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Messel MS, Raud L, Hoff PK, Stubberud J, Huster RJ. Frontal-midline theta reflects different mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control of inhibition. Neuroimage 2021; 241:118400. [PMID: 34311382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive control of response inhibition is associated with a right-lateralised cortical network, as well as frontal-midline theta (FM-theta) activity measured at the scalp. However, response inhibition is also governed by proactive control processes, and how such proactive control is reflected in FM-theta activity and associated neural source activity remains unclear. To investigate this, simultaneous recordings of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was performed while participants performed a cued stop-signal task. The cues (0%, 25% or 66%) indicated the likelihood of an upcoming stop-signal in the following trial. Results indicated that participants adjusted their behaviour proactively, with increasing go-trial reaction times following increasing stop-signal probability, as well as modulations of both go-trial and stop-trial accuracies. Target-locked theta activity was higher in stop-trials than go-trials and modulated by probability. At the single-trial level, cue-locked theta was associated with shorter reaction-times, while target-locked theta was associated with both faster reaction times and higher probability of an unsuccessful stop-trial. This dissociation was also evident at the neural source level, where a joint ICA revealed independent components related to going, stopping and proactive preparation. Overall, the results indicate that FM-theta activity can be dissociated into several mechanisms associated with proactive control, response initiation and response inhibition processes. We propose that FM-theta activity reflects both heightened preparation of the motor control network, as well as stopping-related processes associated with a right lateralized cortical network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Messel
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CTNC - Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesodden, Norway.
| | - Liisa Raud
- CTNC - Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Hoff
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - René J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; CTNC - Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2
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The Cerebellum Is a Common Key for Visuospatial Execution and Attention in Parkinson's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061042. [PMID: 34204073 PMCID: PMC8229154 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline affects the clinical course in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and contributes to a poor prognosis. However, little is known about the underlying network-level abnormalities associated with each cognitive domain. We aimed to identify the networks related to each cognitive domain in PD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Forty patients with PD and 15 normal controls were enrolled. All subjects underwent MRI and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Furthermore, the cognitive function of patients with PD was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). We used independent component analysis of the resting-state functional MRI for functional segmentation, followed by reconstruction to identify each domain-related network, to predict scores in PD using multiple regression models. Six networks were identified, as follows: the visuospatial-executive-domain-related network (R2 = 0.54, p < 0.001), naming-domain-related network (R2 = 0.39, p < 0.001), attention-domain-related network (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.001), language-domain-related network (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001), abstraction-related network (R2 = 0.10, p < 0.05), and orientation-domain-related network (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001). Cerebellar lobule VII was involved in the visuospatial-executive-domain-related and attention-domain-related networks. These two domains are involved in the first three listed nonamnestic cognitive impairment in the diagnostic criteria for PD with dementia (PDD). Furthermore, Brodmann area 10 contributed most frequently to each domain-related network. Collectively, these findings suggest that cerebellar lobule VII may play a key role in cognitive impairment in nonamnestic types of PDD.
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3
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Panico F, De Marco S, Sagliano L, D'Olimpio F, Grossi D, Trojano L. Brain hemodynamic response in Examiner-Examinee dyads during spatial short-term memory task: an fNIRS study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1607-1616. [PMID: 33751169 PMCID: PMC8144143 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Corsi Block-Tapping test (CBT) is a measure of spatial working memory (WM) in clinical practice, requiring an examinee to reproduce sequences of cubes tapped by an examiner. CBT implies complementary behaviors in the examiners and the examinees, as they have to attend a precise turn taking. Previous studies demonstrated that the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) is activated during CBT, but scarce evidence is available on the neural correlates of CBT in the real setting. We assessed PFC activity in dyads of examiner–examinee participants while completing the real version of CBT, during conditions of increasing and exceeding workload. This procedure allowed to investigate whether brain activity in the dyads is coordinated. Results in the examinees showed that PFC activity was higher when the workload approached or reached participants’ spatial WM span, and lower during workload conditions that were largely below or above their span. Interestingly, findings in the examiners paralleled the ones in the examinees, as examiners’ brain activity increased and decreased in a similar way as the examinees’ one. In the examiners, higher left-hemisphere activity was observed suggesting the likely activation of non-spatial WM processes. Data support a bell-shaped relationship between cognitive load and brain activity, and provide original insights on the cognitive processes activated in the examiner during CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panico
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Stefania De Marco
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura Sagliano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Olimpio
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Dario Grossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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Arski ON, Young JM, Smith ML, Ibrahim GM. The Oscillatory Basis of Working Memory Function and Dysfunction in Epilepsy. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:612024. [PMID: 33584224 PMCID: PMC7874181 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.612024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) deficits are pervasive co-morbidities of epilepsy. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning these impairments remain elusive, it is thought that WM depends on oscillatory interactions within and between nodes of large-scale functional networks. These include the hippocampus and default mode network as well as the prefrontal cortex and frontoparietal central executive network. Here, we review the functional roles of neural oscillations in subserving WM and the putative mechanisms by which epilepsy disrupts normative activity, leading to aberrant oscillatory signatures. We highlight the particular role of interictal epileptic activity, including interictal epileptiform discharges and high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in WM deficits. We also discuss the translational opportunities presented by greater understanding of the oscillatory basis of WM function and dysfunction in epilepsy, including potential targets for neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia N. Arski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia M. Young
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Lou Smith
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - George M. Ibrahim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Decoding verbal working memory representations of Chinese characters from Broca's area. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117595. [PMID: 33248261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Representations of sensory working memory can be found across the entire neocortex. But how are verbal working memory (VWM) contents retained in the human brain? Here we used fMRI and multi-voxel pattern analyses to study Chinese native speakers (15 males, 13 females) memorizing Chinese characters. Chinese characters are uniquely suitable to study VWM because verbal encoding is encouraged by their complex visual appearance and monosyllabic pronunciation. We found that activity patterns in Broca's area and left premotor cortex carried information about the memorized characters. These language-related areas carried (1) significantly more information about cued characters than those not cued for memorization, (2) significantly more information on the left than the right hemisphere and (3) significantly more information about Chinese symbols than complex visual patterns which are hard to verbalize. In contrast, early visual cortex carries a comparable amount of information about cued and uncued stimuli and is thus unlikely to be involved in memory retention. This study provides evidence for verbal working memory maintenance in a distributed network of language-related brain regions, consistent with distributed accounts of WM. The results also suggest that Broca's area and left premotor cortex form the articulatory network which serves articulatory rehearsal in the retention of verbal working memory contents.
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Trentini C, Pagani M, Lauriola M, Tambelli R. Neural Responses to Infant Emotions and Emotional Self-Awareness in Mothers and Fathers during Pregnancy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3314. [PMID: 32397541 PMCID: PMC7246792 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscientific research has largely investigated the neurobiological correlates of maternal and (to a much lesser extent) paternal responsiveness in the post-partum period. In contrast, much less is known about the neural processing of infant emotions during pregnancy. Twenty mothers and 19 fathers were recruited independently during the third trimester of pregnancy. High-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) was recorded while expectant parents passively viewed images representing distressed, ambiguous, happy, and neutral faces of unknown infants. Correlational analyses were performed to detect a link between neural responses to infant facial expressions and emotional self-awareness. In response to infant emotions, mothers and fathers showed similar cerebral activity in regions involved in high-order socio-affective processes. Mothers and fathers also showed different brain activity in premotor regions implicated in high-order motor control, in occipital regions involved in visuo-spatial information processing and visual mental imagery, as well as in inferior parietal regions involved in attention allocation. Low emotional self-awareness negatively correlated with activity in parietal regions subserving empathy in mothers, while it positively correlated with activity in temporal and occipital areas implicated in mentalizing and visual mental imagery in fathers. This study may enlarge knowledge on the neural response to infant emotions during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trentini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Pagani
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, CNR, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Renata Tambelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Parietal low beta rhythm provides a dynamical substrate for a working memory buffer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16613-16620. [PMID: 31371513 PMCID: PMC6697799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902305116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a component of the brain's memory systems vital for interpretation of sequential sensory inputs and consequent decision making. Anatomically, WM is highly distributed over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the parietal cortex (PC). Here we present a biophysically detailed dynamical systems model for a WM buffer situated in the PC, making use of dynamical properties believed to be unique to this area. We show that the natural beta1 rhythm (12 to 20 Hz) of the PC provides a substrate for an episodic buffer that can synergistically combine executive commands (e.g., from PFC) and multimodal information into a flexible and updatable representation of recent sensory inputs. This representation is sensitive to distractors, it allows for a readout mechanism, and it can be readily terminated by executive input. The model provides a demonstration of how information can be usefully stored in the temporal patterns of activity in a neuronal network rather than just synaptic weights between the neurons in that network.
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Yang Y, Jia F, Fox PT, Siok WT, Tan LH. Abnormal neural response to phonological working memory demands in persistent developmental stuttering. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:214-225. [PMID: 30145850 PMCID: PMC6865627 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent developmental stuttering is a neurological disorder that commonly manifests as a motor problem. Cognitive theories, however, hold that poorly developed cognitive skills are the origins of stuttering. Working memory (WM), a multicomponent cognitive system that mediates information maintenance and manipulation, is known to play an important role in speech production, leading us to postulate that the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying stuttering may be associated with a WM deficit. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we aimed to elucidate brain mechanisms in a phonological WM task in adults who stutter and controls. A right-lateralized compensatory mechanism for a deficit in the rehearsal process and neural disconnections associated with the central executive dysfunction were found. Furthermore, the neural abnormalities underlying the phonological WM were independent of memory load. This study demonstrates for the first time the atypical neural responses to phonological WM in PWS, shedding new light on the underlying cause of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Fanlu Jia
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
- Research Imaging InstituteUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioTexas
| | - Wai Ting Siok
- Department of LinguisticsUniversity of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong Kong
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive ScienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Language and BrainShenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhenChina
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9
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The role of the human cerebellum in linguistic prediction, word generation and verbal working memory: evidence from brain imaging, non-invasive cerebellar stimulation and lesion studies. Neuropsychologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Semantic congruent audiovisual integration during the encoding stage of working memory: an ERP and sLORETA study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5112. [PMID: 28698594 PMCID: PMC5505990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multisensory integration is an inherent component of functional brain organization, multisensory integration during working memory (WM) has attracted little attention. The present study investigated the neural properties underlying the multisensory integration of WM by comparing semantically related bimodal stimulus presentations with unimodal stimulus presentations and analysing the results using the standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) source location approach. The results showed that the memory retrieval reaction times during congruent audiovisual conditions were faster than those during unisensory conditions. Moreover, our findings indicated that the event-related potential (ERP) for simultaneous audiovisual stimuli differed from the ERP for the sum of unisensory constituents during the encoding stage and occurred within a 236-530 ms timeframe over the frontal and parietal-occipital electrodes. The sLORETA images revealed a distributed network of brain areas that participate in the multisensory integration of WM. These results suggested that information inputs from different WM subsystems yielded nonlinear multisensory interactions and became integrated during the encoding stage. The multicomponent model of WM indicates that the central executive could play a critical role in the integration of information from different slave systems.
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11
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de Caso I, Karapanagiotidis T, Aggius-Vella E, Konishi M, Margulies DS, Jefferies E, Smallwood J. Knowing me, knowing you: Resting-state functional connectivity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex dissociates memory related to self from a familiar other. Brain Cogn 2017; 113:65-75. [PMID: 28160686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Material related to the self, as well as to significant others, often displays mnemonic superiority through its associations with highly organised and elaborate representations. Neuroimaging studies suggest this effect is related to activation in regions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Incidental memory scores for trait adjectives, processed in relation to the self, a good friend and David Cameron were collected. Scores for each referent were used as regressors in seed-based analyses of resting state fMRI data performed in ventral, middle and dorsal mPFC seeds, as well as hippocampal formation. Stronger memory for self-processed items was predicted by functional connnectivity between ventral mPFC, angular gyrus and middle temporal gyri. These regions are within the default mode network, linked to relatively automatic aspects of memory retrieval. In contrast, memory for items processed in relation to best friends, was better in individuals whose ventral mPFC showed relatively weak connectivity with paracingulate gyrus as well as positive connectivity with lateral prefrontal and parietal regions associated with controlled retrieval. These results suggest that mechanisms responsible for memory related to ourselves and personally-familiar people are partially dissociable and reflect connections between ventral mPFC, implicated in schema-based memory, and regions implicated in more automatic and controlled aspects of retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Caso
- Department of Psychology/York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Elena Aggius-Vella
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Mahiko Konishi
- Department of Psychology/York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Max Planck Research Group: Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Jefferies
- Department of Psychology/York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Smallwood
- Department of Psychology/York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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The long-term effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on verbal working memory: an fMRI study of young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 144:61-9. [PMID: 25218661 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the long-term effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on verbal working memory were investigated in young adults. Participants were members of the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, a longitudinal study that collected a unique body of information on participants from infancy to young adulthood. This allowed for the measurement of an unprecedented number of potentially confounding drug exposure variables including: prenatal marijuana and alcohol exposure and current marijuana, nicotine and alcohol use. METHODS Twelve young adults with prenatal nicotine exposure and 13 non-exposed controls performed a 2-Back working memory task while fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent responses were examined. Despite similar task performance, participants with more prenatal nicotine exposure demonstrated significantly greater activity in several regions of the brain that typically subserve verbal working memory including the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, the inferior parietal lobe and the cingulate gyrus. RESULTS These results suggest that prenatal nicotine exposure contributes to altered neural functioning during verbal working memory that continues into adulthood. Working memory is critical for a wide range of cognitive skills such as language comprehension, learning and reasoning. CONCLUSION Thus, these findings highlight the need for continued educational programs and public awareness campaigns to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women.
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Park S, Gooding DC. WORKING MEMORY IMPAIRMENT AS AN ENDOPHENOTYPIC MARKER OF A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIATHESIS. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2014; 1:127-136. [PMID: 25414816 PMCID: PMC4234058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the viability of working memory impairment as an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis. It begins with an introduction of the construct of working memory. It follows with a review of the operational criteria for defining an endophenotype. Research findings regarding the working memory performance of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, are reviewed in terms of the criteria for being considered an endophenotypic marker. Special attention is paid to specific components of the working memory deficit (namely, encoding, maintenance, and manipulation), in terms of which aspects are likely to be the best candidates for endophenotypes. We consider the extant literature regarding working memory performance in bipolar disorder and major depression in order to address the issue of relative specificity to schizophrenia. Despite some unresolved issues, it appears that working memory impairment is a very promising candidate for an endophenotypic marker of a schizophrenia diathesis but not for mood disorders. Throughout this chapter, we identify future directions for research in this exciting and dynamic area of research and evaluate the contribution of working memory research to our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 111, 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Diane C. Gooding
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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Abstract
Previous research has accumulated convincing evidence to show that the human cerebellum contributes to the short-term storage of verbal information, but its specific role in brain networks involved in phonological storage remains uncertain. In a randomized, crossover and sham-controlled design, we here combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), applied to the right cerebellum, with fMRI to investigate systematically the contribution of the human cerebellum to encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of verbal information. After anodal, but not cathodal, tDCS, we found a reduced item recognition capacity together with an attenuated neural signal from the right cerebellar lobule VIIb, specifically during the late encoding phase. Within this phase, tDCS furthermore affected task-associated functional connections between right cerebellar lobule VIIb and the posterior parietal cortex. These findings suggest that the right cerebellar lobule VIIb interacts with the posterior parietal cortex, specifically during the late stages of verbal encoding, when verbal information enters phonological storage.
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15
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EEG theta phase coupling during executive control of visual working memory investigated in individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:1340-55. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Unraveling Brain Functional Connectivity of encoding and retrieval in the context of education. Brain Cogn 2014; 86:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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The Development and Validation of a Neuropsychological Assessment for Mild Cognitive Impairment of Filipino Older Adults. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-012-9145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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EEG coherence during mental rotation of letters, hands and scenes. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Wen X, Wu X, Li R, Fleisher AS, Reiman EM, Wen X, Chen K, Yao L. Alzheimer's disease-related changes in regional spontaneous brain activity levels and inter-region interactions in the default mode network. Brain Res 2013; 1509:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Executive functions in mild cognitive impairment: Emergence and breakdown of neural plasticity. Cortex 2013; 49:1268-79. [PMID: 22841389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yakushev I, Chételat G, Fischer FU, Landeau B, Bastin C, Scheurich A, Perrotin A, Bahri MA, Drzezga A, Eustache F, Schreckenberger M, Fellgiebel A, Salmon E. Metabolic and structural connectivity within the default mode network relates to working memory performance in young healthy adults. Neuroimage 2013; 79:184-90. [PMID: 23631988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of functional connectivity suggest that the default mode network (DMN) might be relevant for cognitive functions. Here, we examined metabolic and structural connectivity between major DMN nodes, the posterior cingulate (PCC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), in relation to normal working memory (WM). DMN was captured using independent component analysis of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) data from 35 young healthy adults (27.1 ± 5.1 years). Metabolic connectivity, a correlation between FDG uptake in PCC and MPFC, was examined in groups of subjects with (relative to median) low (n=18) and high (n=17) performance on digit span backward test as an index of verbal WM. In addition, fiber tractography based on PCC and MPFC nodes as way points was performed in a subset of subjects. FDG uptake in the DMN nodes did not differ between high and low performers. However, significantly (p=0.01) lower metabolic connectivity was found in the group of low performers. Furthermore, as compared to high performers, low performers showed lower density of the left superior cingulate bundle. Verbal WM performance is related to metabolic and structural connectivity within the DMN in young healthy adults. Metabolic connectivity as quantified with FDG-PET might be a sensitive marker of the normal variability in some cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yakushev
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Jung EK, Kang KY, Kim YY. Frontoparietal activity during deceptive responses in the P300-based guilty knowledge test: an sLORETA study. Neuroimage 2013; 78:305-15. [PMID: 23602924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical source activity during the P300-based guilty knowledge test (GKT) conducted using Korean sentences was investigated. Thirty male students performed a guilty or an innocent scenario, and then underwent an electroencephalogram test. The stimuli consisted of target, probe, and irrelevant stimuli that were presented visually. A target stimulus is a task-relevant stimulus that is presented rarely, attracts subjects' attention, and induces a P300 wave. A probe stimulus, also presented rarely, contains crime-relevant information that induces P300 in a guilty subject. A guilty subject would be also attentive to the probe stimulus as to the target stimulus. An irrelevant stimulus is not related to the task or to the crime, and is frequently presented. Event-related potential (ERP) data showed a marked difference between the guilty and innocent groups. Compared to irrelevant stimuli, the probe stimulus elicited larger P300 amplitude in the bilateral frontoparietal region in the guilty group. However, this pattern was not observed in the innocent group. Standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analysis showed significant activation increases for the probe stimulus in the guilty group. It appears that the guilty and innocent groups use different cognitive mechanisms when processing the crime-relevant sentence. With regards to the cortical activity in response to the probe stimulus, the frontal activation for verb elements seems to reflect a working memory process, episodic memory retrieval, and response inhibition, while parietal activation for complement (adverb) and object (noun) elements seems to reflect selective attention and target discrimination. To our knowledge, this is the first research to examine the cortical source of the ERP evoked by the P300-based GKT using separate Korean sentence elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Jung
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, South Korea
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23
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Imperatori C, Farina B, Brunetti R, Gnoni V, Testani E, Quintiliani MI, Del Gatto C, Indraccolo A, Contardi A, Speranza AM, Della Marca G. Modifications of EEG power spectra in mesial temporal lobe during n-back tasks of increasing difficulty. A sLORETA study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:109. [PMID: 23565085 PMCID: PMC3613724 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-back task is widely used to investigate the neural basis of Working Memory (WM) processes. The principal aim of this study was to explore and compare the EEG power spectra during two n-back tests with different levels of difficulty (1-back vs. 3-back). Fourteen healthy subjects were enrolled (seven men and seven women, mean age 31.21 ± 7.05 years, range: 23–48). EEG was recorded while performing the N-back test, by means of 19 surface electrodes referred to joint mastoids. EEG analysis were conducted by means of the standardized Low Resolution brain Electric Tomography (sLORETA) software. The statistical comparison between EEG power spectra in the two conditions was performed using paired t-statistics on the coherence values after Fisher's z transformation available in the LORETA program package. The frequency bands considered were: delta (0.5–4 Hz); theta (4.5–7.5 Hz); alpha (8–12.5 Hz); beta (13–30 Hz); gamma (30.5–100 Hz). Significant changes occurred in the delta band: in the 3-back condition an increased delta power was localized in a brain region corresponding to the Brodmann Area (BA) 28 in the left posterior entorhinal cortex (T = 3.112; p < 0.05) and in the BA 35 in the left perirhinal cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus (T = 2.876; p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the right hemisphere and in the alpha, theta, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Our results indicate that the most prominent modification induced by the increased complexity of the task occur in the mesial left temporal lobe structures.
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Cho SY, Shin AS, Na BJ, Jahng GH, Park SU, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM. Brain activity associated with memory and cognitive function during jaw-tapping movement in healthy subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 19:409-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Faux SF. Cognitive neuroscience from a behavioral perspective: A critique of chasing ghosts with geiger counters. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2012; 25:161-73. [PMID: 22478384 DOI: 10.1007/bf03392055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience is a growing new discipline concerned with relating complex behavior to neuroanatomy. Relatively new advances in the imaging of brain function, such as positron emission tomography (PET), have generated hundreds of studies that have demonstrated a number of interesting but also potentially problematic brain-behavior relations. For example, cognitive neuroscientists largely favor interpretations of their data that rely on unobserved hypothetical mechanisms. Their reports often contain phraseology such as central executive, willed action, and mental imagery. As B. F. Skinner argued for decades, cognitive constructs of neurological data may yield nothing more than a conceptual nervous system.
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Armbruster DJN, Ueltzhöffer K, Basten U, Fiebach CJ. Prefrontal cortical mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognitive flexibility and stability. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:2385-99. [PMID: 22905818 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The pFC is critical for cognitive flexibility (i.e., our ability to flexibly adjust behavior to changing environmental demands), but also for cognitive stability (i.e., our ability to follow behavioral plans in the face of distraction). Behavioral research suggests that individuals differ in their cognitive flexibility and stability, and neurocomputational theories of working memory relate this variability to the concept of attractor stability in recurrently connected neural networks. We introduce a novel task paradigm to simultaneously assess flexible switching between task rules (cognitive flexibility) and task performance in the presence of irrelevant distractors (cognitive stability) and to furthermore assess the individual "spontaneous switching rate" in response to ambiguous stimuli to quantify the individual dispositional cognitive flexibility in a theoretically motivated way (i.e., as a proxy for attractor stability). Using fMRI in healthy human participants, a common network consisting of parietal and frontal areas was found for task switching and distractor inhibition. More flexible persons showed reduced activation and reduced functional coupling in frontal areas, including the inferior frontal junction, during task switching. Most importantly, the individual spontaneous switching rate antagonistically affected the functional coupling between inferior frontal junction and the superior frontal gyrus during task switching and distractor inhibition, respectively, indicating that individual differences in cognitive flexibility and stability are indeed related to a common prefrontal neural mechanism. We suggest that the concept of attractor stability of prefrontal working memory networks is a meaningful model for individual differences in cognitive stability versus flexibility.
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Sörqvist P, Stenfelt S, Rönnberg J. Working memory capacity and visual-verbal cognitive load modulate auditory-sensory gating in the brainstem: toward a unified view of attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:2147-54. [PMID: 22849400 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two fundamental research questions have driven attention research in the past: One concerns whether selection of relevant information among competing, irrelevant, information takes place at an early or at a late processing stage; the other concerns whether the capacity of attention is limited by a central, domain-general pool of resources or by independent, modality-specific pools. In this article, we contribute to these debates by showing that the auditory-evoked brainstem response (an early stage of auditory processing) to task-irrelevant sound decreases as a function of central working memory load (manipulated with a visual-verbal version of the n-back task). Furthermore, individual differences in central/domain-general working memory capacity modulated the magnitude of the auditory-evoked brainstem response, but only in the high working memory load condition. The results support a unified view of attention whereby the capacity of a late/central mechanism (working memory) modulates early precortical sensory processing.
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28
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The contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to the preparation for deception and truth-telling. Brain Res 2012; 1464:43-52. [PMID: 22580084 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is associated with creating deceptive responses. However, the neural basis of the preparatory processes that create deception has yet to be explored. Previous neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the preparation for a certain task activates brain areas relevant to the execution of that task, leading to the question of whether dorsolateral prefrontal activity is observed during the preparation for deception. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine whether dorsolateral prefrontal activity, which increases during the execution of deception compared with the execution of truth-telling, also increases during the preparation for deception compared with the preparation for truth-telling. Our data show that the execution of deception was associated with increased activity in several brain regions, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared with truth-telling, confirming the contribution of this region to the production of deceptive responses. The results also reveal that the preparations for both deception and truth-telling were associated with increased activity in certain brain regions, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the preparations for truth-telling and deception make similar demands on the brain and that the dorsolateral prefrontal activity identified in the preparation phase is associated with general preparatory processes, regardless of whether one is telling a lie or the truth.
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29
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Brissart H, Leininger M, Le Perf M, Taillemite L, Morele E, Debouverie M. La mémoire de travail dans la sclérose en plaques : revue de la littérature. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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30
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Miao X, Wu X, Li R, Chen K, Yao L. Altered connectivity pattern of hubs in default-mode network with Alzheimer's disease: an Granger causality modeling approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25546. [PMID: 22022410 PMCID: PMC3191142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences from normal subjects suggest that the default-mode network (DMN) has posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and inferior parietal cortex (IPC) as its hubs; meanwhile, these DMN nodes are often found to be abnormally recruited in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The issues on how these hubs interact to each other, with the rest nodes of the DMN and the altered pattern of hubs with respect to AD, are still on going discussion for eventual final clarification. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To address these issues, we investigated the causal influences between any pair of nodes within the DMN using Granger causality analysis and graph-theoretic methods on resting-state fMRI data of 12 young subjects, 16 old normal controls and 15 AD patients respectively. We found that: (1) PCC/MPFC/IPC, especially the PCC, showed the widest and distinctive causal effects on the DMN dynamics in young group; (2) the pattern of DMN hubs was abnormal in AD patients compared to old control: MPFC and IPC had obvious causal interaction disruption with other nodes; the PCC showed outstanding performance for it was the only region having causal relation with all other nodes significantly; (3) the altered relation between hubs and other DMN nodes held potential as a noninvasive biomarker of AD. CONCLUSIONS Our study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to support the hub configuration of the DMN from the perspective of causal relationship, and reveal abnormal pattern of the DMN hubs in AD. Findings from young subjects provide additional evidence for the role of PCC/MPFC/IPC acting as hubs in the DMN. Compared to old control, MPFC and IPC lost their roles as hubs owing to the obvious causal interaction disruption, and PCC was preserved as the only hub showing significant causal relations with all other nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute Information and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Good Samaritan PET Center, Banner Alzheimer's Institute (BAI), Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Ito A, Abe N, Fujii T, Ueno A, Koseki Y, Hashimoto R, Mugikura S, Takahashi S, Mori E. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in deception when remembering neutral and emotional events. Neurosci Res 2011; 69:121-8. [PMID: 21074583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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PARK MISOOK, SOHN SUNJU, PARK JIEUN, KIM SOOKHEE, YU INKYU, SOHN JINHUN. Brain functions associated with verbal working memory tasks among young males with alcohol use disorders. Scand J Psychol 2010; 52:1-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Strenziok M, Krueger F, Deshpande G, Lenroot RK, van der Meer E, Grafman J. Fronto-parietal regulation of media violence exposure in adolescents: a multi-method study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:537-47. [PMID: 20934985 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents spend a significant part of their leisure time watching TV programs and movies that portray violence. It is unknown, however, how the extent of violent media use and the severity of aggression displayed affect adolescents' brain function. We investigated skin conductance responses, brain activation and functional brain connectivity to media violence in healthy adolescents. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, subjects repeatedly viewed normed videos that displayed different degrees of aggressive behavior. We found a downward linear adaptation in skin conductance responses with increasing aggression and desensitization towards more aggressive videos. Our results further revealed adaptation in a fronto-parietal network including the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), right precuneus and bilateral inferior parietal lobules, again showing downward linear adaptations and desensitization towards more aggressive videos. Granger causality mapping analyses revealed attenuation in the left lOFC, indicating that activation during viewing aggressive media is driven by input from parietal regions that decreased over time, for more aggressive videos. We conclude that aggressive media activates an emotion-attention network that has the capability to blunt emotional responses through reduced attention with repeated viewing of aggressive media contents, which may restrict the linking of the consequences of aggression with an emotional response, and therefore potentially promotes aggressive attitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Strenziok
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Brzezicka A, Kamiński M, Kamiński J, Blinowska K. Information transfer during a transitive reasoning task. Brain Topogr 2010; 24:1-8. [PMID: 20686832 PMCID: PMC3036833 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-010-0158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For about two decades now, the localization of the brain regions involved in reasoning processes is being investigated through fMRI studies, and it is known that for a transitive form of reasoning the frontal and parietal regions are most active. In contrast, less is known about the information exchange during the performance of such complex tasks. In this study, the propagation of brain activity during a transitive reasoning task was investigated and compared to the propagation during a simple memory task. We studied EEG transmission patterns obtained for physiological indicators of brain activity and determined whether there are frequency bands specifically related to this type of cognitive operations. The analysis was performed by means of the directed transfer function. The transmission patterns were determined in the theta, alpha and gamma bands. The results show stronger transmissions in theta and alpha bands from frontal to parietal as well as within frontal regions in reasoning trials comparing to memory trials. The increase in theta and alpha transmissions was accompanied by flows in gamma band from right posterior to left posterior and anterior sites. These results are consistent with previous neuroimaging (fMRI) data concerning fronto-parietal regions involvement in reasoning and working memory processes and also provide new evidence for the executive role of frontal theta waves in organizing the cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Brzezicka
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kamiński
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Kamiński
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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35
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Chein JM, Fiez JA. Evaluating models of working memory through the effects of concurrent irrelevant information. J Exp Psychol Gen 2010; 139:117-37. [PMID: 20121315 DOI: 10.1037/a0018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is believed to play a central role in almost all domains of higher cognition, yet the specific mechanisms involved in working memory are still fiercely debated. We describe a neuroimaging experiment with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a companion behavioral experiment, and in both we seek to adjudicate between alternative theoretical models of working memory on the basis of the effects of interference from articulatory suppression, irrelevant speech, and irrelevant nonspeech. In Experiment 1 we examined fMRI signal changes induced by each type of irrelevant information while subjects performed a probed recall task. Within a principally frontal and left-lateralized network of brain regions, articulatory suppression caused an increase in activity during item presentation, whereas both irrelevant speech and nonspeech caused relative activity reductions during the subsequent delay interval. In Experiment 2, the specific timing of interference was manipulated in a delayed serial recall task. Articulatory suppression was found to be most consequential when it coincided with item presentation, whereas both irrelevant speech and irrelevant nonspeech effects were strongest when limited to the subsequent delay period. Taken together, these experiments provide convergent evidence for a dissociation of articulatory suppression from the 2 irrelevant sound conditions. Implications of these findings are considered for 4 prominent theories of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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36
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Dissociation within the frontoparietal network in verbal working memory: a parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3849-56. [PMID: 20220020 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0097-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant increase in activity within the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (MDLFC) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is observed in most functional neuroimaging studies of working memory (Collette et al., 1999; Gerton et al., 2004; Sun et al., 2005; Postle et al., 2006; Champod and Petrides, 2007; Emery et al., 2008). Despite broad consensus on the importance of these two brain regions in working memory, their unique contribution, especially that of the PPC, remains a matter of heated debate (Paulesu et al., 1993; Smith and Jonides, 1998; Postle et al., 1999; Berryhill and Olson, 2008). The main objective of the present parametric event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study was to examine the hypothesis that the cortex in the intraparietal sulcus region in the PPC is involved in the manipulation (i.e., rearrangement) of verbal information in working memory and to dissociate the involvement of this brain region from that of the MDLFC in working memory processes. The results demonstrated a linear increase in activity within the MDLFC during the manipulation and monitoring of a linearly increasing number of words in working memory. In sharp contrast, there was a linear increase in activity within the PPC during the manipulation but not the monitoring of a linearly increasing number of words. This study provides the first parametric dissociation of activation in these two cortical regions indicating a crucial role of the PPC in the manipulation of information in working memory, with the MDLFC playing a major role in monitoring this information.
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37
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Huntley JD, Howard RJ. Working memory in early Alzheimer's disease: a neuropsychological review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010; 25:121-32. [PMID: 19672843 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of the extent of working memory (WM) impairment in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been inconsistent. Using the model of WM proposed by Baddeley, neuropsychological evidence for the impairment of WM in early AD is evaluated. METHOD Literature searches were performed using Medline, PsycINFO and Embase databases. Individual papers were then examined for additional references not revealed by computerised searches. RESULTS Phonological loop function is intact at the preclinical and early stages of AD, becoming more impaired as the disease progresses. In mild AD, there is impairment on tasks assessing visuospatial sketchpad (VSS) function; however, these tasks also require executive processing by the central executive system (CES). There is evidence that the CES is impaired in mild AD and may be affected in the earlier preclinical stage of the disease. Episodic buffer function may be impaired but further research is required. CONCLUSIONS Future research into central executive functioning at the earliest stages of the disease, combined with further longitudinal studies, needs to be carried out. Tasks to assess the proposed functions of the episodic buffer and specific tests of the VSS suitable for AD subjects need to be developed and validated. Learning more about these processes and how they are affected in AD is important in understanding and managing the cognitive deficits seen in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Huntley
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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38
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The behavioral economics of drug dependence: towards the consilience of economics and behavioral neuroscience. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 3:319-41. [PMID: 21161759 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2009_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the research in this growing field by first discussing the concepts related to price and consumption (demand), its applications to the study of drug consumption and drug seeking, and the impact of other commodities on drug consumption. We then review the discounting of future commodities and events among the addicted, review the most recent research examining the neural correlates of discounting, and describe and review the new theory of addiction that results from that research. We conclude by addressing the next research steps that these advances engender.
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39
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Griesmayr B, Gruber WR, Klimesch W, Sauseng P. Human frontal midline theta and its synchronization to gamma during a verbal delayed match to sample task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 93:208-15. [PMID: 19808098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of oscillatory activity, especially at theta and gamma frequency, in human working memory has been reported frequently. A salient pattern during working memory is electroencephalographic frontal midline theta activity which has been suggested to reflect monitoring functions in order to deal with a task. In general, theta activity has been credited with integrative functions of distributed activity. In the present study, we focused on electroencephalographic power analyses and cross-frequency phase synchronization in order to test whether frontal midline theta activity is linked to more locally generated gamma oscillations during the performance of a verbal delayed match to sample task. The task consisted of two different conditions where subjects either had to reorganize three consonant letters in alphabetical order (manipulation condition) or where they merely had to retain the three consonant letters (retention condition). Results revealed higher frontal midline theta activity for the manipulation of maintained stimulus material compared to pure retention of stimulus material. Interestingly, power differences between conditions were most pronounced during the second half of the delay period. Cross-frequency phase synchronization between frontal midline theta activity and distributed gamma activity, on the other hand, was predominant during the first half of the delay period and was stronger for manipulation compared to retention. We suggest that coupling of frontal midline theta to gamma activity reflects monitoring functions on the temporal segregation of memory items, whereas higher frontal midline theta power in the second half of the delay period might be associated with rehearsal processes. Rehearsal processes in the manipulation condition are likely more pronounced, because rehearsal of a new letter string in a limited time window requires higher mental effort compared to pure retention where rehearsal processes may already start at the beginning of the delay period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Griesmayr
- Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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Gibbons A, Scarr E, McLean C, Sundram S, Dean B. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder subjects. J Affect Disord 2009; 116:184-91. [PMID: 19103464 PMCID: PMC2724602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the cholinergic muscarinic receptors has been implicated in the pathology of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the association between individual muscarinic receptors and the two disorders. METHODS We used the muscarinic receptor selective radioligands [3H]pirenzepine, [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP to measure the levels of muscarinic(1) (CHRM1) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors, muscarinic(2) (CHRM2) and muscarinic(4) (CHRM4) receptors and muscarinic(3) (CHRM3) receptor, respectively. Radioligand binding was measured in Brodmann's area (BA) 10 of the rostral prefrontal cortex, BA 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and BA 40 of the parietal cortex in the post-mortem CNS from subjects with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder and control subjects. RESULTS [3H]AFDX-384 binding was decreased in BA 46 in both bipolar disorder (p<0.01) and major depressive disorder (p<0.05). [3H]4-DAMP binding was decreased in BA 10 in bipolar disorder (p<0.05) but not major depressive disorder (p>0.05). [3H]AFDX-384 and [3H]4-DAMP binding were unaltered in any other cortical region examined for either disorder (p>0.05). [3H]pirenzepine binding was not significantly altered in either disorder in any cortical region examined (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS 9 bipolar disorder, 9 major depressive disorder and 19 control subjects were used in the study. CONCLUSION Our data is consistent with previously published data implicating a role for CHRM2 receptors in the pathology of bipolar and major depressive disorder. The demonstration of a novel association between decreased CHRM3 receptor expression and bipolar disorder suggests bipolar and major depressive disorder differs in the underlying nature of their cholinergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Gibbons
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Scarr
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C. McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. Sundram
- Molecular Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Northern Psychiatry Research Centre, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - B Dean
- Rebecca L. Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Godbout L, Fiola M, Braun CMJ, Gagnon S. Cognitive Structure and Real Life Implementation of Scripts in Late Adulthood. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j148v23n01_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Bedwell JS, Horner MD, Yamanaka K, Li X, Myrick H, Nahas Z, George MS. FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SUBCOMPONENT COGNITIVE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN VERBAL WORKING MEMORY. Int J Neurosci 2009; 115:1017-32. [PMID: 16051547 DOI: 10.1080/00207450590901530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain regions related to specific subcomponent cognitive processes of verbal working memory, which include initial encoding of material, maintenance of the information over a brief delay interval, and later retrieval of the information. The present study examined each of these subcomponents in 14 healthy adults using a Sternberg verbal working memory task and fMRI. Group analysis revealed several brain regions active during all subcomponent processes, which included dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal, parietal, hippocampal, and premotor cortex. Several other brain regions showed activation limited to specific subcomponent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Bedwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-1390, USA.
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43
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Peters F, Collette F, Degueldre C, Sterpenich V, Majerus S, Salmon E. The neural correlates of verbal short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study. Brain 2009; 132:1833-46. [PMID: 19433442 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown diminished performance in verbal short-term memory tasks in Alzheimer's disease, few studies have explored the neural correlates of impaired verbal short-term memory in Alzheimer's disease patients. In this fMRI study, we examined alterations in brain activation patterns during a verbal short-term memory recognition task, by differentiating encoding and retrieval phases. Sixteen mild Alzheimer's disease patients and 16 elderly controls were presented with lists of four words followed, after a few seconds, by a probe word. Participants had to judge whether the probe matched one of the items of the memory list. In both groups, the short-term memory task elicited a distributed fronto-parieto-temporal activation that encompassed bilateral inferior frontal, insular, supplementary motor, precentral and postcentral areas, consistent with previous studies of verbal short-term memory in young subjects. Most notably, Alzheimer's disease patients showed reduced activation in several regions during the encoding phase, including the bilateral middle frontal and the left inferior frontal gyri (associated with executive control processes) as well as the transverse temporal gyri (associated with phonological processing). During the recognition phase, we found decreased activation in the left supramarginal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease patients compared with healthy seniors, possibly related to deficits in manipulation and decision processes for phonological information. At the same time, Alzheimer's disease patients showed increased activation in several brain areas, including the left parahippocampus and hippocampus, suggesting that Alzheimer's disease patients may recruit alternative recognition mechanisms when performing a short-term memory task. Overall, our results indicate that Alzheimer's disease patients show differences in the functional networks underlying memory over short delays, mostly in brain areas known to support phonological processing or executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Peters
- Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, iège, Belgium
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44
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Öniz A, Başar E. Prolongation of alpha oscillations in auditory oddball paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol 2009; 71:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Martin RC, Allen CM. A disorder of executive function and its role in language processing. Semin Speech Lang 2008; 29:201-10; C 4-5. [PMID: 18720317 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1082884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
R. Martin and colleagues have proposed separate stores for the maintenance of phonological and semantic information in short-term memory. Evidence from patients with aphasia has shown that damage to these separable buffers has specific consequences for language comprehension and production, suggesting an interdependence between language and memory systems. This article discusses recent research on aphasic patients with limited-capacity short-term memories (STMs) and reviews evidence suggesting that deficits in retaining semantic information in STM may be caused by a disorder in the executive control process of inhibition, specific to verbal representations. In contrast, a phonological STM deficit may be due to overly rapid decay. In semantic STM deficits, it is hypothesized that the inhibitory deficit produces difficulty inhibiting irrelevant verbal representations, which may lead to excessive interference. In turn, the excessive interference associated with semantic STM deficits has implications for single-word and sentence processing, and it may be the source of the reduced STM capacity shown by these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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46
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Kirk GR, Haynes MR, Palasis S, Brown C, Burns TG, McCormick M, Jones RA. Regionally specific cortical thinning in children with sickle cell disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:1549-56. [PMID: 18996911 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic disease with a significant rate of neurological complications in the first decade of life. In this retrospective study, cortical thickness was examined in children with SCD who had no detectable abnormalities on conventional magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography. Regional differences in cortical thickness from SCD were explored using age-matched healthy controls as comparison. A comparison analysis was done for SCD (n = 28) and controls (n = 29) based on age (5-11; 12-21 years), due to the age-dependent variation in cortex maturation. Distinct regions of thinning were found in SCD patients in both age groups. The number, spatial extent, and significance (P < 0.001) of these areas of thinning were increased in the older SCD group. Regions of interest (ROIs) were defined on the areas of highly significant thinning in the older group and then mapped onto the younger cohort; a multiparametric linear regression analysis of the ROI data demonstrated significant (P < 0.001) cortical thinning in SCD subjects, with the largest regions of thinning in the precuneus and the posterior cingulate. The regionally specific differences suggest that cortical thickness may serve as a marker for silent insults in SCD and hence may be a useful tool for identifying SCD patients at risk for neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Kirk
- Department of Radiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 1001 Johnson Ferry Road, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
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47
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Baumeister J, Reinecke K, Weiss M. Changed cortical activity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a joint position paradigm: an EEG study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 18:473-84. [PMID: 18067525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) afferent proprioceptive information from the knee joint may be altered. In order to examine changes in central activation patterns, spectral features of the electroencephalography (EEG) were measured. Patients after ACL reconstruction and healthy controls carried out an knee-angle reproduction task in a groups x limbs x trials design. Cortical activity was recorded using international standards. FFT were conducted to determine power at Theta, Alpha-1, Alpha-2 and Beta-1. Statistics show significantly larger aberrations in the reconstructed limbs compared with the controls whereas there are no differences between the uninvolved land controls. Brain activity demonstrates significantly higher frontal Theta-power (F3, F4, F8) in both limbs of the ACL group vs the controls and a significantly higher Alpha-2 power was shown in the ACL-reconstructed limb compared with controls at parietal positions (P3, P4). No such differences were found between the uninvolved side and the controls. The EEG was able to measure a change in joint position sense at the cortical level after the reconstruction of the ACL. The results of these findings might indicate differences in focused attention with involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (frontal Theta) and sensory processing in the parietal somatosensory cortex (Alpha-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baumeister
- Department of Sports & Health, Institute of Sportsmedicine, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.
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48
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Champod AS, Petrides M. Dissociable roles of the posterior parietal and the prefrontal cortex in manipulation and monitoring processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14837-42. [PMID: 17804811 PMCID: PMC1976242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous functional neuroimaging studies reported increased activity in the middorsolateral prefrontal cortex (MDLFC) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during the performance of working memory tasks. However, the role of the PPC in working memory is not understood and, although there is strong evidence that the MDLFC is involved in the monitoring of information in working memory, it is also often stated that it is involved in the manipulation of such information. This event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared brain activity during the performance of working memory trials in which either monitoring or manipulation of information was required. The results show that the PPC is centrally involved in manipulation processes, whereas activation of the MDLFC is related to the monitoring of the information that is being manipulated. This study provides dissociation of activation in these two regions and, thus, succeeds in further specifying their relative contribution to working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Champod
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
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49
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Marklund P, Fransson P, Cabeza R, Larsson A, Ingvar M, Nyberg L. Unity and diversity of tonic and phasic executive control components in episodic and working memory. Neuroimage 2007; 36:1361-73. [PMID: 17524668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to delineate the extent to which unitary executive functions might be shared across the separate domains of episodic and working memory. A mixed blocked/event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design was employed to assess sustained (tonic control) and transient (phasic control) brain responses arising from incrementing executive demand (source versus item episodic memory - vis-à-vis - two-back versus one-back working memory) using load-dependent activation overlaps as indices of common components. Although an extensive portion of the regional load effects constituted differential control modulations in both sustained and transient responses, commonalities were also found implicating a subset of executive core mechanisms consistent with unitary or domain general control. 'Unitary' control modulations were temporally dissociated into (1) shared tonic components involving medial and lateral prefrontal cortex, striatum, cerebellum and superior parietal cortex, assumed to govern enhanced top-down context processing, monitoring and sustained attention throughout task periods and (2) stimulus-synchronous phasic components encompassing posterior intraparietal sulcus, hypothesized to support dynamic shifting of the 'focus of attention' among internal representations. Taken together, these results converge with theoretical models advocating both unity and diversity among executive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marklund
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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50
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Collette F, Van der Linden M, Laureys S, Arigoni F, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Salmon E. Mapping the updating process: common and specific brain activations across different versions of the running span task. Cortex 2007; 43:146-58. [PMID: 17334214 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies exploring the neural substrates of executive functioning have only rarely investigated whether the non-executive characteristics of the experimental executive tasks could contribute to the observed brain activations. The aim of this study was to determine cerebral activity in three different tasks involving the updating executive function. The experimental updating tasks required subjects to process strings of items (respectively letters, words, and sounds) of unknown lengths, and then to recall or identify a specific number of presented items. Conjunction and functional connectivity analyses demonstrated that the cerebral areas activated by all three experimental tasks are the left frontopolar cortex, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, right inferior parietal lobule and cerebellum. Some regions of this network appear to be more specific to each updating task. These results clearly indicate that the neural substrates underlying a specific executive process (in this case, updating) are modulated by the exact requirements of the task (such as the material to process or the kind of response) and the specific cognitive processes associated with updating.
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