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Kohno M, Dennis LE, McCready H, Hoffman WF. Dopamine dysfunction in stimulant use disorders: mechanistic comparisons and implications for treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:220-229. [PMID: 34117366 PMCID: PMC8664889 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine system deficiencies and associated behavioral phenotypes may be a critical barrier to success in treating stimulant use disorders. Similarities in dopamine dysfunction between cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder but also key differences may impact treatment efficacy and outcome. This review will first compare the epidemiology of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder. A detailed account of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties associated with each drug will then be discussed, with an emphasis on effects on the dopamine system and associated signaling pathways. Lastly, treatment results from pharmacological clinical trials will be summarized along with a more comprehensive review of the involvement of the trace amine-associated receptor on dopamine signaling dysfunction among stimulants and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milky Kohno
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Laura E. Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Holly McCready
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William F. Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA,Research & Development Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Mental Health Division, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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2
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The allosteric dopamine D1 receptor potentiator, DETQ, ameliorates subchronic phencyclidine-induced object recognition memory deficits and enhances cortical acetylcholine efflux in male humanized D1 receptor knock-in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 361:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:255-270. [PMID: 29428394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate, are first-line pharmacotherapies for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aims to educate physicians regarding differences in pharmacology and mechanisms of action between amphetamine and methylphenidate, thus enhancing physician understanding of psychostimulants and their use in managing individuals with ADHD who may have comorbid psychiatric conditions. A systematic literature review of PubMed was conducted in April 2017, focusing on cellular- and brain system-level effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate. The primary pharmacologic effect of both amphetamine and methylphenidate is to increase central dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which impacts executive and attentional function. Amphetamine actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) inhibition, and monoamine oxidase activity inhibition. Methylphenidate actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, agonist activity at the serotonin type 1A receptor, and redistribution of the VMAT-2. There is also evidence for interactions with glutamate and opioid systems. Clinical implications of these actions in individuals with ADHD with comorbid depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and sleep disturbances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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4
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Striatal phosphodiesterase 10A availability is altered secondary to chronic changes in dopamine neurotransmission. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2016; 1:3. [PMID: 29564380 PMCID: PMC5843803 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-016-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is an important regulator of
nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. However, little is known on the
effect of alterations in DA neurotransmission on PDE10A availability. Here, we
used [18F]JNJ42259152 PET to measure changes in PDE10A
availability, secondary to pharmacological alterations in DA release and to
investigate whether these are D1- or
D2-receptor driven. Results Acute treatment of rats using D-amphetamine (5 mg, s.c. and 1 mg/kg
i.v.) did not result in a significant change in PDE10A BPND
compared to baseline conditions. 5-day D-amphetamine treatment (5 mg/kg, s.c.)
increased striatal PDE10A BPND compared to the baseline
(+24 %, p = 0.03). Treatment with the selective
D2 antagonist SCH23390 (1 mg/kg) and D-amphetamine decreased PDE10A binding
(-22 %, p = 0.03). Treatment with only SCH23390
further decreased PDE10A binding (-26 %, p = 0.03). No significant alterations in PDE10A mRNA levels were
observed. Conclusions Repeated D-amphetamine treatment significantly increased PDE10A
binding, which is not observed upon selective D1 receptor
blocking. This study suggests a potential pharmacological interaction between
PDE10A enzymes and drugs modifying DA neurotransmission. Therefore, PDE10A binding
in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders might be modulated by chronic
DA-related treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41181-016-0005-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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5
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Vanhanen J, Kinnunen M, Nuutinen S, Panula P. Histamine H3 receptor antagonist JNJ-39220675 modulates locomotor responses but not place conditioning by dopaminergic drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1143-53. [PMID: 25308376 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brain histaminergic system is involved in the regulation of the dopaminergic circuitry. The role of histamine H3 receptor (H3R) in behaviors linked to amphetamine addiction and other behaviors induced by dopaminergic compounds has remained unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study whether H3R antagonist JNJ-39220675 inhibits amphetamine-induced stimulation and reward. The effects of JNJ-39220675 on dopamine D2-like receptor (D2R-like) agonist quinpirole-induced behaviors were also investigated in order to clarify whether the possible effects of H3R antagonists are D2R-like dependent. METHODS The effects of JNJ-39220675 on amphetamine and quinpirole-induced behavioral responses in mice were studied assessing the locomotor activation after both acute and repeated administrations of amphetamine and quinpirole. The place conditioning paradigm was also used as a measure of reward or aversion. RESULTS JNJ-39220675 inhibited amphetamine-induced stimulation acutely but not after repeated administrations. Amphetamine (2 mg/kg) induced conditioned place preference that was not affected by either of the tested doses of JNJ-39220675 (1 and 10 mg/kg). Quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) induced conditioned place aversion to which the pretreatment by JNJ-39220675 (10 mg/kg) had no effect. In repeated administration, JNJ-39220675 did, however, inhibit quinpirole-induced tolerance to hypokinesia. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that although H3R antagonists inhibit ethanol reward, they may not possess the same ability on psychostimulants, such as amphetamine. However, if H3R antagonists will become clinically available, it is of importance that these compounds potentiate neither the rewarding nor aversive effects of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Vanhanen
- Neuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Jafari S, Huang XF, Andrews JL, Fernandez-Enright F. In vivo pharmacological evaluations of novel olanzapine analogues in rats: a potential new avenue for the treatment of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80979. [PMID: 24349027 PMCID: PMC3859487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (Olz) is one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs commonly used for treating schizophrenia. Unfortunately, Olz administration is associated with severe weight gain and metabolic disturbances. Both patients and clinicians are highly interested in the development of new antipsychotics which are as effective as atypical antipsychotics but which have a lower propensity to induce metabolic side effects. In the present study, we examined two new derivatives of Olz; OlzEt (2-ethyl-4-(4'-methylpiperazin-1'-yl)-10Hbenzo[b]thieno[2,3-e][1,4]diazepine), and OlzHomo (2-ethyl-4-(4'-methyl-1',4'-diazepan-1'-yl)-10H-benzo[b]thieno[2,3-e] [1,4]diazepine), for their tendency to induce weight gain in rats. Weight gain and metabolic changes were measured in female Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were treated orally with Olz, OlzEt, OlzHomo (3 or 6 mg/kg/day), or vehicle (n = 8), three times daily at eight-hour intervals for 5 weeks. Furthermore, a phencyclidine (PCP)-treated rat model was used to examine the prevention of PCP-induced hyperlocomotor activity relevant for schizophrenia therapy. Male Sprague Dawley rats were pre-treated with a single dose (3 mg/kg/day) of Olz, OlzEt, OlzHomo, or vehicle (n = 12), for 2 weeks. Locomotor activity was recorded following a subcutaneous injection with either saline or PCP (10 mg/kg). Olz was found to induce weight gain, hyperphagia, visceral fat accumulation, and metabolic changes associated with reduced histamatergic H1 receptor density in the hypothalamus of treated rats. In contrast, OlzEt and OlzHomo presented promising antipsychotic effects, which did not induce weight gain or fat deposition in the treated animals. Behavioural analysis showed OlzEt to attenuate PCP-induced hyperactivity to a level similar to that of Olz; however, OlzHomo showed a lower propensity to inhibit these stereotyped behaviours. Our data suggest that the therapeutic effectiveness of OlzHomo may be delivered at a higher dose than that of Olz and OlzEt. Overall, OlzEt and OlzHomo may offer a better pharmacological profile than Olz for treating patients with schizophrenia. Clinical trials are needed to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jafari
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jessica L. Andrews
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francesca Fernandez-Enright
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Dalton VS, Zavitsanou K. Rapid changes in d1 and d2 dopamine receptor binding in striatal subregions after a single dose of phencyclidine. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:67-72. [PMID: 23429383 PMCID: PMC3569081 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In humans, a single exposure to phencyclidine (PCP) can induce a schizophrenia-like psychosis which can persist for up to two weeks. In rats, an acute dose of PCP increases dopaminergic activity and causes changes in dopamine related behaviours some of which are sexually dimorphic. To better understand the effects of PCP on dopamine receptor adaptations in the short term we examined dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R) and D2-like receptors (D2R) in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways, 4 hours after exposure to PCP in female rats. METHODS Animals received a single dose of 40 mg/kg PCP and were sacrificed 4 hours later. In vitro autoradiography was carried out using [(3)H] SCH 23390 and [(3)H] raclopride that target D1R and D2R respectively, in cryostat brain sections. RESULTS Two way analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed an overall effect of PCP treatment (F [1,63]=9.065; p=0.004) on D1R binding with an 18% decrease (p<0.01) in binding in the medial caudate putamen. PCP treatment also had an overall effect on D2R binding (F [1,47]=5.450; p=0.024) and a trend for an increase in D2R binding across all the brain regions examined. CONCLUSION These results suggest opposing D1R and D2R adaptations in striatal subregions of female rats following acute exposure to PCP that may occur through indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Dalton
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia. ; ANSTO LifeSciences, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Bhattacharjee AK, Chang L, Chen M, White L, Bell JM, Bazinet RP, Rapoport SI. Chronic d-amphetamine depresses an imaging marker of arachidonic acid metabolism in rat brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:957-69. [PMID: 18570702 PMCID: PMC2676692 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708008833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute d-amphetamine (d-Amph) administration to rats leads to the release of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) as a second messenger following indirect agonism at dopamine D2-like receptors in the brain. We hypothesized that chronically administered d-Amph in rats also would alter brain AA metabolism and signalling. To test this, adult male rats were injected i.p. daily for 2 wk with saline or 2.5 mg/kg d-Amph. After a 1-d washout, the unanaesthetized rats were injected acutely with i.v. saline, 1 mg/kg quinpirole (a D2-like receptor agonist) or 5.0 mg/kg SKF-38393 (a D1-like receptor agonist), followed by i.v. [1-14C]AA. The AA incorporation coefficient k* (brain radioactivity/integrated plasma radioactivity), a marker of AA signalling and metabolism, was quantified using autoradiography in each of 62 brain regions. Compared with chronic saline, chronic d-Amph widely decreased baseline values of k* in brain regions having D2-like receptors. On the other hand, chronic amphetamine did not alter the k* responses to quinpirole seen in chronic saline-treated rats. SKF-38393 had minimal effects on k* in both chronic saline-treated and amphetamine-treated rats, consistent with D1-like receptors not being coupled to AA signalling. The ability of chronic d-Amph after 1-d washout to down-regulate baseline values of k* probably reflects neuroplastic changes in brain AA signalling, and may correspond to depressive behaviours noted following withdrawal from chronic amphetamine in humans and in rats.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Arachidonic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- Autoradiography
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Depression, Chemical
- Dextroamphetamine/administration & dosage
- Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Half-Life
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Phospholipase A2/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Abesh K Bhattacharjee
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Cortical dopamine D(1) receptors in type 1 and type 2 alcoholics measured with human whole hemisphere autoradiography. Psychiatry Res 2008; 162:1-9. [PMID: 18063348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates the importance of dopamine (DA) activation for ethanol reinforcement, and animal models of alcoholism have implied the involvement of DA D(1) receptors in this context. We studied cortical DA D(1) receptors in nine type 1 alcoholics (late-onset, binge-drinker), eight type 2 alcoholics (early-onset, antisocial) and 10 controls by using [(3)H]SCH23390 as a radioligand in postmortem human whole hemisphere autoradiography. We also evaluated correlations of DA D(1) receptors between the cortical and subcortical areas and between cortical DA transporters and DA D(2) and D(3) receptors by comparing the present results to our earlier studies. On the average, type 2 alcoholics were younger and had more violent causes of death than type 1 alcoholics and controls. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups, suggesting that cortical DA D(1) receptors do not play a major role in alcoholism. However, among type 2 alcoholics, the binding was consistently lower (8.6%-22.3%) than among controls, and the effect sizes showed a large effect in the anterior cingulate (0.90) and frontal (0.87) cortices. Interestingly, among type 2 alcoholics, the correlation of DA D(1) receptors between two ventral midbrain structures (substantia nigra and amygdala) and anterior cingulate cortex was significantly negative, whereas in the type 1 alcoholics and controls, the correlations were significantly positive.
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10
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Tupala E, Tiihonen J. Striatal dopamine D1 receptors in type 1 and 2 alcoholics measured with human whole hemisphere autoradiography. Brain Res 2005; 1031:20-9. [PMID: 15621009 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of human and animal studies have implied the importance of dopamine system and alterations in dopamine receptors in the context of alcoholism. However, it has remained unclear if the alcohol-abuse related dopaminergic deficit is specifically associated with certain receptor subtype. The aim of this study was to compare putative alterations of dopamine D(1) receptors in caudate and putamen of nine type 1 alcoholics, eight type 2 alcoholics and 10 healthy controls by using [(3)H]SCH 23390 as a radioligand in postmortem human whole hemisphere autoradiography. In addition, we compared the present results to our earlier studies on dopamine transporters and dopamine D(2) receptors in these same subjects and evaluated the putative correlations of dopamine D(1) receptor densities between the nucleus accumbens and the above-mentioned structures. Our results show that alcoholics do not have significantly different striatal dopamine D(1) receptor densities compared to controls. Neither were there any significant correlations between the dopamine D(1) receptors and the two other dopamine binding sites. However, the correlations of the dopamine D(1) receptors between nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatal structures were consistently and mostly statistically significantly positive in alcoholics, but not in controls, which may suggest some pathology related to addiction. In addition, considering the facts that dopamine D(1) receptors were more abundant in the mesolimbic nucleus accumbens than in the caudate or putamen and that there was a strong tendency towards lower binding among type 1 alcoholics may suggest the importance of dopamine D(1) receptors in reward and/or alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkki Tupala
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, FI-70240 Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Tupala E, Tiihonen J. Dopamine and alcoholism: neurobiological basis of ethanol abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:1221-47. [PMID: 15588749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the dopamine (DA) system in brain reward mechanisms and the development of substance abuse has been well established. We review earlier animal and human studies on DA and alcoholism with some relevant issues relating to those studies. The present animal and human data suggest several alterations in the DA system in the context of alcoholism. Receptor studies imply that DA D(2) receptor density and function are lower at least among type 1 alcoholics, which suggests that they could benefit from drugs that enhance DAergic activity, such as partial DA agonists. These drugs could help to restore suboptimal levels of DAergic activity by reducing both the craving for alcohol in abstinence and the euphoria subsequent to alcohol's release of DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), thus providing negative reinforcement for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkki Tupala
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, FIN-70240 Kuopio, Finland.
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12
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Tupala E, Hall H, Mantere T, Räsänen P, Särkioja T, Tiihonen J. Dopamine receptors and transporters in the brain reward circuits of type 1 and 2 alcoholics measured with human whole hemisphere autoradiography. Neuroimage 2003; 19:145-55. [PMID: 12781734 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the dopamine system in brain reward mechanisms and development of substance abuse is well-established with nucleus accumbens as a key structure in mediating these effects. Several studies on alcoholism have indicated defects in dopaminergic neurotransmission and alterations in dopamine receptor densities. However, it has remained unclear if the substance abuse-related dopaminergic defect is specifically associated with a certain receptor subtype. The aim of this study was to compare putative alterations of dopamine D(1,) D(2), and D(3) receptors in nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and substantia nigra among alcoholics and controls. We studied the densities of dopamine D(1) and D(3) receptors in brains of 9 type 1 alcoholics, 8 type 2 alcoholics, and 10 healthy controls by using postmortem human whole hemisphere autoradiography. The mean densities of dopamine D(1) and D(3) receptors were at the same level in all study groups. Combining these with our previous results, our data suggest that among type 1 alcoholics dopamine transporters are lower in nucleus accumbens and dopamine D(2), but not D(1) or D(3) receptors in nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Further, the densities of all these dopamine-binding sites among type 2 alcoholics are at the level of healthy controls. The results suggest that lower dopamine receptor density is specific for D(2) receptor and for type 1 alcoholism, which supports Cloninger's neurogenetic model of two alcoholic subtypes, and indicates the importance of classifying these subgroups separately when issues related to dopaminergic activity are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkki Tupala
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Exposing the developing brain to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) has been shown to cause deficits in neurobehavioral functions, particularly on learning and memory and seizure sensitivity. Besides acting as a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, PCP at high doses is known to affect the dopaminergic system. The present study assessed the effect of postnatal PCP treatment on locomotor activity and striatal dopamine (DA) D(2) receptor. Male and female rat pups were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with one of three doses of PCP (1, 3 and 5 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 15. Control and PCP-treated rats were given a challenge dose of PCP (10 mg/kg) as adults, and their locomotor behaviors--locomotion, stereotypy and ataxia--were scored. Postnatal PCP treatment did not have any significant effect in either sex on any of the PCP-induced locomotor behavioral paradigms studied. Separate groups of male and female rats were treated daily with saline or PCP (5 mg/kg i.p.) from PD 5 to PD 15 and sacrificed either as juveniles (PD 21) or adults, and D(2) receptor binding was measured in their striata. Striatal D(2) receptor density in juvenile and adult male postnatal PCP-treated rats did not differ from saline-treated controls. Adult female PCP-treated rats showed a slight but significant reduction in the maximal binding of striatal D(2) receptors. There was no effect of postnatal PCP on striatal D(2) receptor binding in female juvenile rats. These results support the hypothesis that blocking the developing NMDA receptor minimally affects PCP-induced locomotor behavior and the striatal D(2) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sircar
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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14
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Worsley JN, Moszczynska A, Falardeau P, Kalasinsky KS, Schmunk G, Guttman M, Furukawa Y, Ang L, Adams V, Reiber G, Anthony RA, Wickham D, Kish SJ. Dopamine D1 receptor protein is elevated in nucleus accumbens of human, chronic methamphetamine users. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:664-72. [PMID: 11126397 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal data have long suggested that an adaptive upregulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptor function might underlie part of the dependency on drugs of abuse. We measured by quantitative immunoblotting protein levels of dopamine D1 and, for comparison, D2 receptors in brain of chronic users of methamphetamine, cocaine, and heroin. As compared with the controls, brain dopamine D1 receptor concentrations were selectively increased (by 44%) in the nucleus accumbens of the methamphetamine users, whereas a trend was observed in this brain area for reduced protein levels of the dopamine D2 receptor in all three drug groups (-25 to -37%; P < 0.05 for heroin group only). Our data support the hypothesis that aspects of the drug-dependent state in human methamphetamine users might be related to increased dopamine D1 receptor function in limbic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Worsley
- Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Tomić M, Joksimović J. Psychotomimetics moderately affect dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2000; 36:137-42. [PMID: 10676877 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that psychotomimetics induce a rapid dopamine receptor regulation that could participate in the expression of the brain dopaminergic overactivation and in the early signs of psychotic-like behaviour, was checked by radioligand binding on rat brain cryosections. For this purpose, subchronic 7-day-d-amphetamine pretreatment was combined with acute amphetamine, phencyclidine or LSD challenge. Acute application of psychotomimetics affected only striatal and accumbens but not nigral and olfactory dopamine receptor binding after 40 min, while subchronic amphetamine expressed no effect, as revealed by two-way ANOVA. Post-hoc statistical analysis showed that only striatal and accumbens[3H]SCH 23390 binding decrease (10-12%) following phencyclidine and striatal [3H]spiperone binding increase (11%) after acute amphetamine were significant. It is assumed that such moderate dopamine receptor binding changes probably reflect the fast receptor regulation responses without important influence on a proposed drug-induced dopaminergic overactivity. The registered alterations of D1 receptor binding after phencyclidine are suggested to be capable to modify the activity of some other neural pathways in the basal ganglia and thus participate in a psychotic-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tomić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
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Abstract
To study the behavioral role of neurons containing the D1 dopamine receptor (D1+), we have used a genetic neurostimulatory approach. We generated transgenic mice that express an intracellular form of cholera toxin (CT), a neuropotentiating enzyme that chronically activates stimulatory G-protein (Gs) signal transduction and cAMP synthesis, under the control of the D1 promoter. Because the D1 promoter, like other CNS-expressed promoters, confers transgene expression that is regionally restricted to different D1+ CNS subsets in different transgenic lines, we observed distinct but related psychomotor disorders in different D1CT-expressing founders. In a D1CT line in which transgene expression was restricted to the following D1+ CNS regions-the piriform cortex layer II, layers II-III of somatosensory cortical areas, and the intercalated nucleus of the amygdala-D1CT mice showed normal CNS and D1+ neural architecture but increased cAMP content in whole extracts of the piriform and somatosensory cortex. These mice also exhibited a constellation of compulsive behavioral abnormalities that strongly resembled human cortical-limbic-induced compulsive disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These compulsive behaviors included episodes of perseverance or repetition of any and all normal behaviors, repetitive nonaggressive biting of siblings during grooming, and repetitive leaping. These results suggest that chronic potentiation of cortical and limbic D1+ neurons thought to induce glutamatergic output to the striatum causes behaviors reminiscent of those in human cortical-limbic-induced compulsive disorders.
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