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Malik S, Singh J, Saini K, Chaudhary V, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Akbar S, Baskoutas S. Paper-based sensors: affordable, versatile, and emerging analyte detection platforms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2777-2809. [PMID: 38639474 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02258g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors, often referred to as paper-based analytical devices (PADs), stand as a transformative technology in the field of analytical chemistry. They offer an affordable, versatile, and accessible solution for diverse analyte detection. These sensors harness the unique properties of paper substrates to provide a cost-effective and adaptable platform for rapid analyte detection, spanning chemical species, biomolecules, and pathogens. This review highlights the key attributes that make paper-based sensors an attractive choice for analyte detection. PADs demonstrate their versatility by accommodating a wide range of analytes, from ions and gases to proteins, nucleic acids, and more, with customizable designs for specific applications. Their user-friendly operation and minimal infrastructure requirements suit point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and more. This review also explores various fabrication methods such as inkjet printing, wax printing, screen printing, dip coating, and photolithography. Incorporating nanomaterials and biorecognition elements promises even more sophisticated and sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Kajal Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Vivek Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133203, Haryana, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- STEM Pioneers Training Lab, Najran University, Najran 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA
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Shen Q. Advances in surface properties characterization and modification for lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126806. [PMID: 37703980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Renewed interests on lignin and its derivatives have led to increasingly more investigations due to the problems in environmental impact while with the great reuse possibilities for producing them-based new and advanced materials to reduce the petroleum achieving sustainable development. The related studies have shown more integrated database on the surface properties characterization and modification of those renewable materials. Based on numerous works did at our group and others reported elsewhere, this review covers the surface properties of lignin and its derivatives in relation to various methods and theories. In this work, the progress on the recent developments of advanced methods for lignin surface characterization and modification are also documented. Of this review, a perspective is finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymers, Polymer Department of Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Rd., 201600 Songjiang, Shanghai, PR China.
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Jin Y, Aziz AUR, Wu B, Lv Y, Zhang H, Li N, Liu B, Zhang Z. The Road to Unconventional Detections: Paper-Based Microfluidic Chips. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1835. [PMID: 36363856 PMCID: PMC9696303 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional detectors are mostly made up of complicated structures that are hard to use. A paper-based microfluidic chip, however, combines the advantages of being small, efficient, easy to process, and environmentally friendly. The paper-based microfluidic chips for biomedical applications focus on efficiency, accuracy, integration, and innovation. Therefore, continuous progress is observed in the transition from single-channel detection to multi-channel detection and in the shift from qualitative detection to quantitative detection. These developments improved the efficiency and accuracy of single-cell substance detection. Paper-based microfluidic chips can provide insight into a variety of fields, including biomedicine and other related fields. This review looks at how paper-based microfluidic chips are prepared, analyzed, and used to help with both biomedical development and functional integration, ideally at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Life Science and Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Aziz ur Rehman Aziz
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bin Wu
- China Certification and Inspection Group Liaoning Co., Ltd., Dalian 116039, China
| | - Ying Lv
- China Certification and Inspection Group Liaoning Co., Ltd., Dalian 116039, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Na Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhengyao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Pharmacy, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Zou R, Wang J, Tang J, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Directionally Guided Droplets on a Modular Bottom-Up Anisotropic Locally Ordered Nickel Nanocone Superhydrophobic Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13848-13860. [PMID: 33715344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropic surface prepared by the top-down etching technology shows unique advantages in terms of functional superhydrophobicity. However, it still has a shackle of the smallest etching size, which largely restricts the development of better superhydrophobicity. Therefore, it is still a huge challenge to realize the stepless size adjustment of an anisotropic surface in order to achieve better functionalization. In this work, a bottom-up approach inspired via the modular segmented preparation technology has been used to successfully build an anisotropic, locally ordered functionalized unique superhydrophobic structure, whose contact and rebound time of water droplets is extremely short. Furthermore, this structure with artfully arranged "tracks", which has a relatively large contact angle value, not only lasts more than 15 consecutive bounce cycles in the same direction, where the droplets after merging still bounce, but also exhibits a significant anisotropic sliding behavior, which is presented in different sliding angles, toward droplets rolling in different directions and has lower adhesion work and better self-cleaning and anti-fouling performance. Besides, some mechanisms such as the reduction-replacement-reduction cycle and repulsion-adhesion-switching have been proposed especially in modular preparation and anisotropic sliding behavior. More importantly, this sorted bottom-up structure has great potential for achieving higher efficiency of functionalized superhydrophobicity and other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaocheng Zhang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Jiangsu 215500, People's Republic of China
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Zou R, Tang J, Zhang X, Wang J. Superhydrophobicity and Rapid Rebounding Induced via a Unique Nonfluorinated Aluminum-Based Multiscale Multilayer Nickel "Trampoline" Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58412-58427. [PMID: 33346652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a unique multilayer detached superhydrophobic structure inspired by biology with excellent superhydrophobic properties, extremely short rebound time, and low surface free energy has become a challenging issue. In this work, a superhydrophobic coating is prepared on the surface of Al 1060 via a fluorine-free, efficient, economical, and environment-friendly approach. First, a Ni nanocone layer is obtained from a recyclable electrodeposition solution. Then, stearic acid is prepared on the Ni nanocone layer by dip-coating technology, resulting in a special superhydrophobic surface called the "trampoline" structure, which is quite different from the Ni nanocone structure, as the substrate. The contact angle of water is 161.3°, and the sliding angle is 7°. In addition, the superhydrophobic coating with this special structure has had great achievement in adhesion work, resilience performance, porosity, corrosion resistance, and self-cleaning and antifouling performance. So far, very few reports have analyzed the performance of this special structure. To explain the bounce performance induced by this special trampoline structure, a multidimensional superhydrophobic bouncing mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, this work is expected to provide inspiration for future applications of the unique nonfluorinated trampoline structure in superhydrophobic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, People's Republic of China
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Tian G, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang H, Zhang X, Yan H. High Corrosion Protection Performance of a Novel Nonfluorinated Biomimetic Superhydrophobic Zn-Fe Coating with Echinopsis multiplex-like Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:38205-38217. [PMID: 31566940 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost, fluorine-free, and ecofriendly method was applied to prepare a novel superhydrophobic Zn-Fe alloy coating on the surface of carbon steel. First of all, the Zn-Fe coating was obtained in an alkaline glycerol non-cyanide Zn-Fe plating solution. Then tetradecanoic acid was grafted onto the Zn-Fe coating by a coordination reaction, leading to a superhydrophobic surface. The water contact angle was up to 166° and the sliding angle was 4°. The as-prepared superhydrophobic coating exhibited high performances, such as strong adhesion to the substrate, impact resistance, self-cleaning, antifouling, and anticorrosion. Importantly, until now, few reports focus on the use of a non-cyanide alkaline glycerol plating bath for electrodeposition, which is green, composition-stable, and corrosion-free for devices. In addition, the growth mechanism of the Echinopsis multiplex-like hierarchical micro/nanostructure of the superhydrophobic surface was studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn 36849 , United States
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Fabrication of laser printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (LP-µPADs) for point-of-care applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7896. [PMID: 31133720 PMCID: PMC6536539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) have provided a breakthrough in portable and low-cost point-of-care diagnostics. Despite their significant scope, the complexity of fabrication and reliance on expensive and sophisticated tools, have limited their outreach and possibility of commercialization. Herein, we report for the first time, a facile method to fabricate µPADs using a commonly available laser printer which drastically reduces the cost and complexity of fabrication. Toner ink is used to pattern the µPADs by printing, without modifying any factory configuration of the laser printer. Hydrophobic barriers are created by heating the patterned paper which melts the toner ink, facilitating its wicking into the cross-section of the substrate. Further, we demonstrate the utilization of the fabricated device by performing two assays. The proposed technique provides a versatile platform for rapid prototyping of µPADs with significant prospect in both developed and resource constrained region.
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Bambauer TP, Maurer HH, Weber AA, Hannig M, Pütz N, Koch M, Manier SK, Schneider M, Meyer MR. Evaluation of novel organosilane modifications of paper spray mass spectrometry substrates for analyzing polar compounds. Talanta 2019; 204:677-684. [PMID: 31357352 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS) is currently used in different analytical fields, but less effort has been made so far to use PSMS for highly polar compounds. Such analytes usually show poor performance in PSMS due to their high affinity for common paper substrates in addition to high matrix effects. In this study, strategies for hydrophobic modifications of commercially available paper substrates using ten different organosilanes were developed. The modified substrates were generated, characterized, and applied for PSMS analysis of polar toxins. By using the modified paper, PSMS performance of some of the toxins could be considerably increased, especially for orellanine, showing a more than 80-fold signal enhancement when substrates modified with chlorotrimethylsilane were used. For other toxins like ricinine, only small beneficial effects could be shown on PSMS performance when using modified substrates. Statistical equivalence tests showed sufficient ruggedness of the developed procedures also compared to conventional substrates. Thus, further systematic development of paper substrates modified with organosilane derivatives based on the presented study for application in PSMS should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Bambauer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Armin A Weber
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Norbert Pütz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Antony A, Ramachandran JP, Ramakrishnan RM, Raveendran P. Sizing of paper with sucrose octaacetate using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as a green alternative medium. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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A Chemically Patterned Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Device (C-µPAD) for Point-of-Care Diagnostics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1188. [PMID: 28446756 PMCID: PMC5430703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically patterned microfluidic paper-based analytical device (C-µPAD) is developed to create fluidic networks by forming hydrophobic barriers using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of trichlorosilane (TCS) on a chromatography paper. By controlling temperature, pattern size, and CVD duration, optimal conditions were determined by characterizing hydrophobicity, spreading patterns, and flow behavior on various sized fluidic patterns. With these optimal conditions, we demonstrated glucose assay, immunoassay, and heavy metal detection on well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD. For these assays, standard curves showing correlation between target concentration and gray intensity were obtained to determine a limit of detection (LOD) of each assay. For the glucose assays on both well-spot C-µPAD and lateral flow C-µPAD, we achieved LOD of 13 mg/dL, which is equivalent to that of a commercial glucose sensor. Similar results were obtained from tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) detection with 3 ng/mL of LOD. For Ni detection, a colorimetric agent was immobilized to obtain a stationary and uniform reaction by using thermal condensation coupling method. During the immobilization, we successfully functionalized amine for coupling the colorimetric agent on the C-µPAD and detected as low as 150 μg/L of Ni. These C-µPADs enable simple, rapid, and cost-effective bioassays and environmental monitoring, which provide practically relevant LODs with high expandability and adaptability.
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Qiao Y, Shang J, Li S, Feng L, Jiang Y, Duan Z, Lv X, Zhang C, Yao T, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Wang H. Fluorimetric Mercury Test Strips with Suppressed "Coffee Stains" by a Bio-inspired Fabrication Strategy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36494. [PMID: 27812040 PMCID: PMC5095603 DOI: 10.1038/srep36494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorimetric Hg2+ test strip has been developed using a lotus-inspired fabrication method for suppressing the “coffee stains” toward the uniform distribution of probe materials through creating a hydrophobic drying pattern for fast solvent evaporation. The test strips were first loaded with the model probes of fluorescent gold-silver nanoclusters and then dried in vacuum on the hydrophobic pattern. On the one hand, here, the hydrophobic constraining forces from the lotus surface-like pattern could control the exterior transport of dispersed nanoclusters on strips leading to the minimized “coffee stains”. On the other hand, the vacuum-aided fast solvent evaporation could boost the interior Marangoni flow of probe materials on strips to expect the further improved probe distribution on strips. High aqueous stability and enhanced fluorescence of probes on test strips were realized by the hydrophilic treatment with amine-derivatized silicane. A test strips-based fluorimetry has thereby been developed for probing Hg2+ ions in wastewater, showing the detection performances comparable to the classic instrumental analysis ones. Such a facile and efficient fabrication route for the bio-inspired suppression of “coffee stains” on test strips may expand the scope of applications of test strips-based “point-of-care” analysis methods or detection devices in the biomedical and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Qiao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Jizhen Shang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Luping Feng
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Duan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Lv
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Chunxian Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Yao
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, P. R. China
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Rüttiger C, Mehlhase S, Vowinkel S, Cherkashinin G, Liu N, Dietz C, Stark RW, Biesalski M, Gallei M. Redox-mediated flux control in functional paper. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhu K, Li X, Wang H, Fei G, Li J. Properties and paper sizing application of waterborne polyurethanemicroemulsions: Effects of extender, cross-linker, and polyol. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry; Ministry of Education; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an, Xi'n 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry; Ministry of Education; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an, Xi'n 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Haihua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry; Ministry of Education; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an, Xi'n 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqiang Fei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry; Ministry of Education; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an, Xi'n 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology for Chemical Industry; Ministry of Education; Shaanxi University of Science & Technology; Xi'an, Xi'n 710021 People's Republic of China
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Li J, Rossignol F, Macdonald J. Inkjet printing for biosensor fabrication: combining chemistry and technology for advanced manufacturing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2538-58. [PMID: 25953427 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing is emerging at the forefront of biosensor fabrication technologies. Parallel advances in both ink chemistry and printers have led to a biosensor manufacturing approach that is simple, rapid, flexible, high resolution, low cost, efficient for mass production, and extends the capabilities of devices beyond other manufacturing technologies. Here we review for the first time the factors behind successful inkjet biosensor fabrication, including printers, inks, patterning methods, and matrix types. We discuss technical considerations that are important when moving beyond theoretical knowledge to practical implementation. We also highlight significant advances in biosensor functionality that have been realised through inkjet printing. Finally, we consider future possibilities for biosensors enabled by this novel combination of chemistry and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
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Guo YH, Guo JJ, Li SC, Li X, Wang GS, Huang Z. Properties and paper sizing application of waterborne polyurethane emulsions synthesized with TDI and IPDI. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Atefi E, Mann JA, Tavana H. A robust polynomial fitting approach for contact angle measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5677-5688. [PMID: 23570502 DOI: 10.1021/la4002972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polynomial fitting to drop profile offers an alternative to well-established drop shape techniques for contact angle measurements from sessile drops without a need for liquid physical properties. Here, we evaluate the accuracy of contact angles resulting from fitting polynomials of various orders to drop profiles in a Cartesian coordinate system, over a wide range of contact angles. We develop a differentiator mask to automatically find a range of required number of pixels from a drop profile over which a stable contact angle is obtained. The polynomial order that results in the longest stable regime and returns the lowest standard error and the highest correlation coefficient is selected to determine drop contact angles. We find that, unlike previous reports, a single polynomial order cannot be used to accurately estimate a wide range of contact angles and that a larger order polynomial is needed for drops with larger contact angles. Our method returns contact angles with an accuracy of <0.4° for solid-liquid systems with θ < ~60°. This compares well with the axisymmetric drop shape analysis-profile (ADSA-P) methodology results. Above about 60°, we observe significant deviations from ADSA-P results, most likely because a polynomial cannot trace the profile of drops with close-to-vertical and vertical segments. To overcome this limitation, we implement a new polynomial fitting scheme by transforming drop profiles into polar coordinate system. This eliminates the well-known problem with high curvature drops and enables estimating contact angles in a wide range with a fourth-order polynomial. We show that this approach returns dynamic contact angles with less than 0.7° error as compared to ADSA-P, for the solid-liquid systems tested. This new approach is a powerful alternative to drop shape techniques for estimating contact angles of drops regardless of drop symmetry and without a need for liquid properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Atefi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices (μPADs) and Micro Total Analysis Systems (μTAS): Development, Applications and Future Trends. Chromatographia 2013; 76:1201-1214. [PMID: 24078738 PMCID: PMC3779795 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and micro total analysis systems are relatively new group of analytical tools, capable of analyzing complex biochemical samples containing macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, toxins, cells or pathogens. Within one analytical run, fluidic manipulations like transportation, sorting, mixing or separation are available. Recently, microfluidic devices are a subject of extensive research, mostly for fast and non-expensive biochemical analysis but also for screening of medical samples and forensic diagnostics. They are used for neurotransmitter detection, cancer diagnosis and treatment, cell and tissue culture growth and amplification, drug discovery and determination, detection and identification of microorganisms. This review summarizes development history, basic fabrication methods, applications and also future development trends for production of such devices.
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Li X, Ballerini DR, Shen W. A perspective on paper-based microfluidics: Current status and future trends. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:11301-1130113. [PMID: 22662067 PMCID: PMC3365319 DOI: 10.1063/1.3687398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"Paper-based microfluidics" or "lab on paper," as a burgeoning research field with its beginning in 2007, provides a novel system for fluid handling and fluid analysis for a variety of applications including health diagnostics, environmental monitoring as well as food quality testing. The reasons why paper becomes an attractive substrate for making microfluidic systems include: (1) it is a ubiquitous and extremely cheap cellulosic material; (2) it is compatible with many chemical/biochemical/medical applications; and (3) it transports liquids using capillary forces without the assistance of external forces. By building microfluidic channels on paper, liquid flow is confined within the channels, and therefore, liquid flow can be guided in a controlled manner. A variety of 2D and even 3D microfluidic channels have been created on paper, which are able to transport liquids in the predesigned pathways on paper. At the current stage of its development, paper-based microfluidic system is claimed to be low-cost, easy-to-use, disposable, and equipment-free, and therefore, is a rising technology particularly relevant to improving the healthcare and disease screening in the developing world, especially for those areas with no- or low-infrastructure and limited trained medical and health professionals. The research in paper-based microfluidics is experiencing a period of explosion; most published works have focused on: (1) inventing low-cost and simple fabrication techniques for paper-based microfluidic devices; and (2) exploring new applications of paper-based microfluidics by incorporating efficient detection methods. This paper aims to review both the fabrication techniques and applications of paper-based microfluidics reported to date. This paper also attempts to convey to the readers, from the authors' point of view the current limitations of paper-based microfluidics which require further research, and a few perspective directions this new analytical system may take in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Luckham RE, Brennan JD. Bioactive paper dipstick sensors for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors based on sol-gel/enzyme/gold nanoparticle composites. Analyst 2010; 135:2028-35. [PMID: 20593080 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioactive paper-based colorimetric "dipstick" bioassay is reported that is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzed enlargement of gold nanoparticles that are co-entrapped with the enzyme in a sol-gel based silica material that is coated on a functionalized paper substrate. Test solutions containing acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and a Au(III) salt are spotted over the sensing area of the bioactive test strips containing small (3 nm diameter) primary gold nanoparticles (AuNP). Biocatalyzed hydrolysis of ATCh via AChE leads to formation of thiocholine, which in turn reduces the Au(III) onto the entrapped nanoparticles, producing particle growth and a concomitant increase in color intensity that can be correlated to the amount of substrate or inhibitor present in test solutions. The entrapped AuNP cannot leach from the silica material, leading to a bioactive paper assay that can utilize visual detection of a color change as a simple readout. Our results show that the dipstick based bioassay is sufficiently sensitive to allow for detection of Paraoxon over the concentration range of 500 nM to approximately 1 mM. Detection can be made by eye or using a digital camera and image analysis, making the assay suitable for remote analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Luckham
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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21
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Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 76:564-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Characterization of Acetylene Plasma-Polymer Films: Recovery of Surface Hydrophobicity by Aging. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.11.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li X, Tian J, Shen W. Quantitative biomarker assay with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:495-501. [PMID: 19838826 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (muPADs) to perform quantitative chemical assays with internal standards. MicroPADs are well-suited for colorimetric biochemical assays; however, errors can be introduced from the background color of the paper due to batch difference and age, and from color measurement devices. To reduce errors from these sources, a series of standard analyte solutions and the sample solution are assayed on a single device with multiple detection zones simultaneously; an analyte concentration calibration curve can thus be established from the standards. Since the muPAD design allows the colorimetric measurements of the standards and the sample to be conducted simultaneously and under the same condition, errors from the above sources can be minimized. The analytical approach reported in this work shows that muPADs can perform quantitative chemical analysis at very low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Nisbet DR, Rodda AE, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK, Forsythe JS, Shen W. Surface and bulk characterisation of electrospun membranes: Problems and improvements. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 71:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Seppänen R. Durability of the Sizing Degree of AKD and ASA Sized Papers Investigated by Contact Angle Measurements and ToF-SIMS. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690802646330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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A surface study of cellulose fibres impregnated with alkyl ketene dimers via subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roughness effects of cellulose and paper substrates on water drop impact and recoil. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li X, Tian J, Nguyen T, Shen W. Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Plasma Treatment. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9131-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801729t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Junfei Tian
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wei Shen
- Australian Pulp and Paper Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Dury-Brun C, Chalier P, Desobry S, Voilley A. Properties of treated papers and plastic film influencing ethyl ester transfer. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moutinho IMT, Ferreira PJT, Figueiredo ML. Impact of Surface Sizing on Inkjet Printing Quality. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. T. Moutinho
- Chemical Engineering Department, Coimbra University, Polo II−Rua Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. T. Ferreira
- Chemical Engineering Department, Coimbra University, Polo II−Rua Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida L. Figueiredo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Coimbra University, Polo II−Rua Silvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Nakaji-Hirabayashi T, Kato K, Arima Y, Iwata H. Oriented immobilization of epidermal growth factor onto culture substrates for the selective expansion of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2007; 28:3517-29. [PMID: 17482256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To develop a culture substrate that allows efficient expansion of neural stem cells (NSCs), epidermal growth factor (EGF) was immobilized onto the Ni(II)-chelated surface of a glass-based substrate through coordination of Ni(II) to the histidine tag that was fused to the C-terminal of EGF using recombinant technology. For the preparation of the nickel-chelated surface, a thin gold layer was deposited to the glass surface, and then the self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiol terminated with trivalent carboxylic acids was formed on gold and chelated with Ni(II) ions. In the preparation of a monolayer, triethylene glycol-terminated alkanethiol was mixed with carboxylic acid-terminated alkanethiol at various compositions in order to reduce the non-specific adsorption of EGF. The surface analysis of the monolayers was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Surface plasmon resonance analyses and protein assays were performed for characterizing EGF-immobilized surfaces. The proliferation and differentiation of rat fetal NSCs were examined on the EGF-chelated substrates to assess quantitatively the effects of alkanethiol composition on the efficiency of stem cell amplification. It was shown that the amplification efficiency was dependent on the alkanethiol composition. This result could be attributed to the difference in the surface density of chelated EGF. Under the optimal condition, 98% of proliferated cells expressed NSC marker. In addition, these cells could be subcultured for further expansion, while retained their multipotency. We concluded that the substrate developed here provides the efficient method for the highly selective expansion of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakaji-Hirabayashi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Järnström J, Granqvist B, Järn M, Tåg CM, Rosenholm J. Alternative methods to evaluate the surface energy components of ink-jet paper. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Järn M, Tåg CM, Järnström J, Granqvist B, Rosenholm JB. Alternative models for determining the surface energy components in offset printing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 301:668-76. [PMID: 16765362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Different ways of calculating surface energy components for substrates used in offset printing are compared. The results of the very useful van Oss-Chaudhury-Good bi-bidentate model (vOCG) are simplified to mono-bidentate and mono-monodentate models. The unbalance in the acid-base values often obtained by the vOCG model is strongly reduced when applying the simple mono-monodentate model. Moreover, the frequently encountered problem of negative square roots of the acid and base components is removed. An attempt to describe the ink transfer during offset printing by calculating theoretical works of adhesion between ink/plate and ink/paper is also made. The effect of paper roughness on the wetting was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Järn
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 20500 Abo (Turku), Finland
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Karbowiak T, Debeaufort F, Voilley A. Importance of Surface Tension Characterization for Food, Pharmaceutical and Packaging Products: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46:391-407. [PMID: 16891211 DOI: 10.1080/10408390591000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the various theoretical approaches that have been developed for determination of the surface tension of solids, and the applications to food industrial products. The surface tension of a solid is a characteristic of surface properties and interfacial interactions such as adsorption, wetting or adhesion. The knowledge of surface tension is thus of great interest for every domain involved in understanding these mechanisms, which recover a lot of industrial investigations. Indeed, it is the case for the packaging industry, the food materials science, the biomedical applications and the pharmaceutical products, cleaning, adhesive technology, painting, coating and more generally all fields in relation with wettability of their systems. There is however no direct method for measurements of surface tension of solids, except the contact angle measurements combined with an appropriate theoretical approach are indirect methods for estimation of surface tension of solids. Moreover, since the publication by Young (1805) who developed the basis of the theory of contact angle some two hundred years ago, measurements and interpretations are still discussed in scientific literature, pointing out the need to better understand the fundamental mechanisms of solid-liquid interfacial interactions. Applications of surface tension characterization in the field of food materials science are detailed, especially for packaging and coating applications, which recover different actual orientations in order to improve process and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karbowiak
- ENSBANA-IMSAPS, Université de Bourgogne, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000, Dijon, France
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Kannangara D, Zhang H, Shen W. Liquid–paper interactions during liquid drop impact and recoil on paper surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Pinto R, Moreira S, Mota M, Gama M. Studies on the cellulose-binding domains adsorption to cellulose. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:1409-13. [PMID: 15803726 DOI: 10.1021/la035611u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose-binding domains (CBD) are modular peptides, present in many glycanases, which anchor these enzymes to the substrate. In this work, the effect of CBD adsorption on the surface properties of a model cellulose, Whatman CF11, was studied. The methods applied include inverse gas chromatography (IGC), ESCA, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CBD partition affinity (0.85 L/g) was calculated from adsorption isotherms. However, true adsorption equilibrium does not exist, since CBDs are apparently irreversibly adsorbed to the fibers. Both IGC and ESCA showed that fibers with adsorbed CBD have a lower acidic character and also a slightly higher affinity toward aliphatic molecules. This may however be a consequence of an increased surface area, a hypothesis that is supported by microscopic observations. The crystallinity index was not affected by CBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pinto
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica - CEB, Largo do Paço, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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