M, Shmuelof L. Environmental consistency modulation of error sensitivity during motor adaptation is explicitly controlled. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:57-69. [PMID: 31721646 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00080.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor adaptation, the adjustment of a motor output in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared with when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation has been challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was not detected. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The consistency of an external perturbation modulates error sensitivity and the motor response. The roles of explicit and implicit processes in this modulation are unknown. We show that when humans are asked to ignore the perturbation, they do not show increased error sensitivity in consistent environments. When the implicit system is manipulated by delaying feedback, sensitivity to a consistent perturbation does not change. Overall, our results suggest that consistency affects adaptation mainly through explicit control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Avraham
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Matan Keizman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Shmuelof
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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36
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Kumar N, Manning TF, Ostry DJ. Somatosensory cortex participates in the consolidation of human motor memory. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000469. [PMID: 31613874 PMCID: PMC6793938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly learned motor skills are initially labile and then consolidated to permit retention. The circuits that enable the consolidation of motor memories remain uncertain. Most work to date has focused on primary motor cortex, and although there is ample evidence of learning-related plasticity in motor cortex, direct evidence for its involvement in memory consolidation is limited. Learning-related plasticity is also observed in somatosensory cortex, and accordingly, it may also be involved in memory consolidation. Here, by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to block consolidation, we report the first direct evidence that plasticity in somatosensory cortex participates in the consolidation of motor memory. Participants made movements to targets while a robot applied forces to the hand to alter somatosensory feedback. Immediately following adaptation, continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) was delivered to block retention; then, following a 24-hour delay, which would normally permit consolidation, we assessed whether there was an impairment. It was found that when mechanical loads were introduced gradually to engage implicit learning processes, suppression of somatosensory cortex following training almost entirely eliminated retention. In contrast, cTBS to motor cortex following learning had little effect on retention at all; retention following cTBS to motor cortex was not different than following sham TMS stimulation. We confirmed that cTBS to somatosensory cortex interfered with normal sensory function and that it blocked motor memory consolidation and not the ability to retrieve a consolidated motor memory. In conclusion, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in adaptation learning, somatosensory cortex rather than motor cortex is involved in the consolidation of motor memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | | | - David J. Ostry
- McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Ohashi H, Gribble PL, Ostry DJ. Somatosensory cortical excitability changes precede those in motor cortex during human motor learning. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1397-1405. [PMID: 31390294 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00383.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is associated with plasticity in both motor and somatosensory cortex. It is known from animal studies that tetanic stimulation to each of these areas individually induces long-term potentiation in its counterpart. In this context it is possible that changes in motor cortex contribute to somatosensory change and that changes in somatosensory cortex are involved in changes in motor areas of the brain. It is also possible that learning-related plasticity occurs in these areas independently. To better understand the relative contribution to human motor learning of motor cortical and somatosensory plasticity, we assessed the time course of changes in primary somatosensory and motor cortex excitability during motor skill learning. Learning was assessed using a force production task in which a target force profile varied from one trial to the next. The excitability of primary somatosensory cortex was measured using somatosensory evoked potentials in response to median nerve stimulation. The excitability of primary motor cortex was measured using motor evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. These two measures were interleaved with blocks of motor learning trials. We found that the earliest changes in cortical excitability during learning occurred in somatosensory cortical responses, and these changes preceded changes in motor cortical excitability. Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials were correlated with behavioral measures of learning. Changes in motor evoked potentials were not. These findings indicate that plasticity in somatosensory cortex occurs as a part of the earliest stages of motor learning, before changes in motor cortex are observed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We tracked somatosensory and motor cortical excitability during motor skill acquisition. Changes in both motor cortical and somatosensory excitability were observed during learning; however, the earliest changes were in somatosensory cortex, not motor cortex. Moreover, the earliest changes in somatosensory cortical excitability predict the extent of subsequent learning; those in motor cortex do not. This is consistent with the idea that plasticity in somatosensory cortex coincides with the earliest stages of human motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ohashi
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul L Gribble
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut.,The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Ostry
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Oby ER, Golub MD, Hennig JA, Degenhart AD, Tyler-Kabara EC, Yu BM, Chase SM, Batista AP. New neural activity patterns emerge with long-term learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15210-15215. [PMID: 31182595 PMCID: PMC6660765 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820296116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning has been associated with changes in the brain at every level of organization. However, it remains difficult to establish a causal link between specific changes in the brain and new behavioral abilities. We establish that new neural activity patterns emerge with learning. We demonstrate that these new neural activity patterns cause the new behavior. Thus, the formation of new patterns of neural population activity can underlie the learning of new skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Oby
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Systems Neuroscience Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jay A Hennig
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Alan D Degenhart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Systems Neuroscience Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Byron M Yu
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Steven M Chase
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Systems Neuroscience Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Nguyen KP, Zhou W, McKenna E, Colucci-Chang K, Bray LCJ, Hosseini EA, Alhussein L, Rezazad M, Joiner WM. The 24-h savings of adaptation to novel movement dynamics initially reflects the recall of previous performance. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:933-946. [PMID: 31291156 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans rapidly adapt reaching movements in response to perturbations (e.g., manipulations of movement dynamics or visual feedback). Following a break, when reexposed to the same perturbation, subjects demonstrate savings, a faster learning rate compared with the time course of initial training. Although this has been well studied, there are open questions on the extent early savings reflects the rapid recall of previous performance. To address this question, we examined how the properties of initial training (duration and final adaptive state) influence initial single-trial adaptation to force-field perturbations when training sessions were separated by 24 h. There were two main groups that were distinct based on the presence or absence of a washout period at the end of day 1 (with washout vs. without washout). We also varied the training duration on day 1 (15, 30, 90, or 160 training trials), resulting in 8 subgroups of subjects. We show that single-trial adaptation on day 2 scaled with training duration, even for similar asymptotic levels of learning on day 1 of training. Interestingly, the temporal force profile following the first perturbation on day 2 matched that at the end of day 1 for the longest training duration group that did not complete the washout. This correspondence persisted but was significantly lower for shorter training durations and the washout subject groups. Collectively, the results suggest that the adaptation observed very early in reexposure results from the rapid recall of the previously learned motor recalibration but is highly dependent on the initial training duration and final adaptive state.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The extent initial readaptation reflects the recall of previous motor performance is largely unknown. We examined early single-trial force-field adaptation on the second day of training and distinguished initial retention from recall. We found that the single-trial adaptation following the 24-h break matched that at the end of the first day, but this recall was modified by the training duration and final level of learning on the first day of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina P Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Erin McKenna
- Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | | | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Laith Alhussein
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Meena Rezazad
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
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Vocal Motor Performance in Birdsong Requires Brain-Body Interaction. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0053-19.2019. [PMID: 31182473 PMCID: PMC6595438 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0053-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Caminiti R. Corticocortical Systems Underlying High-Order Motor Control. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4404-4421. [PMID: 30886016 PMCID: PMC6554627 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2094-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks are characterized by the origin, destination, and reciprocity of their connections, as well as by the diameter, conduction velocity, and synaptic efficacy of their axons. The network formed by parietal and frontal areas lies at the core of cognitive-motor control because the outflow of parietofrontal signaling is conveyed to the subcortical centers and spinal cord through different parallel pathways, whose orchestration determines, not only when and how movements will be generated, but also the nature of forthcoming actions. Despite intensive studies over the last 50 years, the role of corticocortical connections in motor control and the principles whereby selected cortical networks are recruited by different task demands remain elusive. Furthermore, the synaptic integration of different cortical signals, their modulation by transthalamic loops, and the effects of conduction delays remain challenging questions that must be tackled to understand the dynamical aspects of parietofrontal operations. In this article, we evaluate results from nonhuman primate and selected rodent experiments to offer a viewpoint on how corticocortical systems contribute to learning and producing skilled actions. Addressing this subject is not only of scientific interest but also essential for interpreting the devastating consequences for motor control of lesions at different nodes of this integrated circuit. In humans, the study of corticocortical motor networks is currently based on MRI-related methods, such as resting-state connectivity and diffusion tract-tracing, which both need to be contrasted with histological studies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Caminiti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy, and
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Oh H, Braun AR, Reggia JA, Gentili RJ. Fronto-parietal mirror neuron system modeling: Visuospatial transformations support imitation learning independently of imitator perspective. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 65:S0167-9457(17)30942-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sun G, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Xu K, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Zheng X. Effective Dimensionality Reduction for Visualizing Neural Dynamics by Laplacian Eigenmaps. Neural Comput 2019; 31:1356-1379. [PMID: 31113304 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
With the development of neural recording technology, it has become possible to collect activities from hundreds or even thousands of neurons simultaneously. Visualization of neural population dynamics can help neuroscientists analyze large-scale neural activities efficiently. In this letter, Laplacian eigenmaps is applied to this task for the first time, and the experimental results show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the commonly used methods. This finding was confirmed by the systematic evaluation using nonhuman primate data, which contained the complex dynamics well suited for testing. According to our results, Laplacian eigenmaps is better than the other methods in various ways and can clearly visualize interesting biological phenomena related to neural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sun
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - S Zhang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - K Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - T Zhao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, U.S.A.
| | - X Zheng
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Rueda-Delgado LM, Heise KF, Daffertshofer A, Mantini D, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in neural spectral power during motor learning. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Berniker M, Penny S. A normative approach to neuromotor control. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2019; 113:83-92. [PMID: 30178151 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-018-0777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While we can readily observe and model the dynamics of our limbs, analyzing the neurons that drive movement is not nearly as straightforward. As a result, their role in motor behavior (e.g., forward models, state estimators, controllers, etc.) remains elusive. Computational explanations of electrophysiological data often rely on firing rate models or deterministic spiking models. Yet neither can accurately describe the interactions of neurons that issue spikes, probabilistically. Here we take a normative approach by designing a probabilistic spiking network to implement LQR control for a limb model. We find typical results: cosine tuning curves, population vectors that correlate with reaching directions, low-dimensional oscillatory activity for reaches that have no oscillatory movement, and changes in neuron's tuning curves after force field adaptation. Importantly, while the model is consistent with these empirically derived correlations, we can also analyze it in terms of the known causal mechanism: an LQR controller and the probability distributions of the neurons that encode it. Redesigning the system under a different set of assumptions (e.g. a different controller, or network architecture) would yield a new set of testable predictions. We suggest this normative approach can be a framework for examining the motor system, providing testable links between observed neural activity and motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Berniker
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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47
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Huang J, Hegele M, Billino J. Motivational Modulation of Age-Related Effects on Reaching Adaptation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2285. [PMID: 30515126 PMCID: PMC6255948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have provided consistent evidence that adaptation to visuomotor rotations during reaching declines with age. Since it has been recently shown that learning and retention components of motor adaptation are modulated by reward and punishment, we were interested in how motivational feedback affects age-related decline in reaching adaptation. We studied 35 young and 32 older adults in a reaching task which required fast shooting movements toward visual targets with their right hand. A robotic manipulandum (vBOT system) allowed measuring reaching trajectories. Targets and visual feedback on hand position were presented using a setup that prevented direct vision of the hand and projected a virtual image by a semi-silvered mirror. After a baseline block with veridical visual feedback we introduced a 30° counterclockwise visuomotor rotation. After this adaptation block we also measured retention of adaptation without visual feedback and finally readaptation for the previously experienced rotation. In the adaptation block participants were assigned to one of three motivational feedback conditions, i.e., neutral, reward, or punishment. Reward and punishment feedback was based on reaching endpoint error. Our results consistently corroborated reduced motor learning capacities in older adults (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.56). However, motivational feedback modulated learning rates equivalently in both age groups (p = 0.028, η2 = 0.14). Rewarding feedback induced faster learning, though punishing feedback had no effect. For retention we determined a significant interaction effect between motivational feedback and age group (p = 0.032, η2 = 0.13). Previously provided motivational feedback was detrimental for young adults, but not for older adults. We did not observe robust effects of motivational feedback on readaptation (p = 0.167, η2 = 0.07). Our findings support that motor learning is subject to modulation by motivational feedback. Whereas learning is boosted across both age groups, retention is vulnerable to previously experienced motivational incentives in young adults. In summary, in particular older adults benefit from motivational feedback during reaching adaptation so that age-related differences in visuomotor plasticity, though persisting, can be attenuated. We suggest that the use of motivational information provides a potentially compensatory mechanism during functional aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hegele
- Experimentelle Sensomotorik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, qGiessen, Germany
| | - Jutta Billino
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
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Perich MG, Gallego JA, Miller LE. A Neural Population Mechanism for Rapid Learning. Neuron 2018; 100:964-976.e7. [PMID: 30344047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term learning of language, mathematics, and motor skills likely requires cortical plasticity, but behavior often requires much faster changes, sometimes even after single errors. Here, we propose one neural mechanism to rapidly develop new motor output without altering the functional connectivity within or between cortical areas. We tested cortico-cortical models relating the activity of hundreds of neurons in the premotor (PMd) and primary motor (M1) cortices throughout adaptation to reaching movement perturbations. We found a signature of learning in the "output-null" subspace of PMd with respect to M1 reflecting the ability of premotor cortex to alter preparatory activity without directly influencing M1. The output-null subspace planning activity evolved with adaptation, yet the "output-potent" mapping that captures information sent to M1 was preserved. Our results illustrate a population-level cortical mechanism to progressively adjust the output from one brain area to its downstream structures that could be exploited for rapid behavioral adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Perich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Juan A Gallego
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group, Centre for Automation and Robotics, CSIC-UPM, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Mangalam M. Emergent coordination with a brain-machine interface: implications for the neural basis of motor learning. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:889-892. [PMID: 29924714 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00361.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How patterns of covariance in motor output and neural activity emerge over the course of learning is a topic of ongoing investigation. Vaidya et al. (Vaidya M, Balasubramanian K, Southerland J, Badreldin I, Eleryan A, Shattuck K, Gururangan S, Slutzky M, Osborne L, Fagg A, Oweiss K, Hatsopoulos NG. J Neurophysiol 119: 1291-1304, 2018) investigate the emergence of patterns of covariance in the motor output and neural activity in chronically amputated macaques learning reach-to-grasp movements with a brain-machine interface. The authors' findings have implications for uncovering general principles of how neural coordination unfolds while learning a different motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
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50
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Consistent visuomotor adaptations and generalizations can be achieved through different rotations of robust motor modules. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12657. [PMID: 30140072 PMCID: PMC6107677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can adapt their motor commands in response to alterations in the movement environment. This is achieved by tuning different motor primitives, generating adaptations that can be generalized also to relevant untrained scenarios. A theory of motor primitives has shown that natural movements can be described as combinations of muscle synergies. Previous studies have shown that motor adaptations are achieved by tuning the recruitment of robust synergy modules. Here we tested if: 1) different synergistic tunings can be achieved in response to the same perturbations applied with different orders of exposure; 2) different synergistic tunings can explain different patterns of generalization of adaptation. We found that exposing healthy individuals to two visuomotor rotation perturbations covering different parts of the same workspace in a different order resulted in different tunings of the activation of the same set of synergies. Nevertheless, these tunings resulted in the same net biomechanical adaptation patterns. We also show that the characteristics of the different tunings correlate with the presence and extent of generalization of adaptation to untrained portions of the workspace. Our results confirm synergies as invariant motor primitives whose recruitment is dynamically tuned during motor adaptations.
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