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Guibert N, Barlesi F, Descourt R, Léna H, Besse B, Beau-Faller M, Mosser J, Pichon E, Merlio JP, Ouafik L, Guichard F, Mastroianni B, Moreau L, Wdowik A, Sabourin JC, Lemoine A, Missy P, Langlais A, Moro-Sibilot D, Mazières J. Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Lung Cancer Harboring Multiple Molecular Alterations: Results from the IFCT Study Biomarkers France. J Thorac Oncol 2017; 12:963-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Paz-Ares L, Soulières D, Moecks J, Bara I, Mok T, Klughammer B. Pooled analysis of clinical outcome for EGFR TKI-treated patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1519-39. [PMID: 25100284 PMCID: PMC4190899 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) appear to gain particular benefit from treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) if their disease tests positive for EGFR activating mutations. Recently, several large, controlled, phase III studies have been published in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation-positive tumours. Given the increased patient dataset now available, a comprehensive literature search for EGFR TKIs or chemotherapy in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC was undertaken to update the results of a previously published pooled analysis. Pooling eligible progression-free survival (PFS) data from 27 erlotinib studies (n = 731), 54 gefitinib studies (n = 1802) and 20 chemotherapy studies (n = 984) provided median PFS values for each treatment. The pooled median PFS was: 12.4 months (95% accuracy intervals [AI] 11.6-13.4) for erlotinib-treated patients; 9.4 months (95% AI 9.0-9.8) for gefitinib-treated patients; and 5.6 months (95% AI 5.3-6.0) for chemotherapy. Both erlotinib and gefitinib resulted in significantly longer PFS than chemotherapy (permutation testing; P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively). Data on more recent TKIs (afatinib, dacomitinib and icotinib) were insufficient at this time-point to carry out a pooled PFS analysis on these compounds. The results of this updated pooled analysis suggest a substantial clear PFS benefit of treating patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC with erlotinib or gefitinib compared with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (HUVR, US and CSIC) and Hospital Universitario Virgen del RocioSeville, Spain
| | - Denis Soulières
- Département de Médecine, Service d'hémato-oncologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Joachim Moecks
- Department Bio-Mathematics, BIOMCON GmbHMannheim, Germany
| | - Ilze Bara
- Global Medical Affairs Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche LtdBasel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Mok
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales HospitalHong Kong, China
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Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma harboring ALK rearrangements detected by FISH, IHC, and RT-PCR. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101551. [PMID: 24992725 PMCID: PMC4081522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EML4-ALK is a new driver gene of non-small cell lung cancer and a target of crizotinib. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of ALK rearrangements in a large cohort of patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma and to analyze the association of ALK rearrangements with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes. The roles of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Ventana immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the detection of ALK rearrangements were evaluated. The ALK rearrangement was detected in 430 specimens from individual patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma using FISH and Ventana IHC based on tissue microarrays. The EGFR status was detected in all of the specimens through DNA sequencing. An RT-PCR was performed on 200 of the specimens and confirmed by sequencing. Of the 430 patients, 46 (10.7%) harbored ALK rearrangements. The ALK rearrangements were associated with a younger age and the EGFR wild type in comparison with ALK-negative patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the Ventana IHC were 100% and 98.2%, respectively, and the concordance rate between the FISH and the Ventana IHC was 98.4%. The sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 95.5% and 87.0%, respectively, and the concordance rate between the FISH and the RT-PCR was 89.0%. The Cox analysis indicated that an early stage and EGFR-activating mutations were independently associated with a longer OS. This study demonstrated that ALK rearrangements are associated with a younger age and the EGFR wild type rather than with other clinicopathological factors. Although the FISH and Ventana IHC have better concordance, and RT-PCR is a more sensitive method and can identify different variants or partners, the IHC and RT-PCR need to be further evaluated in clinical trials to identify their roles in guiding patients’ targeted therapy using crizotinib.
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Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor treatment resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: biological basis and therapeutic strategies. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:339-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cortot AB, Younes M, Martel-Planche G, Guibert B, Isaac S, Souquet PJ, Commo F, Girard P, Fouret P, Brambilla E, Hainaut P, Soria JC. Mutation of TP53 and alteration of p14(arf) expression in EGFR- and KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Lung Cancer 2013; 15:124-30. [PMID: 24169260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lung adenocarcinoma, inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 may abrogate a safeguard mechanism preventing the development of tumors with activating mutations in EGFR or KRAS. To assess this hypothesis, we analyzed TP53 mutations and downregulation of p14(arf), a negative regulator of p53 activated by oncogenic signals, in a retrospective series of 96 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. PATIENTS AND METHODS Mutations in TP53 (exons 4-9), KRAS (exon 1), and EGFR (exons 18-21) were identified by direct sequencing of DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resected tumors. Expression of p14(arf) was semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS TP53, KRAS, and EGFR mutations were detected in 42 of 93 (45.2%), 15 of 95 (15.8%), and 31 of 90 (34.4%) cases, respectively. Low p14(arf) expression was observed in 19 of 91 cases (20.9%). Disruption of the p53/p14(arf) pathway (defined as TP53 mutation or decreased p14(arf) expression, or both) was observed in 18 of 31 EGFR-mutated (58.1%) tumors and in 9 of 13 KRAS-mutated (69.2%) tumors. CONCLUSION Inactivation of the p53/p14(arf) pathway is common but not systematic in EGFR- or KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinomas. Our work highlights the need to better investigate the association between EGFR and KRAS mutations and alterations in tumor suppressor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis B Cortot
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France; Thoracic Oncology Department, Lille University Hospital, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Mohamad Younes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Clinical Research Unit and Department of Pharmacology, Saint-Antoine University of Medicine, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoit Guibert
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sylvie Isaac
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Souquet
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Frédéric Commo
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM Unit 981, University Paris-South, France
| | - Philippe Girard
- Thorax Department, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Fouret
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Institut Albert Bonniot, INSERM U823 and Department of Pathology, Hôpital Albert Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; INSERM Unit 981, University Paris-South, France
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Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer is often diagnosed at the metastatic stage, with median survival of just 1 year. The identification of driver mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as the primary oncogenic event in a subset of lung adenocarcinomas led to a model of targeted treatment and genetic profiling of the disease. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors confer remission in 60% of patients, but responses are short-lived. The pre-existing EGFR Thr790Met mutation could be a subclonal driver responsible for these transient responses. Overexpression of AXL and reduced MED12 function are hallmarks of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Crosstalk between signalling pathways is another mechanism of resistance; therefore, identification of the molecular components involved could lead to the development of combination therapies cotargeting these molecules instead of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor monotherapy. Additionally, novel biomarkers could be identified through deep sequencing analysis of serial rebiopsies before and during treatment.
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Gridelli C, Peters S, Sgambato A, Casaluce F, Adjei AA, Ciardiello F. ALK inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:300-6. [PMID: 23931927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic agents that target protein products of oncogenes in tumors are playing an increasing clinical role in the treatment of cancer. Currently, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent the standard of care for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring activating EGFR mutations. Subsequently other genetic abnormalities with "driver" characteristics - implying transforming and tumor maintenance capabilities have been extensively reported in several small distinct subsets of NSCLC. Among these rare genetic changes, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements, most often consisting in a chromosome 2 inversion leading to a fusion with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4 (EML4) gene, results in the abnormal expression and activation of this tyrosine kinase in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. This rearrangement occurs in 2-5% of NSCLC, predominantly in young (50 years or younger), never- or former-smokers with adenocarcinoma. This aberration most commonly occurs a independently of EGFR and KRAS gene mutations. A fluorescent in situ hybridization assay was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the standard method for the detection of ALK gene rearrangement in clinical practice and is considered the gold standard. Crizotinib, a first-in-class dual ALK and c-MET inhibitor, has been shown to be particularly effective against ALK positive NSCLC, showing dramatic and prolonged responses with low toxicity, predominantly restricted to the gastro-intestinal and visual systems, and generally self-limiting or easily managed. However, resistance to crizotinib inevitably emerges. The molecular mechanisms of resistance are currently under investigation, as are therapeutic approaches including crizotinib-based combination therapy and novel agents such as Hsp90 inhibitors. This review aims to present the current knowledge on this fusion gene, the clinic-pathological profile of ALK rearranged NSCLC, and to review the existing literature on ALK inhibitors, focusing on their role in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, "S.G. Moscati" Hospital, Avellino, Italy.
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Gainor JF, Varghese AM, Ou SHI, Kabraji S, Awad MM, Katayama R, Pawlak A, Mino-Kenudson M, Yeap BY, Riely GJ, Iafrate AJ, Arcila ME, Ladanyi M, Engelman JA, Dias-Santagata D, Shaw AT. ALK rearrangements are mutually exclusive with mutations in EGFR or KRAS: an analysis of 1,683 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4273-81. [PMID: 23729361 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements define a distinct molecular subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, several case reports and small series have reported that ALK rearrangements can overlap with other oncogenic drivers in NSCLC in crizotinib-naïve and crizotinib-resistant cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We reviewed clinical genotyping data from 1,683 patients with NSCLC and investigated the prevalence of concomitant EGFR or KRAS mutations among patients with ALK-positive NSCLC. We also examined biopsy specimens from 34 patients with ALK-positive NSCLC after the development of resistance to crizotinib. RESULTS Screening identified 301 (17.8%) EGFR mutations, 465 (27.6%) KRAS mutations, and 75 (4.4%) ALK rearrangements. EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements were mutually exclusive. Four patients with KRAS mutations were found to have abnormal ALK FISH patterns, most commonly involving isolated 5' green probes. Sufficient tissue was available for confirmatory ALK immunohistochemistry in 3 cases, all of which were negative for ALK expression. Among patients with ALK-positive NSCLC who acquired resistance to crizotinib, repeat biopsy specimens were ALK FISH positive in 29 of 29 (100%) cases. Secondary mutations in the ALK kinase domain and ALK gene amplification were observed in 7 of 34 (20.6%) and 3 of 29 (10.3%) cases, respectively. No EGFR or KRAS mutations were identified among any of the 25 crizotinib-resistant, ALK-positive patients with sufficient tissue for testing. CONCLUSIONS Functional ALK rearrangements were mutually exclusive with EGFR and KRAS mutations in a large Western patient population. This lack of overlap was also observed in ALK-positive cancers with acquired resistance to crizotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pallis A, Syrigos K. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC. Lung Cancer 2013; 80:120-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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