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Katz MS, Ooms M, Winnand P, Heitzer M, Bock A, Kniha K, Hölzle F, Modabber A. Evaluation of perfusion parameters of gingival inflammation using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry- a prospective comparative clinical study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:761. [PMID: 37838702 PMCID: PMC10576369 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the values of different perfusion parameters- such as oxygen saturation, the relative amount of hemoglobin, and blood flow- in healthy subjects compared to patients with gingivitis as a non-invasive measurement method. METHODS A total of 114 subjects were enrolled in this study and separated into subjects with gingivitis (50) and without gingivitis (64) based on clinical examination. Gingival perfusion was measured at 22 points in the maxilla and mandible using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry (LDF-TS) with the "oxygen to see" device. All patients underwent measurement of gingival perfusion, followed by the clinical evaluation (measurement of probing depths, evaluation of bleeding on probing, plaque level, and biotype). Perfusion parameters were compared between the groups, associations between the non-invasive and clinical measurements were analyzed, and theoretical optimal cut-off values for predicting gingivitis were calculated with receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS The mean oxygen saturation, mean relative amount of hemoglobin, and mean blood flow all significantly differed between the groups with and without gingivitis (p = 0.005, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The cut-off value for predicting gingivitis was > 40 AU (p < 0.001; sensitivity 0.90, specificity 0.67). CONCLUSIONS As a non-invasive method, LDF-TS can help determine gingival hyperemia. Flow values above 40 AU indicate a higher risk of hyperemia, which can be associated with inflammation. The LDF-TS method can be used for the objective evaluation of perfusion parameters during routine examinations and can signal the progression of hyperperfusion before any change in clinical parameters is observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the institutional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Ethik-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakultät der RWTH Aachen, Decision Number 286/20) and retrospectively registered by the German Clinical Trials Register (File Number DRKS00024048, registered on the 15th of October 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sophie Katz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany.
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Philipp Winnand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Marius Heitzer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Anna Bock
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Kristian Kniha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Frank Hölzle
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Ali Modabber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Komaki S, Ozaki H, Takahashi SS, Wada-Takahashi S, Fushima K. Gingival blood flow before, during, and after clenching, measured by laser Doppler blood flowmeter: A pilot study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:46-52. [PMID: 34509331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effects of the strong occlusal force on the hemodynamics of gingival microcirculation. METHODS Eleven adult volunteers with healthy periodontium and normal occlusion participated in this study. Using a noncontact laser Doppler flowmeter placed at the attached gingiva and the interdental papilla of the maxillary first premolar, changes in gingival blood flow (GBF) were examined during and after clenching. RESULTS When the strong occlusal pressure was applied on the maxillary first premolar by clenching, GBF in the attached gingiva on the buccal side decreased significantly compared with the resting GBF, with medians of 2.3 mL/min/100 g and 5.4 mL/min/100 g, respectively (P <0.05). After the release of the maximum clenching, GBF recovered immediately and transiently increased to a median of 2.4 mL/min/100 g, showing a significant difference to the resting GBF (P <0.05). In contrast, in the interdental papilla, no significant change in GBF was found by clenching. CONCLUSIONS Ischemia of the buccal attached gingiva associated with strong clenching may be due to compression of the vascular network of the periodontal membrane. Through reactive hyperemia resulting from the release of clenching, it is possible not only that blood flow will be restored to the tissue but that the tissue itself may be damaged by the reperfusion. During active orthodontic treatment, it is suggested that occlusal management to prevent occlusal trauma is important to avoid detrimental effects on periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Komaki
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ozaki
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Shun-Suke Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kenji Fushima
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Highly Advanced Stomatology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan.
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Wada-Takahashi S, Hidaka KI, Yoshino F, Yoshida A, Tou M, Matsuo M, Takahashi SS. Effect of physical stimulation (gingival massage) on age-related changes in gingival microcirculation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233288. [PMID: 32433681 PMCID: PMC7239467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in circulatory function with aging may be alleviated by a combination of gingival massage (physical stimulation) and mechanical cleaning. Several studies have reported the systemic effect of physical stimulation on various parts of the body, including its therapeutic effect on pain in the neck and shoulders that becomes evident with age, and improvement in blood circulation. In contrast, few studies have reported on the changes in gingival microcirculation induced by gingival massage, while no previous study has evaluated the effect of gingival microcirculation on age-related changes in the hemodynamics of the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate how gingival massage affects age-related changes in gingival microcirculation. Male Wistar rats (7-week, 6-month and 1-year old) were prepared for a gingival massage group and a control group. Mechanical stimulation was applied on the maxillary molar gingiva for 5 seconds twice a week for 4 weeks. Subsequently, gingival reactive hyperemia was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter. In addition, morphological analyses were also performed by hematoxylin and eosin and Indian ink staining and a vascular resin cast model. Base Flow, maximum response (Peak), and time required for the maximum response to halve (T1/2) were reduced in 1-year-old rats compared with the other age groups. In the mechanical stimulated group, T1/2 was increased in 7-week, 6-month, and 1-year-old rats, and total blood flow (Mass) was increased in 6-month and 1-year-old rats. In addition, clear blood vessel networks and loop-like revascularization were only observed in the mechanical stimulated group. Changes in age-related decline in gingival microcirculatory function and vascular construction were reported in this study, and the results suggested that gingival massage activates both the functional and morphological aspects of gingival microcirculation and may be effective for maintaining oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Wada-Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (SWT); (SST)
| | - Ko-ichi Hidaka
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yoshino
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yoshida
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tou
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuo
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun-suke Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (SWT); (SST)
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Alsrouji MS, Ahmad R, Ibrahim N, Kuntjoro W, Al-Harbi FA, Baba NZ. Blood Flow Alterations in the Anterior Maxillary Mucosa as Induced by Implant-Retained Overdenture. J Prosthodont 2019; 28:373-378. [PMID: 30875139 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood flow disturbance from functional pressure may lead to ischemia and accumulation of metabolites leading to residual ridge resorption (RRR) underneath complete dentures. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of mandibular complete denture (CD) and implant-retained overdenture (IRO) on blood flow disturbance in the opposing denture bearing-mucosa of maxillary CD and to compare the blood flow disturbance to RRR of the anterior maxilla. MATERIALS AND METHODS The test group included 9 participants rehabilitated by maxillary CD opposing mandibular IRO, while the control group consisted of 4 participants with CDs. Blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) after denture removal for 0, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. RRR was quantified as reduction in bone volume a year post-treatment. The measurement of blood flow was then compared to the quantification of RRR. RESULTS The mean blood flow measure for the IRO group was significantly lower than CD after immediate denture removal and 30 minutes later. After 60 minutes, the mean difference was not significant between groups, and at 90 minutes, the mean blood flow of both groups equalized to reach a steady state of 377 BPU. The mandibular IRO had reduced the initial blood flow measure in the opposing anterior maxilla mucosa to almost a quarter (103 BPU) of the steady state value (377 BPU) compared to the CD, which reduced it to only about one half (183 BPU), suggesting greater blood flow disturbance in the IRO group. This result is in tandem with the greater reduction of bone volume observed in the IRO group, which was 7.3 ± 1.3% after a year, almost three times higher than CD group at 2.6 ± 1.7%. CONCLUSION IRO may cause significantly higher blood flow disturbance than CD and may have contributed to greater RRR in the anterior maxilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samih Alsrouji
- Center of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Ahmad
- Center of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sg Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.,Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norliza Ibrahim
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wahyu Kuntjoro
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fahad A Al-Harbi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, Immam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadim Z Baba
- Advanced Education Program in Prosthodontics, Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA
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Shahbazi A, Grimm A, Feigl G, Gerber G, Székely AD, Molnár B, Windisch P. Analysis of blood supply in the hard palate and maxillary tuberosity—clinical implications for flap design and soft tissue graft harvesting (a human cadaver study). Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1153-1160. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Detection of pulsed blood flow through a molar pulp chamber and surrounding tissue in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1121-1132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kouadio AA, Jordana F, Koffi NJ, Le Bars P, Soueidan A. The use of laser Doppler flowmetry to evaluate oral soft tissue blood flow in humans: A review. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 86:58-71. [PMID: 29182953 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to define the conditions for improving the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and to determine the limits for the use of this technique. This article systematically reviews the literature on the evaluation of oral soft tissue blood microcirculation by LDF. We analysed the available literature through October 2016 using the database resources Medline/PubMed, the Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialist Trials Register and the ISI Web of Knowledge. Several points emerged from this literature review The use of LDF involves specific constraints; however, the influence of different factors (temperature, tobacco, pressure etc.) must be adequately controlled when using LDF. LDF measurements of soft tissue within the oral cavity vary depending on the anatomical site. In dentistry, LDF can be used to track healing progress in periodontal surgery and to diagnose vascular flow changes in the connective tissue of mucosae covered by a removable prosthesis at an early stage prior to the onset of clinical inflammation signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayepa Alain Kouadio
- Department of Prosthetic, UIC Odontology, Nantes Dental school 1, Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France; UFR d'Odonto-stomatologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 22 BP 612 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Fabienne Jordana
- Department of Prosthetic, UIC Odontology, Nantes Dental school 1, Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - N'goran Justin Koffi
- UFR d'Odonto-stomatologie, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, 22 BP 612 Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.
| | - Pierre Le Bars
- Department of Prosthetic, UIC Odontology, Nantes Dental school 1, Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Assem Soueidan
- Department of Periodontology, UIC Odontology, Nantes Dental School 1, Place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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Iwuchukwu I, Ardelt A, Cueva W, Reshi R, Goldenberg F, Frank J. Macroglossia associated with brainstem injury. Neurocrit Care 2013; 20:106-10. [PMID: 24002892 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-013-9901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroglossia has been reported in patients undergoing posterior fossa neurosurgical procedures and is thought to be as a result of venous engorgement from intubation or mechanical positioning during these prolonged procedures. METHODS We report three patients who developed macroglossia and dysautonomia of central neurogenic origin following brainstem injury. RESULTS The three patients developed macroglossia and dysautonomia with wide hemodynamic fluctuations in the setting of posterior fossa injury of the lower brainstem structures, necessitating tracheostomy placement. Macroglossia was managed with dexamethasone and there was complete resolution of dysautonomia while treated with beta-blockers and gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS Neurointensivists should be aware of macroglossia with dysautonomia complicating brainstem injury, which may have perilous consequences in the setting of cerebral edema or intracranial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Iwuchukwu
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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Orekhova LY, Barmasheva AA. Doppler flowmetry as a tool of predictive, preventive and personalised dentistry. EPMA J 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23981527 PMCID: PMC3846663 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal lesions are considered a major problem in the global burden of oral diseases due to their high frequency and negative impact on quality of life. Periodontal inflammation is accomplished by a breakdown of microcirculatory function. Early detection of gingival microvessel dysfunction helps diagnose and prevent the progression of initial periodontal pathology. Doppler flowmetry is a useful tool in the diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and management of periodontal patients which allows access not only of gingival blood flow but also of pulpal microcirculation. Doppler flowmeters might help to realise the ultimate target of predictive, preventive and personalised periodontology tailored with respect to the particular patient. This article highlights the main working principles of laser Doppler flowmeters and the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters. The advances in blood flow measurement by ultrasonic flowmetry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Yu Orekhova
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, I,P, Pavlov Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia.
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Milstein DM, Cheung YW, Žiūkaitė L, Ince C, van den Akker HP, Lindeboom JA. An integrative approach for comparing microcirculation between normal and alveolar cleft gingiva in children scheduled for secondary bone grafting procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:304-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the changes in gingival blood flow due to orthodontic forces. Eleven volunteers, with the maxillary canine in an ectopic position were tested. A Laser Doppler Flowmeter (LDF) with a gingival probe was used, registering both the blood flow and temperature of the gingivae. After baseline measurement, a fixed orthodontic appliance was bonded. Measurements were repeated monthly, after activation of the appliance. The study lasted 6 months. The baseline value was 338.7 ± 201.56 P.U. [Perfusion Unit (mean ± S.D.)] which decreased to 218.9 ± 74.83 P.U. (p < 0.05) after two months and the final value of 363.9 ± 194.86 P.U was not significantly different from that initially (p > 0.5). The results showed that application of a force of 75 g resulted in a decrease in gingival blood flow up to 50%, but this returned to previous values after a few months. The study supports this measurement technique as a useful tool for monitoring gingival blood flow in long-term studies as well.
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Gleissner C, Kempski O, Peylo S, Glatzel JH, Willershausen B. Local gingival blood flow at healthy and inflamed sites measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1762-71. [PMID: 17032121 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation aimed to: 1) develop a method to obtain reproducible laser Doppler flow readings (LDFRs) at the gingiva of the maxillary front teeth; 2) evaluate regional gingival blood flow (GBF) in healthy gingiva by laser Doppler flowmetry; 3) compare hand-held LDFR (H-LDFR) with splint LDFR (S-LDFR); and 4) monitor changes in GBF in experimental gingivitis (EG) and chronic gingivitis (CG). METHODS The LDFR, gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were measured at 13 gingival sites (teeth #6 to #11) in 10 healthy volunteers (five males and five females), 23 to 34 years of age, over a period of 12.5 +/- 3.27 days employing a partial-mouth EG model and in 11 patients (three males and eight females), 20 to 63 years or age, with CG. LDFRs were obtained by S-LDFR or H-LDFR. RESULTS H-LDFRs were significantly higher than S-LDFRs (P <0.05). All EG subjects developed gingivitis (PI: 2.77 +/- 0.23; GI: 1.5 +/- 0.53). EG-LDFRs at diseased sites increased slightly but not significantly over the study period. All CG-patients had high plaque and inflammation scores (PI: 2.8 +/- 0.2; GI: 1.63 +/- 0.78). CG-LDFRs at sites with GI >1 were significantly higher than LDFRs at healthy sites (P <0.05). CG-LDFRs were significantly higher than EG-LDFRs at sites with a comparable GI (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS LDFRs are positively correlated with the degree of gingival inflammation. GBF demonstrated significant differences in EG and CG. Modifications of the probe are needed to enhance its clinical applicability in clinical research of periodontal diseases.
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Heckmann JG, Hilz MJ, Hummel T, Popp M, Marthol H, Neundörfer B, Heckmann SM. Oral mucosal blood flow following dry ice stimulation in humans. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10:317-21. [PMID: 11198489 DOI: 10.1007/bf02281116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current pilot study was to establish a procedure that would allow the investigation of microcirculatory changes in the oral cavity. The authors studied the effects of painful stimulation using dry ice (CO2). To investigate potential regional differences in the change of blood flow, recordings were made for the tongue and at the mucosa of the hard palate, lip, and oral vestibule. The authors investigated 26 patients divided into groups of younger subjects (10 men, 3 women; age range 21-31 y) and older patients (2 men, 11 women; age range 54-74 y). Mucosal blood flow (mBF) was obtained at the hard palate, at the tip of the tongue, on the midline of the oral vestibule, and at the lip. Measurements were made during rest and for 2 minutes after application of dry ice for a 10-second duration, using a pencil-shaped apparatus. Blood pressure, heart rate, cutaneous blood flow, transcutaneous partial pressure of carbon dioxiode (PCO2) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) were recorded. Mucosal blood flow increased at all sites in response to application of dry ice (p <0.001), with peak flow at 0.5 minute to 1.5 minutes after onset of stimulation. During the 1.5 minutes to 2 minutes, blood flow decreased at all measurement sites with a tendency to return to baseline. Heart rate, blood pressure, pCO2, PO2, and cutaneous blood flow did not show significant changes. Overall, responses in older patients showed more variance when compared with younger patients. Stimulation by dry ice appears to be an effective, noninvasive, and tolerable means to investigate mucosal blood flow at different mucosal sites. Preliminary data indicate different levels of responsiveness to painful cold stimulation at different sites on the oral and perioral mucosa; particularly, mucosal blood flow response at the tongue was least pronounced. Therefore, assessment of stimulated mucosal blood flow appears to be a promising tool to investigate the pathophysiology of a number of neurologic symptoms, eg, the burning mouth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Heckmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Chu S, Ishikawa H, Kim T, Yoshida S. Analysis of Scar Tissue Distribution on Rat Palates: A Laser Doppler Flowmetric Study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000. [DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0488:aostdo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chu S, Ishikawa H, Kim T, Yoshida S. Analysis of scar tissue distribution on rat palates: a laser Doppler flowmetric study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000; 37:488-96. [PMID: 11034032 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_2000_037_0488_aostdo_2.0.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to discriminate postoperative scar tissue distribution on the palate. METHODS Nineteen male Wistar rats at the 20th postnatal day were divided into experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, lateral palatal mucoperiosteum was excised to form scar tissue on the palate. At the 11th postnatal week, changes in the palatal blood flow were recorded with LDF in both groups by occluding exposed common carotid arteries. Perfusion values of nonoccluded (stable) and occluded states and the ratio of occluded to stable states were compared for scar tissue and normal tissue areas, and also for the normal tissue areas. After the LDF measurements, India ink-injected specimens and tissue sections were prepared for histological observations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Scar tissue areas showed lower perfusion values both in the stable and occluded states, reflecting a lower vascular density in the scar tissue. The ratio of the occluded to stable states was higher in the scar tissue than in the normal tissue areas. In normal tissue areas, perfusion values of both the stable and occluded states appeared to vary, but the ratio did not vary among the areas. In the LDF study, the ratio of the occluded to stable states was considered to be the better parameter for discriminating scar tissue from normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Nicander I, Rozell BL, Rundquist L, Ollmar S. Electrical impedance. A method to evaluate subtle changes of the human oral mucosa. Eur J Oral Sci 1997; 105:576-82. [PMID: 9469608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we mapped the differences in electrical impedance between various anatomical locations in the oral mucosa. We now explore the ability of the impedance technique to detect mild reactions in the buccal mucosa induced by the irritant sodium lauryl sulphate. This substance was applied for 15 min at a concentration of 2% to the mucosa of 26 healthy subjects. A contralateral site was used as a control. Responses were evaluated by measuring electrical impedance before exposure and after removal of the irritant, and also by visual inspection and histology. Magnitude and phase of impedance were determined in the frequency range 1 kHz to 1 MHz at 5 depth settings, and 4 physically distinct indices were calculated from the impedance data. The results showed the response to be at its maximum 5 min after removal of the test chamber, for all indices. These changes were statistically significant, whereas visual and histological alterations were slight or negligible. We conclude that the electrical impedance technique is capable of detecting mucosal changes in the invisible or barely visible range, and that the mucosal response to sodium lauryl sulphate is well characterised by the 4 indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nicander
- Center for Oral Biology, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Thorn JJ, Kallehave F, Westergaard P, Hansen EH, Gottrup F. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on irradiated oral tissues: transmucosal oxygen tension measurements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997; 55:1103-7. [PMID: 9331234 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study measured the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on transmucosal oxygen tension in irradiated human oral mucosa. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten patients received 30 dives of HBO as part of their treatment for mandibular osteoradionecrosis. A noninvasive, nonheated oxygen electrode was used to measure the tissue surface transmucosal oxygen tension directly on the attached gingiva. Measurements were done before, during, and after HBO treatment. The normal level of gingival surface transmucosal oxygen tension was measured in five healthy volunteers. RESULTS During HBO treatment, the transmucosal oxygen tension increased significantly after five dives of HBO (P < .05). After 30 dives, the increases were from a mean of 50% to a mean of 86% of the transmucosal oxygen tension of normal healthy gingiva. CONCLUSION An increase in the transmucosal oxygen tension is based on neo-angiogenesis. Patients with subischemic tissues, such as the study population with postirradiation mucosal and osseous necrosis, therefore may benefit from treatment with HBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Thorn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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