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Gorjao R, Dos Santos CMM, Serdan TDA, Diniz VLS, Alba-Loureiro TC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Hatanaka E, Levada-Pires AC, Sato FT, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Curi R, Hirabara SM. New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 196:117-134. [PMID: 30521881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gorjao
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Takeo Sato
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Jho DH, Cole SM, Lee EM, Espat NJ. Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Inflammation and Malignancy. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 3:98-111. [PMID: 15165497 DOI: 10.1177/1534735404264736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), which include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are found in fish oils and have long been investigated as components of therapy for various disease states. Population studies initially revealed the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 FAs and EPA, with subsequent clinical studies supporting the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs in cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory conditions. Prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials have also demonstrated the utility of omega-3 FA supplementation in malignancy and cancer cachexia. In recent years, in vitro and animal studies have elucidated some of the mechanistic explanations underlying the wide range of biological effects produced by omega-3 FAs and EPA, including their antiproliferative and anticachectic actions in malignancy. In this review, the authors discuss the recent progress made with omega-3 FAs, focusing on the advances in mechanistic understanding and the results of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jho
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Rasmy GE, Khalil WK, Moharib SA, Kawkab AA, Jwanny EW. Dietary fish oil modulates the effect of dimethylhydrazine- induced colon cancer in rats. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2011. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Dupertuis YM, Benais-Pont G, Buchegger F, Pichard C. Effect of an immunonutrient mix on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell growth and viability. Nutrition 2007; 23:672-80. [PMID: 17656070 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE L-Glutamine, L-arginine, RNA, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been incorporated into nutritional formulas to improve immunity of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. We therefore examined the individual and net effects of these immunonutrients on four different human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. METHODS LS174T, HT-29, CO112, and Caco-2 cells were exposed to dilutions of 1:50, 1:100, and 1:1000 of a mix or individual components of a mix of 15 g/L of L-glutamine, 16.3 g/L of L-arginine, 1.6 g/L of RNA, and 2.7 g/L of omega-3 PUFAs. Cell growth kinetic was assessed using cell count with a flow cytometer. Cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated with double fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses using bromodeoxyuridine labeling index and annexin V staining, respectively. One-way analysis of variance and Student's t tests were used for comparison. RESULTS Evaluation of the cell growth kinetic over an 18-d period showed that the immunonutrient mix stimulated cancer cell growth only when diluted > or =100 times. Individual component evaluation indicated that the cell growth stimulation was mainly due to the presence of L-glutamine and to a lesser extent RNA in the mix. L-Arginine had no effect. At a lower dilution of 1:50, omega-3 PUFA concentrations were sufficient to induce cell cycle arrest and massive cell death in part through apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cancer cell growth stimulation by current immunonutrient formulas is unlikely due to predominant cytotoxic effect of omega-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves M Dupertuis
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Dekoj T, Lee S, Desai S, Trevino J, Babcock TA, Helton WS, Espat NJ. G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis by n-3 fatty acids in a pancreatic cancer model. J Surg Res 2007; 139:106-12. [PMID: 17291531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND n-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) have anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects including modulation of pro-inflammatory cascade mediators and cytokine elaboration (i.e., TNF-alpha, IL-10 and PGE(2)) in many cell lines. However, mechanisms of anti-proliferative effects have not been clearly defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells were treated either with n-3FA (treatment), media (control), or n-6FA (control) for all experiments. Cellular proliferation was evaluated with WST-1 reagent. Cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry for cell-cycle arrest, which was further analyzed by cdc2 expression. Membrane and media lipid concentrations were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Apoptosis was evaluated by AnnexinV-FITC flow cytometry and reconfirmed by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and B(cl)-2 expression. RESULTS Propidium iodide flow cytometry of MIA PaCa-2 dosed with n-3FA showed a decrease in cells in G1 phase (11-17%) and an increase cells in G2 phase (7-13%) from controls. cdc2 expression was also decreased at 24 h compared to controls. Annexin-V staining of n-3FA-treated cells demonstrated time-dependent increased apoptosis and PARP cleavage was present only in the n-3FA treatment group. Phospho-B(cl)-2 was also decreased in the n-3FA-treated cells compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Co-incubation of MIA PaCa-2 cells with n-3FA results in both dose- and time-dependent cell-cycle arrest. Cells also progress to cell death via apoptosis. These data support the potential applicability for n-3FA as an antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dekoj
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Babcock TA, Helton WS, Hong D, Espat NJ. Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsion reduces LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha production. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 3:145-9. [PMID: 12519481 DOI: 10.1089/109629602760105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 (omega-3) fatty acids (FA), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), attenuate cytokine-mediated inflammation. Currently, in the United States, there is no commercial source of omega-3 lipid for clinical use. A clinically used European lipid emulsion, Omegaven, has been shown to have beneficial antiinflammatory effects; however, the mechanisms of its action are not well defined. In the present work, this omega-3 FA emulsion has been evaluated in order to define its effects on TNF-alpha production in a model of LPS-stimulated macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW 264.7 cells (1 x 10(6) cell/well) were incubated with DMEM, Omegaven, or an isoenergetic omega-6 lipid emulsion, Lipovenos for 4 h. Cells were washed and then stimulated with LPS (1 microg/mL) or media alone for 3 h. Plate well supernatants were collected and assayed for TNF-alpha production by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and post-hoc analyses; the significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS Unstimulated RAW cell TNF-alpha production was similar in all groups and < 60 pg/mL. Lipovenos pretreatment did not alter TNF-alpha production from that of baseline compared to LPS-stimulated cells. Four-hour Omegaven pretreatment significantly reduced TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated cells, with a 46% reduction in TNF-alpha from baseline observed. CONCLUSION Four-hour omega-3 FA emulsion pretreatment significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha production. These data support the contention that antiinflammatory effects of omega-3 FA occur at least in part through the inhibition of macrophage TNF-alpha production in response to endotoxin. Further studies to define the antiinflammatory mechanisms of omega-3 FA on macrophages are warranted. The availability of Omegaven as an experimental treatment and Lipovenos as an equivalent control will be useful for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia A Babcock
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Novak TE, Babcock TA, Jho DH, Helton WS, Espat NJ. NF-kappa B inhibition by omega -3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L84-9. [PMID: 12388359 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00077.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid (FA) emulsions reduce LPS-stimulated murine macrophage TNF-alpha production, but the exact mechanism has yet to be defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism for omega-3 FA inhibition of macrophage TNF-alpha production following LPS stimulation. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with isocaloric emulsions of omega-3 FA (Omegaven), omega-6 FA (Lipovenos), or DMEM and subsequently exposed to LPS. IkappaB-alpha and phospho-IkappaB-alpha were determined by Western blotting. NF-kappaB binding was assessed using the electromobility shift assay, and activity was measured using a luciferase reporter vector. RT-PCR and ELISA quantified TNF-alpha mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Pretreatment with omega-3 FA inhibited IkappaB phosphorylation and significantly decreased NF-kappaB activity. Moreover, omega-3-treated cells demonstrated significant decreases in both TNF-alpha mRNA and protein expression by 47 and 46%, respectively. These experiments demonstrate that a mechanism for proinflammatory cytokine inhibition in murine macrophages by omega-3 FA is mediated, in part, through inactivation of the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway secondary to inhibition of IkappaB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Novak
- Laboratories of Surgical Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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