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Long LJ, Lee PH, Small EM, Hillyer C, Guo Y, Osley MA. Regulation of UV damage repair in quiescent yeast cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 90:102861. [PMID: 32403026 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-growing quiescent cells face special challenges when repairing lesions produced by exogenous DNA damaging agents. These challenges include the global repression of transcription and translation and a compacted chromatin structure. We investigated how quiescent yeast cells regulated the repair of DNA lesions produced by UV irradiation. We found that UV lesions were excised and repaired in quiescent cells before their re-entry into S phase, and that lesion repair was correlated with high levels of Rad7, a recognition factor in the global genome repair sub-pathway of nucleotide excision repair (GGR-NER). UV exposure led to an increased frequency of mutations that included C->T transitions and T > A transversions. Mutagenesis was dependent on the error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase, Pol zeta, which was the only DNA polymerase present in detectable levels in quiescent cells. Across the genome of quiescent cells, UV-induced mutations showed an association with exons that contained H3K36 or H3K79 trimethylation but not with those bound by RNA polymerase II. Together, the data suggest that the distinct physiological state and chromatin structure of quiescent cells contribute to its regulation of UV damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Long
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Po-Hsuen Lee
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Cory Hillyer
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mary Ann Osley
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Keller B, Zölzer F, Kiefer J. Mutation induction in haploid yeast after split-dose radiation exposure. II. Combination of UV-irradiation and X-rays. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 43:28-35. [PMID: 14743343 DOI: 10.1002/em.10206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Split-dose protocols can be used to investigate the kinetics of recovery from radiation damage and to elucidate the mechanisms of cell inactivation and mutation induction. In this study, a haploid strain of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wild-type with regard to radiation sensitivity, was irradiated with 254-nm ultraviolet (UV) light and then exposed to X-rays after incubation for 0-6 hr. The cells were incubated either on nutrient medium or salt agar between the treatments. Loss of reproductive ability and mutation to canavanine resistance were measured. When the X-ray exposure immediately followed UV-irradiation, the X-ray survival curves had the same slope irrespective of the pretreatment, while the X-ray mutation induction curves were changed from linear to linear quadratic with increasing UV fluence. Incubations up to about 3 hr on nutrient medium between the treatments led to synergism with respect to cell inactivation and antagonism with respect to mutation, but after 4-6 hr the two treatments acted independently. Incubation on salt agar did not cause any change in the survival curves, but there was a strong suppression of X-ray-induced mutation with increasing UV fluence. On the basis of these results, we suggest that mutation after combined UV and X-ray exposure is affected not only by the induction and suppression of DNA repair processes, but also by radiation-induced modifications of cell-cycle progression and changes in the expression of the mutant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Keller
- Strahlenzentrum der Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany.
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Yu S, Teng Y, Lowndes NF, Waters R. RAD9, RAD24, RAD16 and RAD26 are required for the inducible nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the transcribed and non-transcribed regions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFA2 gene. Mutat Res 2001; 485:229-36. [PMID: 11267834 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(01)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of a prior UV irradiation on the removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) from the transcribed strand (TS) and non-transcribed strand (NTS) of the MFA2 gene in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) cells was investigated. In NER competent cells, the pre-irradiation with a dose of 20J/m2 enhances the removal of CPDs induced by a second UV dose of 100J/m2 in the TS and the NTS of MFA2 gene except for the CPDs in the region +258 to +298 in the NTS, where the enhanced repair was absent. No inducible repair was observed in rad9, rad24, rad16 and rad26 cells, indicating two checkpoint genes RAD9 and RAD24, the global repair gene RAD16 and the transcription coupled repair gene RAD26 are essential for inducible NER.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Swansea, UK
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Keszenman DJ, Carmen Candreva E, Nunes E. Cellular and molecular effects of bleomycin are modulated by heat shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 2000; 459:29-41. [PMID: 10677681 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(99)00056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To study some mechanisms underlying the stress responses in eukaryotic cells, we investigated the effect of heat shock (HS) on the induction of DNA double strand breaks as well as on potentially lethal and mutagenic events induced by the radiomimetic antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Haploid wild-type yeast cells in the logarithmic phase of growth were exposed to different concentrations of BLM (0-30 microg/ml, 1.5 h) without and with a previous HS (38 degrees C, 1 h). Immediately after treatments, survival as well as mutation frequency were determined, and quantitative analysis of chromosomal DNA by laser densitometry were performed both immediately after treatments and after incubation of cells during different time intervals in liquid nutrient medium free of BLM. Our results indicate that HS induces resistance to potentially lethal and mutagenic effects of BLM. Quantitative analysis of chromosomal DNA performed immediately after treatments showed the same DNA fragmentation, either upon BLM as single agent or preceded by HS. However, HS pretreated cells incubated during 4 h in liquid nutrient medium free of BLM repaired DNA double strand breaks more efficiently as compared to non-pretreated cells. On this basis, we propose that the observed HS-induced resistance to BLM depends on a regulatory network acting after DNA-induced damage, which includes genes involved in DNA repair, HS response and DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Keszenman
- Dipartamento de Biofisica, LOBBM, Facultad de Medicina, Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Morey NJ, Greene CN, Jinks-Robertson S. Genetic analysis of transcription-associated mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2000; 154:109-20. [PMID: 10628973 PMCID: PMC1460922 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of transcription are associated with elevated mutation rates in yeast, a phenomenon referred to as transcription-associated mutation (TAM). The transcription-associated increase in mutation rates was previously shown to be partially dependent on the Rev3p translesion bypass pathway, thus implicating DNA damage in TAM. In this study, we use reversion of a pGAL-driven lys2DeltaBgl allele to further examine the genetic requirements of TAM. We find that TAM is increased by disruption of the nucleotide excision repair or recombination pathways. In contrast, elimination of base excision repair components has only modest effects on TAM. In addition to the genetic studies, the lys2DeltaBgl reversion spectra of repair-proficient low and high transcription strains were obtained. In the low transcription spectrum, most of the frameshift events correspond to deletions of AT base pairs whereas in the high transcription strain, deletions of GC base pairs predominate. These results are discussed in terms of transcription and its role in DNA damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Morey
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Ye N, Bianchi MS, Bianchi NO, Holmquist GP. Adaptive enhancement and kinetics of nucleotide excision repair in humans. Mutat Res 1999; 435:43-61. [PMID: 10526216 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(99)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An adaptive response, low doses of a mutagen rendering cells more able to subsequently cope with higher doses of that or a related challenging mutagen, enhances nucleotide excision repair in human fibroblasts. After fibroblasts were flashed with 20 J/m2 of UVC, the cyclopyrimidine dimer frequency at any single dinucleotide position remained unchanged for several hours before abruptly displaying first order kinetics of repair. These kinetics were determined by ligation-mediated PCR along exon 9 of the human p53 gene. When a chronic dose of quinacrine mustard (QM) preceded the UVC challenge, the duration of the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) repair lags were reduced by a factor of three and the kinetic half-lives for CPD repair were reduced by a factor of three. The observed repair kinetics are consistent with the following model. The UVC dose required (K(m)) to generate a substrate concentration which half-saturates the cell's repair capacity is 3 J/m2 for the high affinity (6-4) photoproducts and greater than 100 J/m2 for the low affinity cyclobutane dimers. After 20 J/m2 of UVC, the repair enzyme is saturated with (6-4) photoproducts; these competitively inhibit CPD repair by binding all available repair enzyme. After the (6-4)s are repaired, the CPD concentration is less than K(m)(CPD) and so CPD repair kinetics initiate with first order kinetics. QM-induced enhancement, by increasing the concentration, Vmax, of repair enzyme, shortens the duration of (6-4) saturation and increases the rate constant for cyclobutane dimer repair. The data exactly fit the expectations from Michaelis kinetics. Transcription coupled repair is less amenable to Michaelis interpretations and enhanced global repair was almost as rapid as the slightly enhanced transcription coupled repair. We infer that repair enhancement is unable to proportionally increase the number of matrix attachment sites necessary for transcription coupled repair. Understanding competitive inhibition between adduct classes and adaptive enhancement of Vmax is important to understanding the effects of high doses of mutagen mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ye
- Beckman Research Institute, Department of Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Møller P, Wallin H. Adduct formation, mutagenesis and nucleotide excision repair of DNA damage produced by reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation product. Mutat Res 1998; 410:271-90. [PMID: 9630671 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(97)00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are formed constantly in living organisms, as products of the normal metabolism, or as a result of many different environmental influences. Here we review the knowledge of formation of DNA damage, the mutations caused by reactive oxygen species and the role of the excision repair processes, that protect the organism from oxidative DNA damage. In particular, we have focused on recent studies that demonstrate the important role of nucleotide excision repair. We propose two major roles of nucleotide excision repair as 1) a backup when base excision repair of small oxidative lesions becomes saturated, and as 2) a primary repair pathway for DNA damage produced by lipid peroxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Møller
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Lerso Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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