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DeWolf SE, Kasimsetty SG, Hawkes AA, Stocks LM, Kurian SM, McKay DB. DAMPs Released From Injured Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Activate Innate Immune Signals in Healthy Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Transplantation 2022; 106:1589-1599. [PMID: 34954736 PMCID: PMC9218002 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) predictably causes acute kidney injury after shock and major cardiovascular procedures in all kidneys procured for transplantation. The earliest events of IRI are triggered by molecules released from injured cells, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), that bind pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutively expressed on many cells within the kidney. Activation of PRR signaling leads to production of proinflammatory molecules, which incite a cascade of inflammatory events leading to acute kidney injury. Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) are particularly susceptible to ischemic injury, and proximal RTEC injury is pathognomonic of renal IRI. To better understand how injured RTECs contribute to the cycle of deleterious inflammation in the setting of renal IRI, this study asked whether DAMPs released from injured RTECs induced PRR signals in healthy RTECs. METHODS Human RTECs were necrosed ex vivo to release intracellular DAMPs and resulting necrotic supernatant used to stimulate healthy RTECs, T lymphocytes, and monocytes. RESULTS DAMPs released from necrosed RTECs upregulated PRRs known to be associated with renal IRI and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated in response to necrotic supernatant, and this upregulation was abrogated by MEK-1 inhibition. The RTEC-derived DAMPs were also potent inducers of T-cell activation/proliferation and monocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to our knowledge to show that endogenous DAMPs released from injured RTECs directly activate PRR signaling in healthy RTECs. These findings provide new insights directed to therapeutics for renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E DeWolf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alana A Hawkes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa M Stocks
- LifeSharing Organ Procurement Organization, San Diego, CA
| | - Sunil M Kurian
- Division of Cell and Organ Transplantion, Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Cell and Organ Transplantion, Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA
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Kasimsetty SG, Hawkes A, Barekatain K, Soo E, Welch AK, McKay DB. TLR2 and NODs1 and 2 cooperate in inflammatory responses associated with renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Transpl Immunol 2020; 58:101260. [PMID: 31760144 PMCID: PMC7041897 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are potent triggers of tissue injury following renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Specific PRRs, such as the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) NOD1 and NOD2 are promising targets to abrogate inflammatory injury associated with renal IRI. Several recent reports have shown there is crosstalk between TLRs and NODs, which might boost inflammatory responses to tissue injury. This study examined the relative roles of TLR2 and NODs 1 and 2 in activation of myeloid cells that contribute to inflammation after renal IRI. We found that TLR2 and NOD1 and 2 signaling induces neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell migration in vitro, however their blockade only decreases neutrophil infiltration into ischemic kidneys. The results of this study suggest that future therapies targeted to innate immune blockade should consider that either TLR2 or NOD1/2 blockade could decrease neutrophil inflammation following an ischemic insult to the kidney, however blockade of these PRRs would not likely impact infiltration of dendritic cells or macrophages. Developing rational approaches that target innate immunity in IRI-induced acute kidney injury requires an understanding of the relative role of PRRs in directing inflammation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alana Hawkes
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, Division of Transplantation, 10660 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Kayvan Barekatain
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Soo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, Division of Transplantation, 10660 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alexander K Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Scripps Clinic and Green Hospital, Division of Transplantation, 10660 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
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Kasimsetty SG, Shigeoka AA, Scheinok AA, Gavin AL, Ulevitch RJ, McKay DB. Lack of Both Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Proteins 1 and 2 Primes T Cells for Activation-Induced Cell Death. J Immunol 2017; 199:1196-1205. [PMID: 28652394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-containing proteins Nod1 and Nod2 play important roles in the innate immune response to pathogenic microbes, but mounting data suggest these pattern recognition receptors might also play key roles in adaptive immune responses. Targeting Nod1 and Nod2 signaling pathways in T cells is likely to provide a new strategy to modify inflammation in a variety of disease states, particularly those that depend on Ag-induced T cell activation. To better understand how Nod1 and Nod2 proteins contribute to adaptive immunity, this study investigated their role in alloantigen-induced T cell activation and asked whether their absence might impact in vivo alloresponses using a severe acute graft versus host disease model. The study provided several important observations. We found that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 primed T cells for activation-induced cell death. T cells from Nod1 × 2-/- mice rapidly underwent cell death upon exposure to alloantigen. The Nod1 × 2-/- T cells had sustained p53 expression that was associated with downregulation of its negative regulator MDM2. In vivo, mice transplanted with an inoculum containing Nod1 × 2-/- T cells were protected from severe graft versus host disease. The results show that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is associated with accelerated T cell death upon alloantigen encounter, suggesting these proteins might provide new targets to ameliorate T cell responses in a variety of inflammatory states, including those associated with bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Alana A Shigeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Andrew A Scheinok
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Amanda L Gavin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard J Ulevitch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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DeWolf SE, Shigeoka AA, Scheinok A, Kasimsetty SG, Welch AK, McKay DB. Expression of TLR2, NOD1, and NOD2 and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells of Male versus Female Mice. Nephron Clin Pract 2017; 137:68-76. [PMID: 28614830 DOI: 10.1159/000456016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-biased outcomes are associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) and human and animal studies have shown that females are preferentially protected from renal ischemia. However, the reason for this is not known. One clue might lie with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are triggers of ischemic injury when ligated by molecules in the ischemic milieu. Several PRR families are expressed by renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs) and incite cell death signaling and production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Blockade of specific PRRs (e.g., TLR2, NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3) provides highly significant protection from ischemic RTE injury. As a first step to understand gender-biased outcomes of AKI, we tested whether constitutive gender-based differences exist in expression of these PRRS in RTEs. METHODS To determine whether PRR expression differences exist, primary RTEs isolated from male and female WT kidneys were examined by FACS, qPCR, and Western Blot for expression of TLR2, NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 inflammasome components. RESULTS No RTE gender-based differences in TLR2, NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, or ASC were found. RTEs from female kidneys had approximately half the mRNA, but the same protein concentration of pro-caspase-1 compared to RTEs isolated from male kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that intrinsic gender differences in RTE expression of TLR2, NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3, and ASC are not responsible for the gender-biased outcomes observed in ischemia/reperfusion injury. The lower caspase-1 mRNA expression in RTEs from females warrants further exploration of additional upstream signals that might differentially regulate caspase-1 in male vs. female RTEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E DeWolf
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kasimsetty SG, DeWolf SE, Shigeoka AA, McKay DB. Regulation of TLR2 and NLRP3 in primary murine renal tubular epithelial cells. Nephron Clin Pract 2014; 127:119-23. [PMID: 25343834 DOI: 10.1159/000363208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are now recognized to be key triggers of injury in a variety of renal diseases. Several families of these receptors are present in the kidney, and recent data suggest that they are differentially expressed and regulated in the kidney. This study evaluated the interaction between two distinct PRRs that are expressed in the kidney, i.e. TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The regulation and activation of these receptors in primary renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells from murine kidneys were evaluated. RTE cells were extracted from WT and NLRP3-mutant mice and treated ex vivo with ligands specific for TLR2 or NLRP3. We found that TLR2 upregulated NLRP3 as well as its substrate IL-1β, and that signaling through the NLRP3 inflammasome induced RTE cell necrosis. The results of this study suggest a previously unknown interaction between TLR2 and NLRP3 in primary RTE cells and highlight the importance of the cross talk that occurs in kidney-related PRRs. Understanding how PRRs are regulated is important for the design of rationale therapeutic strategies to modulate these receptors in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischaemic kidney injury occurs during organ procurement and can lead to delayed graft function or nonviable grafts. The innate immune system is a key trigger of inflammation in renal ischaemia. This review discusses the components of innate immunity known to be involved in renal ischaemic reperfusion injury (IRI). Understanding how inflammatory damage is initiated in renal IRI is important for the development of targeted therapies aimed at preserving the donor organ. RECENT FINDINGS Much remains to be determined about the role of innate immune signalling in renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Recently, discoveries about complement receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes have opened new avenues of exploration. We are also now learning that macrophages, complement and TLR activation may have additional roles in renal repair following IRI. SUMMARY A greater understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to innate immune-mediated renal ischaemic damage will allow for the development of therapeutics targeted to the donor organ. New data suggest that treatment limited to specific receptors on specific cells, or localized to specific regions within the kidney, may provide novel approaches to maximize our use of donor organs, particularly those that may have been discarded due to prolonged preimplantation ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty P Cheung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Bialonska D, Ramnani P, Kasimsetty SG, Muntha KR, Gibson GR, Ferreira D. The influence of pomegranate by-product and punicalagins on selected groups of human intestinal microbiota. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 140:175-82. [PMID: 20452076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the gut bacterial metabolism of pomegranate by-product (POMx) and major pomegranate polyphenols, punicalagins, using pH-controlled, stirred, batch culture fermentation systems reflective of the distal region of the human large intestine. Incubation of POMx or punicalagins with faecal bacteria resulted in formation of the dibenzopyranone-type urolithins. The time course profile confirmed the tetrahydroxylated urolithin D as the first product of microbial transformation, followed by compounds with decreasing number of phenolic hydroxy groups: the trihydroxy analogue urolithin C and dihydroxylated urolithin A. POMx exposure enhanced the growth of total bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., without influencing the Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale group and the C. histolyticum group. In addition, POMx increased concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) viz. acetate, propionate and butyrate in the fermentation medium. Punicalagins did not affect the growth of bacteria or production of SCFA. The results suggest that POMx oligomers, composed of gallic acid, ellagic acid and glucose units, may account for the enhanced growth of probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobroslawa Bialonska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, 38677 University, USA
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Kasimsetty SG, Bialonska D, Reddy MK, Ma G, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:2180-2187. [PMID: 20112993 DOI: 10.1021/jf903762h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate juice derived ellagitannins and their intestinal bacterial metabolites, urolithins, inhibited TCDD-induced CYP1-mediated EROD activity in vitro with IC(50) values ranging from 56.7 microM for urolithin A to 74.8 microM for urolithin C. These compounds exhibited dose- and time-dependent decreases in cell proliferation and clonogenic efficiency of HT-29 cells. Inhibition of cell proliferation was mediated through cell cycle arrest in the G(0)/G(1) and G(2)/M stages of the cell cycle followed by induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that the ellagitannins and urolithins released in the colon upon consumption of pomegranate juice in considerable amounts could potentially curtail the risk of colon cancer development, by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Kasimsetty SG, Bialonska D, Reddy MK, Thornton C, Willett KL, Ferreira D. Effects of pomegranate chemical constituents/intestinal microbial metabolites on CYP1B1 in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:10636-10644. [PMID: 19919114 DOI: 10.1021/jf902716r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP1B1, is an established target in prostate cancer chemoprevention. Compounds inhibiting CYP1B1 activity are contemplated to exert beneficial effects at three stages of prostate cancer development, that is, initiation, progression, and development of drug resistance. Pomegranate ellagitannins/microbial metabolites were examined for their CYP1B1 inhibitory activity in a recombinant CYP1B1-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay. Urolithin A, a microbial metabolite, was the most potent uncompetitive inhibitor of CYP1B1-mediated EROD activity, exhibiting 2-fold selectivity over CYP1A1, while urolithin B was a noncompetitive inhibitor with 3-fold selectivity. The punicalins and punicalagins exhibited potent CYP1A1 inhibition with 5-10-fold selectivity over CYP1B1. Urolithins, punicalins, and punicalagins were tested for their 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced CYP1 inhibitory activity in the 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell line. Urolithins A and B showed a decrease in their CYP1-mediated EROD inhibitory IC50 values upon increasing their treatment times from 30 min to 24 h. Urolithin C, 8-O-methylurolithin A, and 8,9-di-O-methylurolithin C caused a potent CYP1-mediated EROD inhibition in 22Rv1 cells upon 24 h of incubation. Neutral red uptake assay results indicated that urolithin C, 8-O-methylurolithin A, and 8,9-di-O-methylurolithin C induced profound cytotoxicity in the proximity of their CYP1 inhibitory IC50 values. Urolithins A and B were studied for their cellular uptake and inhibition of TCDD-induced CYP1B1 expression. Cellular uptake experiments demonstrated a 5-fold increase in urolithin uptake by 22Rv1 cells. Western blots of the CYP1B1 protein indicated that the urolithins interfered with the expression of CYP1B1 protein. Thus, urolithins were found to display a dual mode mechanism by decreasing CYP1B1 activity and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Khan SI, Ferreira D. Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of Pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:10181-6. [PMID: 19824638 DOI: 10.1021/jf9025794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many health benefits of pomegranate products have been attributed to the potent antioxidant action of their tannin components, mainly punicalagins and ellagic acid. While moving through the intestines, ellagitannins are metabolized by gut bacteria into urolithins that readily enter systemic circulation. In this study, the antioxidant properties of seven urolithin derivatives were evaluated in a cell-based assay. This method is biologically more relevant because it reflects bioavailability of the test compound to the cells, and the antioxidant action is determined in the cellular environment. Our results showed that the antioxidant activity of urolithins was correlated with the number of hydroxy groups as well as the lipophilicity of the molecule. The most potent antioxidants are urolithins C and D with IC(50) values of 0.16 and 0.33 microM, respectively, when compared to IC(50) values of 1.1 and 1.4 microM of the parent ellagic acid and punicalagins, respectively. The dihydroxylated urolithin A showed weaker antioxidant activity, with an IC(50) value 13.6 microM, however, the potency was within the range of urolithin A plasma concentrations. Therefore, products of the intestinal microbial transformation of pomegranate ellagitannins may account for systemic antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobroslawa Bialonska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi 38655, USA
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Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Schrader KK, Ferreira D. The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) byproducts and ellagitannins on the growth of human gut bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:8344-8349. [PMID: 19705832 DOI: 10.1021/jf901931b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of pomegranate products leads to a significant accumulation of ellagitannins in the large intestines, where they interact with complex gut microflora. This study investigated the effect of pomegranate tannin constituents on the growth of various species of human gut bacteria. Our results showed that pomegranate byproducts and punicalagins inhibited the growth of pathogenic clostridia and Staphyloccocus aureus. Probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were generally not affected by ellagitannins, while relatively small growth inhibition by ellagic acid likely resulted from decreasing media quality due to the formation of tannin-protein complexes. The effect of pomegranate ellagitannins on bifidobacteria was species- and tannin-dependent. The growth of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis was slightly inhibited by punicalagins, punicalins, and ellagic acid. POMx supplementation significantly enhanced the growth of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobroslawa Bialonska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
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