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Pandey MP, Telles de Souza PC, Pezeshkian W, Khandelia H. Bending of a lipid membrane edge by annexin A5 trimers. Biophys J 2024; 123:1006-1014. [PMID: 38486451 PMCID: PMC11052700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane damage occurs in healthy cells and more frequently in cancer cells where high growth rates and metastasis result in frequent membrane damage. The annexin family of proteins plays a key role in membrane repair. Annexins are recruited at the membrane injury site by Ca+2 and repair the damaged membrane in concert with several other proteins. Annexin A4 (ANXA4) and ANXA5 form trimers at the bilayer surface, and previous simulations show that the trimers induce high local negative membrane curvature on a flat bilayer. The membrane-curvature-inducing property of ANXA5 is presumed to be vital to the membrane repair mechanism. A previously proposed descriptive model hypothesizes that ANXA5-mediated curvature force is utilized at the free edge of the membrane at a wound site to pull the wound edges together, resulting in the formation of a "neck"-shaped structure, which, when combined with a constriction force exerted by ANXA6, leads to membrane repair. The molecular details and mechanisms of repair remain unknown, in part because the membrane edge is a transient structure that is difficult to investigate both experimentally and computationally. For the first time, we investigate the impact of ANXA5 near a membrane edge, which is modeled by a bicelle under periodic boundary conditions. ANXA5 trimers induce local curvature on the membrane leading to global bending of the bicelle. The global curvature depends on the density of annexins on the bicelle, and the curvature increases with the ANXA5 concentration until it reaches a plateau. The simulations suggest that not only do annexins induce local membrane curvature, but they can change the overall shape of a free-standing membrane. We also demonstrate that ANXA5 trimers reduce the rate of phosphatidylserine lipid diffusion from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet along the edge of the bicelle. In this way, membrane-bound annexins can potentially delay the apoptotic signal triggered by the presence of phosphatidylserine lipids in the outer leaflet, thus biding time for repair of the membrane hole. Our findings provide new insights into the role of ANXA5 at the edges of the membrane (the injury site) and support the curvature-constriction model of membrane repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Prakash Pandey
- PHYLIFE, Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paulo Cesar Telles de Souza
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, CNRS, UMR 5239, INSERM, U1293, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Centre Blaise Pascal de Simulation et de Modélisation Numérique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Weria Pezeshkian
- Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- PHYLIFE, Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Thadi A, Gleeson EM, Khalili M, Shaikh MF, Goldstein E, Morano WF, Daniels LM, Grandhi N, Glatthorn H, Richard SD, Campbell PM, Sarafraz-Yazdi E, Pincus MR, Bowne WB. Anti-Cancer Tumor Cell Necrosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines Depends on High Expression of HDM-2 Protein in Their Membranes. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:611-624. [PMID: 33067207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with epithelial ovarian cancers experience the highest fatality rates among all gynecological malignancies which require development of novel treatment strategies. Tumor cell necrosis was previously reported in a number of cancer cell lines following treatment with a p53-derived anti-cancer peptide called PNC-27. This peptide induces necrosis by transmembrane pore formation with HDM-2 protein that is expressed in the cancer cell membrane. We aimed to extend these studies further by investigating expression of membrane HDM-2 protein in ovarian cancer as it relates to susceptibility to PNC-27. PROCEDURES Herein, we measured HDM-2 membrane expression in two ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3) and a non-transformed control cell line (HUVEC) by flow cytometric and western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to visualize colocalization of PNC-27 with membrane HDM-2. Treatment effects with PNC-27 and control peptide were assessed using a MTT cell proliferation assay while direct cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and induction of apoptotic markers; annexin V and caspase-3. RESULTS HDM-2 protein was highly expressed and frequently detected in the membranes of SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells; a prominent 47.6 kDa HDM-2 plasma membrane isoform was present in both cell lines whereas 25, 29, and 30 kDa isoforms were preferentially expressed in OVCAR-3. Notably, PNC-27 colocalized with HDM-2 in the membranes of both cancer cell lines that resulted in rapid cellular necrosis. In contrast, no PNC-27 colocalization and cytotoxicity was observed with non-transformed HUVEC demonstrating minimal expression of membrane HDM-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HDM-2 is highly expressed in the membranes of these ovarian cancer cell lines and colocalizes with PNC-27. We therefore conclude that the association of PNC-27 with preferentially expressed membrane HDM-2 isoforms results in the proposed model for the formation of transmembrane pores and epithelial ovarian cancer tumor cell necrosis, as previously described in a number of solid tissue and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Thadi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth M Gleeson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marian Khalili
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mohammad F Shaikh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eve Goldstein
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - William F Morano
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lynsey M Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nikhil Grandhi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Haley Glatthorn
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott D Richard
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul M Campbell
- The Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Cancer Biology Program Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Matthew R Pincus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Wilbur B Bowne
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lawrence YA, Dangott LJ, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Lidbury JA. Proteomic analysis of liver tissue from dogs with chronic hepatitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208394. [PMID: 30500850 PMCID: PMC6267964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is the most common hepatic disease in dogs. Copper accumulation is an important cause of chronic hepatitis in dogs; however, the etiology in most dogs cannot be determined. Clinical signs of chronic hepatitis are often non-specific; therefore, this disease is frequently diagnosed in an advanced stage that makes successful intervention less likely. Early diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in dogs would thus be beneficial. The identification of proteins that are differentially expressed in dogs with chronic hepatitis could contribute to the development of novel diagnostic markers for this disease and provide insight into its pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to identify novel proteins that are differentially expressed in the liver of dogs with chronic hepatitis. Hepatic tissue was collected from 8 healthy dogs during ovariohysterectomy and from 8 dogs with histologically confirmed chronic hepatitis. The proteome of the liver samples was extracted by mechanical disruption and detergent-based cell lysis and differentially labeled prior to analysis by 2-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Spots with an absolute fold change value > 2.0 were selected for further analysis. Protein identification was achieved by nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Differential expression of select proteins was validated by Western blot. Five protein spots were differentially expressed between patients with chronic hepatitis and healthy control dogs. From these 5 protein spots 11 proteins were identified. Differential expression of cytokeratin 18 and annexin 5 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Differential protein expression was shown between dogs with chronic hepatitis and healthy control dogs. Upregulation of cytokeratin 18 in chronic hepatitis may suggest increased hepatocellular apoptosis and necrosis, whereas upregulation of annexin 5A suggests increased hepatocellular apoptosis. Further studies are needed to determine whether either protein has diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Lawrence
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lawrence J. Dangott
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Wang H, Wu Z, Li S, Hu K, Tang G. Synthesis and evaluation of a radiolabeled bis-zinc(II)-cyclen complex as a potential probe for in vivo imaging of cell death. Apoptosis 2018; 22:585-595. [PMID: 28084570 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The exposition of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the cell membrane is associated with most cell death programs (apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, etc.), which makes PS an attractive target for overall cell death imaging. To this end, zinc(II) macrocycle coordination complexes with cyclic polyamine units as low-molecular-weight annexin mimics have a selective affinity for biomembrane surfaces enriched with PS, and are therefore useful for detection of cell death. In the present study, a 11C-labeled zinc(II)-bis(cyclen) complex (11C-CyclenZn2) was prepared and evaluated as a new positron emission tomography (PET) probe for cell death imaging. 11C-CyclenZn2 was synthesized by methylation of its precursor, 4-methoxy-2,5-di-[10-methyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-tricarboxylic acid tri-tert-butyl ester] phenol (Boc-Cyclen2) with 11C-methyl triflate as a prosthetic group in acetone, deprotection by hydrolysis in aqueous HCl solution, and chelation with zinc nitrate. The cell death imaging capability of 11C-CyclenZn2 was evaluated using in vitro cell uptake assays with camptothecin-treated PC-3 cells, biodistribution studies, and in vivo PET imaging in Kunming mice bearing S-180 fibrosarcoma. Starting from 11C-methyl triflate, the total preparation time for 11C-CyclenZn2 was ~40 min, with an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 12 ± 3% (based on 11C-CH3OTf, n = 10), a radiochemical purity of greater than 95%, and the specific activity of 0.75-1.01 GBq/μmol. The cell death binding specificity of 11C-CyclenZn2 was demonstrated by significantly different uptake rates in camptothecin-treated and control PC-3 cells in vitro. Inhibition experiments for 18F-radiofluorinated Annexin V binding to apoptotic/necrotic cells illustrated the necessity of zinc ions for zinc(II)-bis(cyclen) complexation in binding cell death, and zinc(II)-bis(cyclen) complexe and Annexin V had not identical binding pattern with apoptosis/necrosis cells. Biodistribution studies of 11C-CyclenZn2 revealed a fast clearance from blood, low uptake rates in brain and muscle tissue, and high uptake rates in liver and kidney, which provide the main metabolic route. PET imaging using 11C-CyclenZn2 revealed that cyclophosphamide-treated mice (CP-treated group) exhibited a significant increase of uptake rate in the tumor at 60 min postinjection, compared with control mice (Control group). The results indicate that the ability of 11C-CyclenZn2 to detect cell death is comparable to Annexin V, and it has potential as a PET tracer for noninvasive evaluation and monitoring of anti-tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET-CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Kongzhen Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET-CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET-CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
A useful feature of therapeutic antibodies is the ability to kill the cells to which they bind. Antibodies are capable of mediating cell killing in a variety of ways. Apoptosis, complement-mediated mechanisms, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity are all effects that can be assayed to characterize lead antibody candidates. Extensive, multidose characterizations of a series of candidates can be performed in a short amount of time using assays developed for high-throughput flow cytometry systems. Here, we describe a simple multiplexed flow assay performed using Annexin V and propidium iodide that measures an early marker of apoptosis. When cells enter apoptosis, phosphatidyl serine (PS), which is normally found on the inside of the cytoplasmic membrane, is found on the extracellular surface of the membrane, thus revealing Annexin V-binding sites. Because binding of Annexin V to PS is calcium dependent, the buffers used for this assay must contain 1 mm calcium. The calcium dependence can also be used to test whether the Annexin V staining is specific. Thus, if the staining is performed in the presence of 1 mm EDTA, binding of Annexin V should be inhibited. The addition of propidium iodide allows subsequent stages of apoptosis and eventual cell death to be distinguished. For flow cytometry, this assay is best performed on suspension cells.
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Liu K, Zhao X, Gu J, Wu J, Zhang H, Li Y. Effects of 12C6+ heavy ion beam irradiation on the p53 signaling pathway in HepG2 liver cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:989-998. [PMID: 29036263 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy ion beam is considered to be the ideal source for radiotherapy. The p53 tumor suppressor gene senses DNA damage and transducts intracellular apoptosis signals. Previous reports showed that the heavy ion beam can trigger complex forms of damage to cellular DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of HepG2 human liver cancer cells; however, the mechanisms remains unclear fully. In order to explore whether the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway participates this process, HepG2 cells were treated with 12C6+ HIB irradiation at doses of 0 (control), 1, 2, 4, and 6 Gy with various methods employed to understand relevant mechanisms, such as detection of apoptosis, cell cycle, and Fas expression by flow cytometry, analysis of apoptotic morphology by electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy, and screening differentially expressed genes relating to p53 signaling pathway by PCR-array assay following with any genes confirmed by western blot analysis. This study showed that 12C6+ heavy ion beam irradiation at a dose of 6 Gy leads to endogenous DNA double-strand damage, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis of human HepG2 cells via synergistic effect of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Differentially expressed genes in the p53 signaling pathway related to DNA damage repair, apoptosis, cycle regulation, metastasis, deterioration and radioresistance were also discovered. Consequently, the expressions of Fas, TP53BP2, TP53AIP1, and CASP9 were confirmed upregulated after 12C6+ HIB irradiation treatment. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the mechanisms of inhibition and apoptosis induced by 12C6+ heavy ion beam irradiation on HepG2 cancer cells is mediated by initiation of the biological function of p53 signaling pathway including extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinke Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Heavy Ion Irradiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Heavy Ion Irradiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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González FB, Calmon-Hamaty F, Nô Seara Cordeiro S, Fernández Bussy R, Spinelli SV, D'Attilio L, Bottasso O, Savino W, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Villar SR, Pérez AR. Trypanosoma cruzi Experimental Infection Impacts on the Thymic Regulatory T Cell Compartment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004285. [PMID: 26745276 PMCID: PMC4706328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of regulatory T cells in the course of Trypanosoma cruzi infection is still debated. We previously demonstrated that acute murine T. cruzi infection results in an impaired peripheral CD4+Foxp3+ T cell differentiation due to the acquisition of an abnormal Th1-like phenotype and altered functional features, negatively impacting on the course of infection. Moreover, T. cruzi infection induces an intense thymic atrophy. As known, the thymus is the primary lymphoid organ in which thymic-derived regulatory T cells, known as tTregs, differentiate. Considering the lack of available data about the effect of T. cruzi infection upon tTregs, we examined tTreg dynamics during the course of disease. We confirmed that T. cruzi infection induces a marked loss of tTreg cell number associated to cell precursor exhaustion, partially avoided by glucocorticoid ablation- and IL-2 survival factor depletion. At the same time, tTregs accumulate within the CD4 single-positive compartment, exhibiting an increased Ki-67/Annexin V ratio compared to controls. Moreover, tTregs enhance after the infection the expression of signature markers (CD25, CD62L and GITR) and they also display alterations in the expression of migration-associated molecules (α chains of VLAs and chemokine receptors) such as functional fibronectin-driven migratory disturbance. Taken together, we provide data demonstrating profound alterations in tTreg compartment during acute murine T. cruzi infection, denoting that their homeostasis is significantly affected. The evident loss of tTreg cell number may compromise the composition of tTreg peripheral pool, and such sustained alteration over time may be partially related to the immune dysregulation observed in the chronic phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Belén González
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Flavia Calmon-Hamaty
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Synara Nô Seara Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Innovations in Therapy, Teaching and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fernández Bussy
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvana Virginia Spinelli
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luciano D'Attilio
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Oscar Bottasso
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvina Raquel Villar
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Immunology of Rosario (IDICER CONICET-UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail: ,
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Abstract
The number of investigators using cell death analysis applications has greatly expanded since the introduction of flow cytometry. The Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) method is among the most commonly used procedures and allows users to determine if cells are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic, based on changes in membrane lipid composition, integrity, and permeability. Unfortunately, PI can intercalate into RNA, in addition to DNA, which contributes to a large number of events showing PI staining within the cytoplasmic compartment. We show that this occurs across a broad range of animal primary cells and commonly used cell lines, and is most prevalent in large cells (nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio <0.5). Any cellular system where RNA levels change throughout an experiment will be particularly affected, such as those that utilize virally infected cells. As two examples, we highlight our recent work on cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an RNA virus, and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a DNA virus. Similarly, these issues are relevant to experimental systems where cells have increased RNA content such as during genotoxic stress, following exposure to cell cycle arrest drugs such as thymidine or hydroxyurea, or where developmental progression promotes discrete changes in cellular RNA synthesis. This chapter outlines a modified Annexin V/PI method that addresses cytoplasmic RNA staining issues to allow for accurate assessment of cell death. This protocol takes advantage of an additional cellular permeability caused by fixation to promote RNase A entry into the cell. Based on our observations, cell morphological parameters are well maintained and less than 5 % of total cellular events exhibit cytoplasmic PI staining under this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aja M Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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张 翠, 李 月, 王 晶, 李 凯. [The Supernatant Obtained from Cultured Anip973 Cells Enhances the Biological Activities of HUVEC]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi 2015; 18:668-73. [PMID: 26582221 PMCID: PMC6000310 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Unlike normal tissue-derived microvascular endothelial cells, tumor microvessel endothelial cells are highly reactive to growth factors and exhibit more adhesion molecules. Thus, vascular tumors are highly permeable and grow vigorously; this occurrence results in rapid growth and metastasis cancer cells. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment guides anti-angiogenic therapy. To this end, we explore the effect of the supernatant obtained from cultured Anip973 cells (high-metastatic human lung adenocarcinoma cells) on the biological behavior and on the cell surface markers of the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC). METHODS The HUVEC that was cultured in a medium (RPMI-1640 + 10% fetal bovine serum) containing various concentrations of Anip973 supernatants was categorized into experimental groups. The HUVEC cultured in a medium without Anip973 supernatants served as the control group. Proliferation was determined with CCK-8; blood vessel formation was investigated with three-dimensional culture techniques in vitro; and HUVEC migration was observed via transwell assay. At the same time, the expressions of CD105, CD31, and the apoptotic marker of Annexin V were detected through flow cytometry for analyzing the relationship between the expression of cell surface markers and biological behavior. RESULTS Following incubation with the supernatant obtained from cultured Anip973 cells, HUVEC proliferated more than the control group did, and the proliferation rate was maximized when incubated in a supernatant concentration of 250 μL/mL for 24 h (P=0.002). In addition, the experimental groups exhibited varying degrees of migration and forms of vascular lumen sample structure, especially at supernatant concentrations of 125 µL/mL (P<0.001) and 250 µL/mL (P=0.002), respectively. CD105 expression was optimized at 250 μL/mL (P=0.028), and CD31 expression also increased with an increase in concentration. However, the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased. Correlation analysis results showed that cell proliferation, migration, and CD105 expression were significantly and positively correlated with one another. By contrast, no significant correlation was detected between CD31 expression and biological behavior. CONCLUSIONS Anip973 supernatants can promote HUVEC proliferation and migration, as well as angiogenesis. In addition, cell surface markers can change concurrently and relatively. To a certain extent, changes in CD105 expression can be attributed to shifts in its biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- 翠翠 张
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院肺部肿瘤内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市“肿瘤防治”重点实验室,天津市肺癌诊治中心Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Centre, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 月雅 李
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院肺部肿瘤内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市“肿瘤防治”重点实验室,天津市肺癌诊治中心Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Centre, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 晶 王
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院肺部肿瘤内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市“肿瘤防治”重点实验室,天津市肺癌诊治中心Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Centre, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 凯 李
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院肺部肿瘤内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市“肿瘤防治”重点实验室,天津市肺癌诊治中心Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Centre, Tianjin 300060, China
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Leone A, Angelova Volponi A, Uzzo ML, Spatola GF, Jurjus A, Vandevska-Radunovic V. Dental pulp in mature replanted human teeth: morphological alterations and metalloproteineses-2 and -9, Annexin-5, BCL-2 and iNOS modulation. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2015; 29:961-967. [PMID: 26753662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tooth replantation, as a treatment concept, has been subject to controversies regarding the mechanism as well as the various parameters underlying this process. This work aimed to study time-related changes in the pulp of replanted mature human premolars through the changes in the levels of certain factors involved in the underlying mechanisms of pulpal tissue healing after replantation. Eleven experimental mature teeth were extracted, immediately replanted in the original socket and left without any other intervention for 1, 2, 3 and 12 weeks before re-extraction. Three premolars served as control. All specimens were subject to histological analysis and the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, Annexin V, iNOS and BCL-2 (anti-apoptotic family) were analyzed employing immunohistochemistry. The results showed degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammatory cell infiltrate, loss in pulpo-dentine interface and loss of odontoblasts in the dental pulp tissue. This was accompanied by increase over time of MMP-9, Annexin V, iNOS and a decrease of BCL-2 and MMP-2, suggesting that apoptosis increased throughout the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Kings College, London, UK
| | - A Angelova Volponi
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Kings College, London, UK
| | - M L Uzzo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G F Spatola
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut Lebanon
| | - V Vandevska-Radunovic
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Nguyen PK, Lee WH, Li YF, Hong WX, Hu S, Chan C, Liang G, Nguyen I, Ong SG, Churko J, Wang J, Altman RB, Fleischmann D, Wu JC. Assessment of the Radiation Effects of Cardiac CT Angiography Using Protein and Genetic Biomarkers. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015. [PMID: 26210695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether radiation exposure from cardiac computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is associated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and whether damage leads to programmed cell death and activation of genes involved in apoptosis and DNA repair. BACKGROUND Exposure to radiation from medical imaging has become a public health concern, but whether it causes significant cell damage remains unclear. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in 67 patients undergoing cardiac CTA between January 2012 and December 2013 in 2 U.S. medical centers. Median blood radiation exposure was estimated using phantom dosimetry. Biomarkers of DNA damage and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, whole genome sequencing, and single cell polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The median dose length product was 1,535.3 mGy·cm (969.7 to 2,674.0 mGy·cm). The median radiation dose to the blood was 29.8 mSv (18.8 to 48.8 mSv). Median DNA damage increased 3.39% (1.29% to 8.04%, p < 0.0001) and median apoptosis increased 3.1-fold (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.4- to 5.1-fold, p < 0.0001) post-radiation. Whole genome sequencing revealed changes in the expression of 39 transcription factors involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, and DNA repair. Genes involved in mediating apoptosis and DNA repair were significantly changed post-radiation, including DDB2 (1.9-fold [IQR: 1.5- to 3.0-fold], p < 0.001), XRCC4 (3.0-fold [IQR: 1.1- to 5.4-fold], p = 0.005), and BAX (1.6-fold [IQR: 0.9- to 2.6-fold], p < 0.001). Exposure to radiation was associated with DNA damage (odds ratio [OR]: 1.8 [1.2 to 2.6], p = 0.003). DNA damage was associated with apoptosis (OR: 1.9 [1.2 to 5.1], p < 0.0001) and gene activation (OR: 2.8 [1.2 to 6.2], p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Patients exposed to >7.5 mSv of radiation from cardiac CTA had evidence of DNA damage, which was associated with programmed cell death and activation of genes involved in apoptosis and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Nguyen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Veterans Administration Palo Alto, Palo Alto, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yong Fuga Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Wan Xing Hong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Shijun Hu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Charles Chan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Grace Liang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ivy Nguyen
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jared Churko
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jia Wang
- Environmental Health and Safety, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Dominik Fleischmann
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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12
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Zhang W, Liang Z. [Comparison between annexin V-FITC/PI and Hoechst33342/PI double stainings in the detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 30:1209-1212. [PMID: 25374090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the merits and demerits of annexin V-FITC/PI and Hoechst33342/PI double stainings in the detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry. METHODS Hoechst33342/PI and annexin V-FITC/PI double stainings were performed to detect the apoptosis of thymocytes induced by DEX and K562 cells induced by H(2)O(2). RESULTS The anenxin V-FITC/PI double staining was able to detect the cell apoptosis in both DEX-induced thymocytes and H(2)O(2)-induced K562 cells as predicted, and the cell plotting was consistent with the principle of the method. Hoechest33342/PI double staining was able to detect cell apoptosis in the DEX-induced thymocytes, but this method showed a contradictory result in the early stage of H(2)O(2)-induced K562 cell apoptosis, and the cell plotting was in conflict with the principle of the method. CONCLUSION Compared with annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, the method of Hoechst33342/PI double staining in the detection of apoptosis by flow cytometry has some limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Cell Engineering Centre, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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13
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Chan S, Chen MP, Cao JM, Chan GCF, Cheung YF. Carvedilol protects against iron-induced microparticle generation and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Acta Haematol 2014; 132:200-10. [PMID: 24662949 DOI: 10.1159/000356808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) have been shown to associate with endothelial dysfunction. We explored the effect of iron on EMP generation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the potential protective effect of carvedilol. METHODS FeCl 3 was added to HUVEC culture. Iron entry into cells was monitored using fluorescent microscopic imaging, while the quantity of EMPs that was released was determined by flow cytometry. The apoptosis of HUVECs was assessed by annexin V/propidium iodide assay and caspase-3 expression. Membrane bleb formation was visualized using electron microscopy. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also monitored. The effects of beta-blockers, carvedilol and propranolol on these processes were determined by co-incubation in a dose-dependent manner. Iron entry into HUVECs was not blocked by either beta-blocker. Iron induced the generation of EMPs, the formation of membrane blebs, the apoptosis of HUVECs and the production of ROS, each in a dose-dependent manner. Carvedilol, but not propranolol, ameliorated all of these processes. RESULTS Our result indicates that iron induces EMP generation and apoptosis of endothelial cells in association with increased oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The protective effects of carvedilol, via its antioxidant effect, may have therapeutic potential in patients with iron overload.
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Eckmann DM, Tsai IY, Tomczyk N, Weisel JW, Composto RJ. Hyaluronan and dextran modified tubes resist cellular activation with blood contact. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 108:44-51. [PMID: 23524078 PMCID: PMC3646946 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of thin film hyaluronic acid and dextran surface coatings to blunt cellular activation in a laboratory model of extracorporeal blood circulation. The inner lumen surface of polyurethane (PU) and poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) tubing was grafted with hyaluronic acid and dextran. Surfaces were characterized for the presence of the grafted layer using ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Persistence of the surface layer was maintained for up to 5 days of continuous exposure to shear flow using a Chandler loop apparatus. The Chandler loop method was used to study human whole blood activation activity. Whole blood aggregometry and flow cytometry measures of CD18, CD62L, CD62P, Annexin V and myeloperoxidase performed on blood samples exposed to the tubing for up to three hours were complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of adherent cells and state of activation. In these studies commercial hospital products and uncoated PVC and PU tubes were used as controls. We found that hyaluranized PU and PVC conferred the greatest resistance to blood activation and that dextranization of the PU and PU tubing also provided significant diminution of the bioresponses measured. Based on our findings, we suggest that surface coating with hyaluronic acid or dextran acts as a potent shield from blood cellular activation during forms of extracorporeal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The characterization of the quality and quantity of cell death has gained substantial interest over the past decades. More recently necroptosis as a programmed form of necrosis has been identified as an important additional form of cell death with relevance in the skin. Understanding how to assay cell death in specific is of critical importance for cancer research and treatment. Here we describe six different methods that can be used to assay cell viability and to study the quality or quantity of cultured human keratinocytes in vitro. These methods include crystal violet assay, hypodiploidy analysis, caspase-8 cleavage, release of HMGB1, annexin V/propidium iodide co-staining, and Hoechst/SYTOX green co-staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Makarov
- Section of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Prado-Alvarez M, Flórez-Barrós F, Sexto-Iglesias A, Méndez J, Fernandez-Tajes J. Effects of okadaic acid on haemocytes from Mytilus galloprovincialis: a comparison between field and laboratory studies. Mar Environ Res 2012; 81:90-93. [PMID: 23000349 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of Mytilus galloprovincialis, contaminated with Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins, were studied with the aim to correlate the okadaic acid (OA) body burden and the percentage of damaged haemocytes by quantifying annexin V positive cells by flow cytometry. Results showed less percentage of damaged haemocytes in high OA contaminated samples. These data were compared with results of in vitro assays of mussel haemocytes exposed to increased concentrations of OA. Similarly, haemocytes exposed to the most concentrated OA solution were less damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prado-Alvarez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Campus A Zapateira s/n, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Yang TJ, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Verheij M. Anticancer therapy and apoptosis imaging. Exp Oncol 2012; 34:269-276. [PMID: 23070012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Early response prediction is considered an essential tool to obtain a more customized anticancer treatment because it allows for the identification of patients who will benefit most from a particular therapy and prevents the exposure of those patients to toxic, non-effective regimens. Recent discoveries of novel markers in functional imaging have created exciting opportunities for in vivo visualization and quantification of cell death. This review will focus on in vivo apoptosis imaging with various radiotracers as predictive tools for tumor response after anticancer therapy. Particular focus will be on annexin V imaging, a technique with the largest clinical experience to date. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later".
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, USA
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18
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Demchenko AP. The change of cellular membranes on apoptosis: fluorescence detection. Exp Oncol 2012; 34:263-268. [PMID: 23070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The strong plasma membrane asymmetry existing in living cells is lost on apoptosis, and it is commonly detected with the probes interacting strongly and specifically with phosphatidylserine (PS). This phospholipid becomes exposed to the cell surface, and the labeled annexin V is used for its detection. The requirement for early and Ca(2+)-independent detection of apoptosis in the formats of spectroscopy of cell suspensions, flow cytometry, microarray technology and confocal or two-photon microscopy stimulated efforts for the development of new methods. Since the PS exposure must produce integrated changes of electrostatic potential and hydration in the outer leaflet of cell membrane, its detection can be provided by direct response of smart fluorescence probes. This review is focused on basic mechanisms underlying the loss of membrane asymmetry during apoptosis and the principles lying in the background of new methods that demonstrate essential advantages over the annexin V-binding assay. The convenient wavelength-ratiometric technique based on fluorescent probe F2N12S is described in detail. It incorporates spontaneously into outer leaflet of cell membrane and the color change of its fluorescent emission associated with apoptosis can be easily detected. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Apoptosis: Four Decades Later".
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Demchenko
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, Kiev 01030, Ukraine.
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Namkung J, Song JY, Jo HH, Kim MR, Lew YO, Donahoe PK, MacLaughlin DT, Kim JH. Mullerian inhibiting substance induces apoptosis of human endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3224-30. [PMID: 22761458 PMCID: PMC6287505 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is produced in Sertoli cells of fetal testis and causes regression of müllerian ducts in male embryos. MIS also can induce the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in müllerian duct-derived tumors in vivo and in vitro. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the expression of MIS type II receptor (MISR II) and whether MIS can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in primary cultures of endometrial stromal cells (ESC) of endometriosis. DESIGN AND SETTINGS In vitro experiments were performed in the university research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Tissue samples from 12 patients who had undergone evisceration for ovarian endometrial cysts were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The expression of MISR II in ESC was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The cell viability and apoptosis in ESC treated with MIS was measured by methylthiazoletetrazolium assay and annexin V analysis. The expression of regulatory proteins in ESC treated with MIS was shown by Western blotting. RESULTS ESC showed specific immunostaining for the MISR II. ESC treated with MIS exhibited 32% growth inhibition (P = 0.0001). The changes in cell cycle distribution after MIS exposure at 72 h demonstrated that S and G(2)M phases were decreased; G(0)G(1) and sub-G(0)G(1) phases were increased. ESC treated with MIS showed 13.72% annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate positivity. In the ESCs, which contain defective p16, MIS increased the expression of pocket proteins p107 and p130 and decreased E2F transcription factor 1. CONCLUSIONS The results support a central role for MIS in endometriosis. Although the precise mechanism of MIS-mediated inhibition of ESC growth has not been fully defined, these data suggest that MIS has activity against ESC in vitro and may also be an effective targeted therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Namkung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Nutakul W, Sobers HS, Qiu P, Dong P, Decker EA, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on human colon cancer cells: a side-by-side comparison. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:10964-10970. [PMID: 21936500 PMCID: PMC3201709 DOI: 10.1021/jf202846b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene (two structurally related stilbene compounds) on three human colon cancer cells were systematically compared. Cell viability tests indicated that IC(50) values of pterostilbene were 2-5-fold lower than those of resveratrol in all three cancer cells. Pterostilbene was also more potent in inhibiting colony formation of all three cancer cells. Annexin V/propidium iodide costaining assay and Western blotting analysis showed pterostilbene had a stronger apoptosis-inducing effect, which was evidenced by the higher percentage of annexin V positive cells and higher levels of cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins in cancer cells treated with pterostilbene compared with resveratrol. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that intracellular levels of pterostilbene were 2-4-fold higher than those of resveratrol after treatments with individual compounds at the same concentration. Overall, the results demonstrated that pterostilbene had more potent inhibitory effects on colon cancer cells than resveratrol, which may be associated with the superior bioavailability of pterostilbene to resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasamon Nutakul
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Peiju Qiu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao Shandong, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eric Andrew Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Fujita H, Sakuma R, Tomiyama J, Hamaki T, Ohwada A, Nishimura S. Relationship between clotting activity and phosphatidylserine expression on erythrocyte membranes in polycythemia vera patients with the JAK2 V617F mutation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2011; 117:231-5. [PMID: 21539404 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2011.571262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycythemia vera (PV) accompanies the clinical course of thrombosis. Phosphatidylserine (PS) expression on the plasma membrane has been known to be one of place where the coagulation system activates. We studied the relationship between clotting factor activity and PS expression on the erythrocyte membrane in patients with erythrocytosis. METHODS The coagulation test and PS expression in 23 patients with erythrocytosis were measured. PS expression was determined indirectly by measuring annexin V binding to erythrocytes using fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis (FACS). RESULTS The activity of clotting factors (II, V, VII, VIII, von Willebrand factor, IX, X) was significantly lower in PV than in the mutation-negative erythrocytosis. There was a significant correlation between reduced activity of clotting factors such as V, X, and IX and increased PS expression of the erythrocyte membrane. CONCLUSION Increased expression of PS on the erythrocyte membrane may reduce the activities of clotting factors in PV patients with JAK2 V617F mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujita
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, 4-23-15 Koutoubashi, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8575, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Lynch AL, Slaater NKH. Mediated trehalose un-loading for reduced erythrocyte osmotic fragility and phosphatidylserine translocation. Cryo Letters 2011; 32:415-424. [PMID: 22020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, high concentrations of intracellular trehalose (>200mM) were employed to enhance the cryoprotection and desiccation protection of human erythrocytes. However, significant challenges must be overcome if this advancement is to be translated into clinical practice. It is here demonstrated that 247 ± 5 mM intracellular trehalose caused the lysis of 60 ± 2 percent of erythrocytes upon resuspension in PBS of physiological osmolality (300 mOsm) and caused surviving cells to swell up to 140 ± 2 percent of isotonic cell volume. Trehalose loaded cells also exhibited 24 ± 1 percent incidence of phosphatidylserine translocation upon resuspension in 300 mOsm PBS, likely due to loading induced cell swelling. Un-loading of trehalose from erythrocytes using the membrane-permeabilizing biopolymer PP-50 was investigated as a technique to mitigate these damaging effects. After erythrocyte un-loading from 247 ± 5 mM to 39 ± 2 mM intracellular trehalose, cell lysis at 300 mOsm PBS was reduced from 60 ± 2 percent to 17 ± 3 percent. Un-loading also reduced cellular incidence of PS translocation in resuspended cells from 24 ± 1 percent to 13 ± 1 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lynch
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Samarghandian S, Afshari JT, Davoodi S. Chrysin reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in the human prostate cancer cell line pc-3. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1073-9. [PMID: 21808878 PMCID: PMC3129972 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000600026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Honey is a common household product with many medicinal uses described in traditional medicine. Only recently has its antioxidant properties and preventive effects against disease been highlighted. Chrysin is a natural flavone commonly found in honey that has been shown to be an antioxidant agent. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of honey and chrysin on cultured human prostate cancer cells. METHODS Cells were cultured in RPMI medium and treated with different concentrations of honey and chrysin for three consecutive days. Cell viability was quantitated by the 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate. RESULTS The MTT assay revealed that both compounds had an antiproliferative effect on PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values for honey and chrysin against PC-3 cells were 2.5% and 24.5% after 48 h and 1.8% and 8.5% after 72 h, respectively. Chrysin induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells, as determined by flow cytometry. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that honey has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells and the effects are mainly due to chrysin. Therefore, chrysin may be a potential compound for both cancer prevention and treatment. Further in vivo investigation is needed to support the use of chrysin in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kasimsetty SG, Bialonska D, Reddy MK, Ma G, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:2180-2187. [PMID: 20112993 DOI: 10.1021/jf903762h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate juice derived ellagitannins and their intestinal bacterial metabolites, urolithins, inhibited TCDD-induced CYP1-mediated EROD activity in vitro with IC(50) values ranging from 56.7 microM for urolithin A to 74.8 microM for urolithin C. These compounds exhibited dose- and time-dependent decreases in cell proliferation and clonogenic efficiency of HT-29 cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation was mediated through cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M stages of the cell cycle followed by induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that the ellagitannins and urolithins released in the colon upon consumption of pomegranate juice in considerable amounts could potentially curtail the risk of colon cancer development, by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Patlolla A, Knighten B, Tchounwou P. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and apoptosis in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Ethn Dis 2010; 20:S1-72. [PMID: 20521388 PMCID: PMC2902968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have won enormous popularity in nanotechnology. Due to their unusual, one dimensional, hollow nanostructure and unique physicochemical properties they are highly desirable for use within the commercial, environmental and medical sectors. Despite their wide application, little information is known concerning their impact on human health and the environment. While nanotechnology looms large with commercial promise and potential benefit, an equally large issue is the evaluation of potential effects on humans and other biological systems. Our research is focused on cellular response to purified MWCNT in normal human dermal fibroblast cells (NHDF). Three doses (40, 200, 400 microg/mL) of MWCNT and control (tween-80+0.9% saline) were used in this study. Following exposure to MWCNT, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and apoptosis assays were performed using standard protocols. Our results demonstrated a dose-dependent toxicity with MWCNT. It was found to be toxic and induced massive loss of cell viability through DNA damage and programmed cell-death of all doses compared to control. Our results demonstrate that carbon nanotubes indeed can be very toxic at sufficiently high concentrations and that careful monitoring of toxicity studies is essential for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Patlolla
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Noguchi K, Shakuto S, Sakairi T, Yoshida Y. Decrease in prostate specific antigen secretion correlated with docetaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate tumor cells. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2009; 36:1863-1870. [PMID: 19920389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of docetaxel in human prostate tumor cells and correlation between cell-growth inhibition and prostate specific antigen (PSA) secretion were investigated. Cultured human prostate tumor cell lines (LNCaP, DU1 45 and PC-3) were treated with test drugs,after which the number of viable cells and PSA levels in the medium were determined. Apoptosis was assessed by changes in chromatin structure, DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and Annexin V assay. Docetaxel inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion in all cell lines,with IC50 levels from 0.90 to 4.2 nM,which were similar to those of paclitaxel,but more potent than mitoxantrone,estramustine,or cisplatin. Docetaxel-treated cells underwent cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and apoptosis as indicated by chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. In docetaxel-treated LNCaP cells,there was a linear correlation between growth inhibition and the decline in PSA level in the culture medium. It was demonstrated that docetaxel had potent antitumor activity against human prostate tumor cells,and the decrease in cell growth was associated with a decrease in PSA secretion,suggesting that PSA would be a useful biological marker for monitoring the efficacy of docetaxel in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Noguchi
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Preclinical Development, R & D, sanofi-aventis K. K
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Rampias T, Sasaki C, Weinberger P, Psyrri A. E6 and e7 gene silencing and transformed phenotype of human papillomavirus 16-positive oropharyngeal cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:412-23. [PMID: 19276448 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) encode oncoproteins that bind and degrade p53 and retinoblastoma (pRb) tumor suppressors, respectively. We examined the effects of repressing E6 and E7 oncogene expression on the transformed phenotype of HPV16-positive oropharyngeal cancer cell lines. METHODS Human oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer 147T and 090 (harboring integrated HPV16 DNA) and 040T (HPV DNA-negative) cells were infected with retroviruses that expressed a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the HPV16 E6 and E7 genes or a scrambled-sequence control shRNA. Flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated UTP end-labeling assay, and immunoblotting for annexin V were used to assess apoptosis in shRNA-infected cell lines. Biochemical analysis involved quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of p53- and pRb-target gene expression and immunoblotting for p53 and pRb protein expression. RESULTS In 147T and 090 cells, shRNA-mediated inhibition of HPV16 E6 and E7 expression reduced the E6 and E7 mRNA levels by more than 85% compared with control cells that expressed a scrambled-sequence shRNA. E6 and E7 repression resulted in restoration of p53 and pRB protein expression, increased expression of p53-target genes (p21 and FAS), decreased expression of genes whose expression is increased in the absence of functional pRb (DEK and B-MYB), and induced substantial apoptosis in 147T and 090 cells compared with the control shRNA-infected cells (from 13.4% in uninfected to 84.3% in infected 147T cells and from 3.3% in uninfected to 71.2% in infected 090 cells). CONCLUSION Repression of E6 and E7 oncogenes results in restoration of p53 and pRb suppressor pathways and induced apoptosis in HPV16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Rampias
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Laufer EM, Winkens HM, Corsten MF, Reutelingsperger CPM, Narula J, Hofstra L. PET and SPECT imaging of apoptosis in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with radiolabeled Annexin A5. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 53:26-34. [PMID: 19182725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis still represents killer number one in industrialized nations, and is starting to have increased impact in developing countries. Atherosclerotic plaques are the net result of a complex interplay between vascular cholesterol deposition, inflammatory activity and extracellular matrix formation. The result is luminal narrowing of arteries, which may ultimately lead to compromised blood flow to essential body organs, most notoriously to the heart. Most of the cardiovascular events that are caused by atherosclerosis, such as acute myocardial infarction or stroke, are the result of a transition of so-called stable atherosclerotic plaques to vulnerable plaques, that are prone to rupture. The direct consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is exposure of thrombogenic plaque constituents to the blood, leading to instant local thrombus formation. The formation of this localized thrombus may ultimately result in sudden obstruction of blood flow and consequent infarction of distal tissue. Clinical risk profiling methods, such as the Framingham and Procam risk scores, are reasonable predictors of myocardial infarction over a 10-year time-span. However, the challenge remains to identify those patients with a very high risk of suffering from myocardial infarction in the coming months. Imaging may provide the necessary diagnostic information to identify such individuals. The transition of stable atherosclerotic plaques to vulnerable plaques is typically heralded by inflammation, thinning of the overlying fibrous cap, and the presence of a large necrotic core. Apoptosis is linked to all of these features of plaque vulnerability, and may, therefore, provide uniquely useful targets for the identification of plaque vulnerability. In recent years, a number of molecular imaging technologies have been developed to image apoptosis, which will be discussed in this review. Further development of apoptosis imaging technologies may aid us in the years to come in the quest to identify patients with critical cardiovascular risks, to treat myocardial infarction in its imminent, instead of its evident phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Laufer
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Chen S, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Zhou Y. [Preliminary study on apoptosis of DEF cells induced by new type gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV) infection]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:396-400. [PMID: 19035330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics changes of apoptosis of Duck Embryo Fibroblasts (DEF) cells induced by New type gosling viral enteritis virus, NGVEV) were observed by means of HE staining, electron microscopy and Annexin V-FITC/PI fluorescent staining. During 24-48 h post infection (pi), the difference of morphological change between infected DEF cells and the mock infected cells was invisible. At 72 h pi, the nuclear chromatin was getting condensed through HE staining; apoptotic morphological change such as abnormal shape of the nucleus, condensation of the cytoplasm and chromatin were observed under electron microscope; and the early apoptotic cells (Annexin V-FITC positive and PI negative) were detected under fluorescence microscope. At 96-120 h pi, by means of HE staining and electron microscopy, the advanced morphological change of apoptosis such as formation of different kinds of apoptotic bodies, and shrink of the DEF cells and nucleus were detected; under fluorescence microscope the different stages of the apoptotic DEF can be easily distinguished: early apoptotic cells (Annexin V-FITC postive and pi negative), advanced or late apoptotic cells (both Annexin V-FITC and PI positive), necrosis cells or dead cells (Annexin V-FITC negative and PI positive). This investigation shows that NGVEV might induce apoptosis and form characteristic apoptotic morphological changes in the DEF cells. NGVEV inducement of apoptosis may be an important mechanism of efficient dissemination of virus progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, Sichuan, China
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Jiang S, Zu Y, Fu Y, Zhang Y, Efferth T. Activation of the mitochondria-driven pathway of apoptosis in human PC-3 prostate cancer cells by a novel hydrophilic paclitaxel derivative, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylpaclitaxel. Int J Oncol 2008; 33:103-111. [PMID: 18575755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a natural product originally isolated from Taxus brevifolia, belongs to the most successful anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, its poor water solubility represents a considerable disadvantage in clinical use, and novel derivatives with improved pharmacological features are required. We isolated 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylpaclitaxel from Taxus chinensis, which reveals higher water solubility than paclitaxel. This compound induced mitotic cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as measured by flow cytometry, DNA laddering, and transmission electron microscopy. Pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad protein expression was up-regulated and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression down-regulated, which lead to a disturbance of the mitochondrial membrane permeability and to the activation of caspase-9. In turn, caspase-9 activated downstream caspases-3 and -6, but not caspase-8. Bid was also activated by caspase-3. Reversely, treatment with a caspase-10-specific inhibitor could not protect PC-3 cells from 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyl-paclitaxel-triggered apoptosis. Moreover, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylpaclitaxel had no effect on the expression of CD95 and NF-kappaB proteins, indicating that apoptosis was induced through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway in PC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shougang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Foresty Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, P.R. China
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31
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Pickering W, Gray E, Goodall AH, Barrowcliffe TW. Effects of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation on T-lymphoblastoid phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1122-30. [PMID: 18601681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.02957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation has an absolute requirement for macromolecular complexes to be assembled on a negatively charged phospholipid (PL) surface. Previously, we reported that malignant T-lymphoblastoid cells have the ability to support procoagulant activity (PCA) independently of tissue factor by providing such a surface. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of two pathophysiologic processes, apoptosis and lipid peroxidation (LP), on this PL-dependent PCA. METHODS Three different assays for PL-dependent PCA (factor IXa-initiated FXa and thrombin generation and prothrombinase activity) were used to investigate this PCA after exposing three T-lymphoblastoid cell lines to either apoptotic stimuli (1 microM staurosporine) or oxidative stress (4 mm H(2)O(2) and 40 microM CuSO(4)). Surface exposure of anionic PL was measured by flow cytometry using annexin A5(FITC) and an antibody (3G4) specific for native, but not oxidized, phosphatidylserine (PS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Both apoptosis and LP significantly enhanced the PCA of cells, to a level that was greater than that observed following calcium ionophore treatment, suggesting that the increased activity was not solely due to anionic PL exposure. Whereas cells undergoing apoptosis bound both annexin A5(FITC) and 3G4, only annexin A5(FITC) bound to cells undergoing LP. This implies that apoptosis increases PCA by causing the translocation of oxidized/native PS to the outer membrane, whereas LP appears to increase the PCA, possibly due to malondialdehyde adducts altering the net charge on the cell surface, which allows PLs other than PS to participate in thrombin generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pickering
- Biotherapeutics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) has been defined as a clinical and laboratory entity. Laboratory criteria include the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and/or lupus anticoagulant (LA), collectively termed as antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). However, there has been a rising interest in antibodies against so-called protein cofactors, particularly in beta(2)-glycoprotein I. In the early 90s, annexins were considered as target antigens for aPL, but at present the exact role of antibodies against annexins (aANX) remains puzzling. This review is concerned with annexin V or annexin A5 (ANXA5), a widespread member of the annexin family, and antibodies directed towards it. We have endeavoured to summarise essential information about the detection of anti-annexin V antibodies (aANXA5) and their clinical relevance. This review has also brought together some relevant published data concerning the structure, physiological role and therapeutic potential of ANXA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Bozic
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Oya N, Zölzer F, Werner F, Streffer C. Similar Extent of Apoptosis Induction at Doses of X-Rays and Neutrons Isoeffective for Cell Inactivation. Strahlenther Onkol 2008; 184:270-5. [PMID: 18427758 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-008-1806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Oya
- Institute of Medical Radiobiology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
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Robinson Y, Matenov A, Tschöke SK, Weimann A, Oberholzer A, Ertel W, Hostmann A. Impaired erythropoiesis after haemorrhagic shock in mice is associated with erythroid progenitor apoptosis in vivo. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52:605-13. [PMID: 18419713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiply traumatised patients often suffer from blood loss and from subsequent therapy-resistant anaemia, possibly mediated by apoptosis, necrosis, or humoral factors. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms were investigated in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood in a murine resuscitated haemorrhagic shock (HS) model. METHODS In healthy male mice, pressure-controlled HS was induced for 60 min. The BM was analysed for Annexin-V, 7-amino-actinomycin D, apoptotic enzymes (caspases-3/7, -8, and -9), expression of death receptors (CD120a, CD95), mitochondrial proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-x), as well as erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPO-R). Blood cell count, peripheral EPO, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha response were additionally monitored. RESULTS Twenty-four and 72 h after HS, EPO and EPO-R were strongly up-regulated in peripheral blood and BM, respectively. Decreasing numbers of erythroid progenitors in BM after HS correlated with significant apoptotic changes confirmed by increased caspases-3/7, -8, -9 activity in total BM, death receptor CD95 and CD120a expression on erythroid progenitors, and down-regulated mitochondrial Bcl-2 expression in total BM. Erythroid progenitors in peripheral blood were found to be increased after 72 h. CONCLUSION Despite the massive EPO response and up-regulation of EPO-R, BM erythroblasts (EBs) decreased. This could be due to deficient maturation of erythroid progenitors. Furthermore, the increased intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis activation suggests programmed death of erythroid progenitors. We propose that both apoptosis and negatively regulated erythropoiesis contribute to BM dysfunction, while erythroid progenitor egress plays an additional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Robinson
- Centre for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité- Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Chen XY, Zhang QL, Bai B. [Effect of electroacupuncture on mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2008; 33:107-110. [PMID: 18630586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on mitochondrial membrane potential and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex of rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury. METHODS Thirty-six male SD rats were uniformly randomized into sham operation (sham), CI/R and CI/R + EA groups. CI/R model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. EA (2/15 Hz, 1 mA) was applied to "Shuigou" (GV 26) and "Baihui" (GV 20) for 30 min after CI/R. The mitochondrial membrane potential and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex (fronto-parietal lobes) in each group were detected by flow cytometer (FCM). RESULTS In comparison with sham group, the mitochondrial membrane potential of CI/R group decreased significantly (P<0.01), while compared with CI/R group, it increased remarkably in CI/R + EA group (P<0.01). The percentage of neuronal apoptosis in CI/R group was significantly higher than that in sham group (P<0.01), and that of CI/R + EA group was significantly lower than that of CI/R group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION EA can alleviate CI/R injury partially by up-regulating the mitochondrial membrane potential, which may contribute to its effect in reducing cerebral neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an 271000, China.
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Bilir A, Erguven M, Oktem G, Ozdemir A, Uslu A, Aktas E, Bonavida B. Potentiation of cytotoxicity by combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in glioma. Int J Oncol 2008; 32:829-839. [PMID: 18360710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat C6 glioma is a chemo-resistant experimental brain tumor that is difficult to treat with various drug combinations. Previous studies suggested that imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective in pre-clinical trials for glioblastoma. Also, chlorimipramine (Anafranil) is an anti-depressant drug in use in the clinic and shown to have anti-neoplastic activity. We hypothesized that treatment of resistant C6 glioma with combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine may potentiate cytotoxicity and reverse resistance. C6 glioma was examined both as monolayer and as spheroid cultures. Several experimental designs were examined all of which showed synergistic activity albeit at different time kinetics. Combination treatment resulted in inhibition of cell growth and enhanced cell death as determined by dye exclusion. Further, the combination treatment resulted in significant induction of apoptosis as determined by Annexin V-FITC and PI. Also, there was inhibition of DNA synthesis and cAMP. Altogether, these findings supported the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the combination treatment. Morphological studies were also performed using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Significant synergistic apoptosis was detected by the combination treatment in both the monolayers and spheroid cultures. There was also a synergistic effect in autophagy by the combination. Several altered morphological features were noted by both the individual compound and enhanced by the combination treatment. The present findings support our hypothesis and demonstrate the potentiation of cytotoxicity by the combination of imatinib and chlorimipramine in C6 glioma. Further, the findings suggest the potential clinical application of the combination in the treatment of drug-resistant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 34093 Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Dayem M, Basquin C, Navarro V, Carrier P, Marsault R, Chang P, Huc S, Darrouzet E, Lindenthal S, Pourcher T. Comparison of expressed human and mouse sodium/iodide symporters reveals differences in transport properties and subcellular localization. J Endocrinol 2008; 197:95-109. [PMID: 18372236 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The active transport of iodide from the bloodstream into thyroid follicular cells is mediated by the Na+/I- symporter (NIS). We studied mouse NIS (mNIS) and found that it catalyzes iodide transport into transfected cells more efficiently than human NIS (hNIS). To further characterize this difference, we compared (125)I uptake in the transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. We found that the V(max) for mNIS was four times higher than that for hNIS, and that the iodide transport constant (K(m)) was 2.5-fold lower for hNIS than mNIS. We also performed immunocytolocalization studies and observed that the subcellular distribution of the two orthologs differed. While the mouse protein was predominantly found at the plasma membrane, its human ortholog was intracellular in approximately 40% of the expressing cells. Using cell surface protein-labeling assays, we found that the plasma membrane localization frequency of the mouse protein was only 2.5-fold higher than that of the human protein, and therefore cannot alone account for the difference in the obtained V(max) values. We reasoned that the observed difference could also be caused by a higher turnover number for iodide transport in the mouse protein. We then expressed and analyzed chimeric proteins. The data obtained with these constructs suggest that the iodide recognition site could be located in the region extending from the N-terminus to transmembrane domain 8, and that the region between transmembrane domain 5 and the C-terminus could play a role in the subcellular localization of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Dayem
- TIRO, CEA DSV-iBEB-SBTN, CAL, School of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice, France
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Suzuki O, Abe M. Cell surface N-glycosylation and sialylation regulate galectin-3-induced apoptosis in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Oncol Rep 2008; 19:743-748. [PMID: 18288410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a soluble endogenous lectin in vertebrates and is implicated in a variety of biological functions, including tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cancer progression and metastasis. In the present study, we analyzed the role of galectin-3 in apoptosis in human malignant lymphoma. Galectin-3 induced cell death in the HBL-2 human diffuse large B cell lymphoma cell line. A morphological examination and annexin V assays revealed that galectin-3-induced cell death is consistent with apoptosis and swainsonine, a potent inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase II, which catalyzes the synthesis of complex type N-linked oligosaccharides, inhibited galectin-3-induced apoptosis in HBL-2 cells. These results suggest that galectin-3 induces apoptosis in HBL-2 cells by interacting with cell surface N-linked oligosaccharides. Furthermore, treatment of cells with Vibrio Cholerae neuraminidase enhanced galectin-3-induced apoptosis, suggesting that cell surface sialylation regulates galectin-3-induced apoptosis in human B cell lymphoma. In conclusion, our results indicate that galectin-3-induced apoptosis is regulated by cell surface expression of N-glycans and sialic acid in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma. This mechanism may be involved in the malignant behavior of human lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Suzuki
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of the key role of cytochrome C in the activation of caspase 9, intense interest has focused on the role of mitochondria in apoptosis/programmed cell death. Mitochondria undergo two major alterations during apoptosis. The first is the permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane. This event is tightly regulated by members of the Bcl-2 family and involves the conformational change of pro-apoptotic family members such as Bax. Second, the electrochemical gradient that is normally present across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lost (membrane depolarization). This event is sometimes mediated by the permeability transition pore (PTP). The order in which these events occur and whether one causes the other has been hotly debated in the literature. Nonetheless, the majority of reports suggest that mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) precedes membrane depolarization. In this chapter, methods that examine membrane depolarization and the conformational change in Bax are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Knudson
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zali H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Kariminia A, Yousefi R, Shokrgozar MA. Evaluation of growth inhibitory and apoptosis inducing activity of human calprotectin on the human gastric cell line (AGS). Iran Biomed J 2008; 12:7-14. [PMID: 18392090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calprotectin is cytotoxic agent that its anti-tumor effects are governed through suppression of topoisomerase II; a key enzyme in apoptosis. In previous studies, cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of calprotectin are shown on different cancer cell lines, but not human gastric cancer cell lines. In the present study, cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of calprotectin on human gastric adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (AGS) were evaluated. METHODS The AGS cells were exposed to the different concentrations of calprotectin for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell proliferation was assessed using dimethylthiazol diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and dye exclusion tests. For evaluation of cytotoxic mechanism in calprotectin on AGS cells, flow cytometric analysis was performed. RESULTS Our results revealed that calprotectin induces growth inhibition of AGS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results of this investigation showed that sensitivity of AGS cells to cytotoxic effect of human calprotectin was highly remarkable. In addition, growth inhibitory effect of this cytotoxic agent mostly was governed through induction of apoptosis in the AGS cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that calprotectin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in the AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Zali
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Dept. of Mole3Medicine Faculty, Ilam Medical Science University, Ilam; cular Biology, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Dept. of Mole3Medicine Faculty, Ilam Medical Science University, Ilam; cular Biology, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran
- Medicine Faculty, Ilam Medical Science University, Ilam, Tehran, Iran
- 4Asre-Novin Institute of Research and Services, Unit 15, Nariman Building, Kamranyeh Junction, Shaheed-Bahonar Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amina Kariminia
- Dept. of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yousefi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran, Iran
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Wang H, Lu L, Liu D. [Identification of property of nerve fascicles by physical and histochemistry methods]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2008; 22:80-83. [PMID: 18361245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore a method to identify the sensory and motor fascicles in peripheral nerve trunk. METHODS Thirty Wistar rats were selected to obtain whole spine. The spinal ganglion, its dorsal root and ventral root, and sciatic nerve were harvested, Annexin V and Agrin specificities were observed with Western blot. In the experimental group, anterior branch and posterior branch of spinal nerve, sciatic nerve, and its muscular branch and cutaneous branch were harvested from 15 rats to make the observation of immunohistochemistry. In the other 15 rats, first antibody was replaced by PBS as control group. Different nerve fascicles were studied with Micro Raman scattering technique in 16 12-month-old New Zealand rabbits. RESULTS The Annexin V and Agrin were special substances of sensory and motor nerves respectively and can act as specific antigens for identifying different nerve fascicles. There were significant differences in the intensity and breadth of the peak of the spectral properties between motor and sensory fascicles at frequencies of 1,088, 1,276, 1,439, 1,579 and 1,659 cm(-1). The peak intensity ratios of 1,276 to 1,439 cm(-1) were 0.95+/-0.06 in motor nerve fascicles and 1.17+/-0.08 in sensory fascicles, showing significant differences (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The Micro Raman spectra is more effective than immunohistochemistry in identifying different nerve fascicles, and it possesses as feasibility for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, the First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun Jilin, 130021, P. R. China.
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Mukhopadhyay P, Rajesh M, Haskó G, Hawkins BJ, Madesh M, Pacher P. Simultaneous detection of apoptosis and mitochondrial superoxide production in live cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:2295-301. [PMID: 17853886 PMCID: PMC2225540 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Annexin V and Sytox Green are widely used markers to evaluate apoptosis in various cell types using flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Recently, a novel fluoroprobe MitoSOX Red was introduced for selective detection of superoxide in the mitochondria of live cells and was validated for confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. This protocol describes simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial superoxide generation with apoptotic markers (Annexin V and Sytox Green) by both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy in endothelial cell lines. The advantages of the described flow cytometry method over other cell-based techniques are the tremendous speed (1-2 h), exquisite precision and the possibility of simultaneous quantitative measurements of mitochondrial superoxide generation and apoptotic (and other) markers, with maximal preservation of cellular functions. This method combined with fluorescent microscopy may be very useful to reveal important spatial-temporal changes in mitochondrial superoxide production and execution of programmed cell death in virtually any cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratories of Physiological Studies, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Willimott S, Barker J, Jones LA, Opara EI. Apoptotic effect of Oldenlandia diffusa on the leukaemic cell line HL60 and human lymphocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 114:290-299. [PMID: 17936528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oldenlandia diffusa is traditionally prescribed in the treatment of a number of cancers and studies suggest that it exerts a cytotoxic action specific to cancer cells. To further investigate this suggested action, the effect(s) of Oldenlandia diffusa on leukaemic cells (HL60) and stimulated and unstimulated human blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was investigated. For the HL60s, cell growth, apoptotic induction, alterations in cell cycle characteristics and genotoxicity were investigated. For the PBLs, apoptotic induction and alterations in cell cycle characteristics were investigated. Preliminary chemical analysis to identify the cytotoxic constituents of Oldenlandia diffusa was also carried out. Results showed that Oldenlandia diffusa significantly inhibited the growth of the HL60s and induced apoptosis in a cell cycle-independent fashion, possibly through the induction of genotoxic damage. Oldenlandia diffusa did not induce apoptosis in the PBLs however progression through the cell cycle was not evident (in stimulated PBLs) suggesting some degree of cytotoxicity. Preliminary chemical analysis indicated that a number of compounds appear to be responsible for the cytotoxic action of Oldenlandia diffusa. These results indicate that HL60s are more sensitive to Oldenlandia diffusa than stimulated PBLs and thus support a cytotoxic action for Oldenlandia diffusa that has some degree of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Willimott
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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Vallhov H, Gabrielsson S, Strømme M, Scheynius A, Garcia-Bennett AE. Mesoporous silica particles induce size dependent effects on human dendritic cells. Nano Lett 2007; 7:3576-82. [PMID: 17975942 DOI: 10.1021/nl0714785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of mesoporous silica nano- (270 nm) and microparticles (2.5 microm) with surface areas above 500 m2/g were evaluated on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). Size- and concentration-dependent effects were seen where the smaller particles and lower concentrations affected MDDC to a minor degree compared to the larger particles and higher concentrations, both in terms of viability, uptake, and immune regulatory markers. Our findings support the further development of mesoporous silica particles in drug and vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vallhov
- Clinical Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, L2:04, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on 21-day-old C57Bl/6N mice and their Sertoli cell cultures were studied. Mice were given a single dose of 800 mg/kg MEHP by oral gavage and sacrificed 24 h later. At the same time, testes were harvested from another batch of mice for Sertoli cell cultures. Cultures were subsequently exposed to 0, 1, and 100 nmol/ml MEHP for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. An antivimentin antibody was used to detect intermediate filament changes in Sertoli cells. Meanwhile, detection of preapoptotic signals and presence of apoptotic cells were done using annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) and TUNEL (deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) analyses, respectively. In vivo results showed a correlation between the increase in TUNEL-positive cells and the vimentin disruption in treated mice. Toluidine blue staining of the Sertoli cell cultures showed the increased number and size of vacuoles in Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Vimentin immunohistochemistry showed gradual disappearance of vimentin in Sertoli cell cultures as time and dose increased. Some Sertoli cells were found to be annexin V-FITC positive, but no TUNEL-positive cells were found. Taken together, these results show that the appearance of vacuoles and the vimentin disappearance caused by MEHP in the Sertoli cells are related with each other and can be observed in relation to time. This can be used as an indicator of the loss of mechanical support for spermatogenic cells, which in the end causes apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat Wei Tay
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawaguchi W, Itamochi H, Kigawa J, Kanamori Y, Oishi T, Shimada M, Sato S, Shimogai R, Sato S, Terakawa N. Simultaneous inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathways enhances sensitivity to paclitaxel in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:2002-8. [PMID: 17900261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX), one of the key drugs used to treat ovarian cancer, activates the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathways, both considered to be proliferation and cell-survival pathways. The present study aimed to clarify whether and how MEK and PI3K inhibitors affect sensitivity to PTX in ovarian cancer cells. We treated five ovarian cancer cell lines using PTX combined with MEK inhibitor (PD98059 [PD]) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002 [LY]), then assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of phosphorylated (p) MEK and pAkt. We also investigated the effect of combined treatment on survival in a xenograft model. The protein expression levels of MEK, pMEK, Akt, and pAkt were confirmed in all cell lines. pMEK levels increased after PTX treatment in all five ovarian cancer cell lines. Combining PTX with either PD or LY had an additive effect on cell-growth inhibition. In contrast, we observed a synergistic effect when PTX was combined with both PD and LY. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher after treatment with PTX combined with PD and LY, compared with PTX alone or PTX with either PD or LY (P < 0.05). PD with PTX downregulated the protein expression level of pMEK and upregulated pAkt in all five cell lines. Treating nude mice with PTX and PD and LY prolonged survival in an ovarian cancer xenograft model (P < 0.005). These results indicate that further study is warranted for PTX combined with MEK inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor to treat ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakae Kawaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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Zhang CF, Jiang SW, Zhu HQ, Yang YT, Yang ZX, Xu L, Zhao LX, Zhou XW, Huang PT. [Cloning NS1 gene of H5N1 avian influenza virus and apoptosis induced by it in human pulmonary carcinoma cell line A549]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2007; 23:360-365. [PMID: 17969852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The NS1 gene of the H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus was amplified by RT-PCR, and the am-plified product was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pCMV-Myc, then it was transfected into A549 cells. After 48 h, the expression of NS1 was detected by Western blot. Fluorescence and electron microscopy and flow cytometry showed that the NS1 gene of H5N1 avian influenza virus could induce apop-tosis in human pulmonary carcinoma cell line A549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
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Kumagai T, Wakimoto N, Yin D, Gery S, Kawamata N, Takai N, Komatsu N, Chumakov A, Imai Y, Koeffler HP. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (Vorinostat, SAHA) profoundly inhibits the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:656-65. [PMID: 17417771 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes are often silenced in human cancer; this can occur by transcriptional repression by deacetylation in the promoter regions, mediated by histone deacetylase (HDAC). HDAC inhibitors can block cancer cell growth by restoring expression of tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we investigated the effects of a HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on pancreatic cancer cells. SAHA inhibited the growth of 6 pancreatic cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner as measured by MTT and clonogenic assays (ED(50) approximately 10(-6) M) associated with induction of apoptosis, G2 cell cycle arrest and also induced differentiation as indicated by morphology and increased expression of cytokeratin 7. It increased expression of p21(WAF1) (independent of the mutational status of p53), C/EBPalpha, RARalpha and E-cadherin; these genes have been associated with decreased proliferation in other cancers. SAHA decreased cyclin B1 expression; this cyclin normally promotes progression through G2 of the cell cycle. SAHA mediated acetylation of histone H3 globally, as well as, associated with the p21(WAF1) promoter, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. SAHA also decreased levels of c-myc and cyclin D1, independent of an active beta-catenin pathway. In further studies, the combination of SAHA and an inhibitor of DNA methylation, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, had an enhanced antiproliferative effect on pancreatic cancer cells. In summary, SAHA inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, differentiation and cell cycle arrest, as well as increase in the expression of several tumor suppressor genes. SAHA is a novel, promising therapeutic agent for human pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Guo WX, Man XB, Yuan HX, Shi J, Xue J, Wu MC, Cheng SQ. [Proteomic analysis on portal vein tumor thrombus-associated proteins for hepatocellular carcinoma]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87:2094-2097. [PMID: 17988525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comparative proteomic approach was used to analyze proteins relevant to portal vein tumor thrombus forming. METHODS proteins extracted from five pairs of matched primary tumor/tumor thrombus samples in the same patient were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Selected proteins exhibiting statistically significant alternations were identified by mass spectrometry. Western blotting was further performed to examine the expression of the candidate proteins. RESULT There were 20 significant proteins were identified in total, Among the 20 spots, 12 proteins were up-regulated proteins in primary tumor tissue, including Galectin-1, HMGBI, peroxiredoxin 1, Cyclophilin B, PCNA. whereas 8 were up-regulated proteins in tumor thrombus samples, including Annexin V, Triosephosphate Isomerase. Western blotting Confirmed the difference of Annexin V on protein level. CONCLUSION There are many proteins associated with the formation of PVTT in HCC. The overexpression of Annexin V may serve as a biomarker for early detection and therapeutic targets to HCC with PVTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Guo
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Scheper MA, Nikitakis NG, Sauk JJ. Survivin is a downstream target and effector of sulindac-sensitive oncogenic Stat3 signalling in head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 36:632-9. [PMID: 17566705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulindac exerts its antitumorigenic effects in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells by modulating survivin in a Stat3-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein levels of phosphorylated-tyrosine Stat3 (p-tyr Stat3) and survivin in SCC tissues. Western blot, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Annexin-V and cell proliferation assays were used to determine p-tyr Stat3 and survivin protein and mRNA expression, and cell viability following treatment with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, Stat3 siRNA, or the forced expression of Stat3 or survivin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an overexpression of p-tyr Stat3 in T1 SCCs. The importance of constitutive Stat3 activation in tumourigenesis was confirmed by siRNA inhibition of Stat3, resulting in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, via a downregulation of survivin mRNA and protein expression. The forced expression of survivin partially reversed these effects of Stat3 inhibition. Sulindac, but not other COX inhibitors, downregulated Stat3, which correlated to an inhibition of cell proliferation, survival and survivin expression. Transfection of constitutively active Stat3 restored survivin expression and partially rescued SCC cells from sulindac-induced antitumorigenic effects. These data indicate that survivin is a downstream target and effector of oncogenic Stat3 signalling in SCC, which is targeted by sulindac in a COX-2-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Scheper
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Pathology, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Ave. 7 North, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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