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Karlgren M, Simoff I, Keiser M, Oswald S, Artursson P. CRISPR-Cas9: A New Addition to the Drug Metabolism and Disposition Tool Box. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1776-1786. [PMID: 30126863 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), i.e., CRISPR-Cas9, has been extensively used as a gene-editing technology during recent years. Unlike earlier technologies for gene editing or gene knockdown, such as zinc finger nucleases and RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 is comparably easy to use, affordable, and versatile. Recently, CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in studies of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and for ADME model generation. To date, about 50 papers have been published describing in vitro or in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of ADME and ADME-related genes. Twenty of these papers describe gene editing of clinically relevant genes, such as ATP-binding cassette drug transporters and cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes. With CRISPR-Cas9, the ADME tool box has been substantially expanded. This new technology allows us to develop better and more predictive in vitro and in vivo ADME models and map previously underexplored ADME genes and gene families. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and summarize recent applications of CRISPR-Cas9 within the ADME field. We also speculate about future applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in ADME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - I Simoff
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - M Keiser
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - S Oswald
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
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Yamaura Y, Chapron BD, Wang Z, Himmelfarb J, Thummel KE. Functional Comparison of Human Colonic Carcinoma Cell Lines and Primary Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells for Investigations of Intestinal Drug Permeability and First-Pass Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:329-35. [PMID: 26700954 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To further the development of a model for simultaneously assessing intestinal absorption and first-pass metabolism in vitro, Caco-2, LS180, T84, and fetal human small intestinal epithelial cells (fSIECs) were cultured on permeable inserts, and the integrity of cell monolayers, CYP3A4 activity, and the inducibility of enzymes and transporters involved in intestinal drug disposition were measured. Caco-2, T84, and fSIECs all formed tight junctions, as assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy for zonula occludens-1, which was well organized into circumscribing strands in T84, Caco-2, and fSIECs but was diffuse in LS180 cells. The transepithelial electrical resistance value for LS180 monolayers was lower than that for Caco-2, T84, and fSIECs. In addition, the apical-to-basolateral permeability of the paracellular marker Lucifer yellow across LS180 monolayers was greater than in fSIECs, T84, and Caco-2 monolayers. The transcellular marker propranolol exhibited similar permeability across all cells. With regard to metabolic capacity, T84 and LS180 cells showed comparable basal midazolam hydroxylation activity and was inducible by rifampin and 1α,25(OH)2D3 in LS180 cells, but only marginally so in T84 cells. The basal CYP3A4 activity of fSIECs and Caco-2 cells was much lower and not inducible. Interestingly, some of the drug transporters expressed in LS180 and Caco-2 cells were induced by either 1α,25(OH)2D3 or rifampin or both, but effects were limited in the other two cell lines. These results suggest that none of the cell lines tested fully replicated the drug disposition properties of the small intestine and that the search for an ideal screening tool must continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamaura
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.Y., B.D.C., Z.W., K.E.T.) and Nephrology (J.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brian D Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.Y., B.D.C., Z.W., K.E.T.) and Nephrology (J.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zhican Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.Y., B.D.C., Z.W., K.E.T.) and Nephrology (J.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.Y., B.D.C., Z.W., K.E.T.) and Nephrology (J.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics (Y.Y., B.D.C., Z.W., K.E.T.) and Nephrology (J.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Chan PS, Zhang C, Zuo Z, Kwan P, Baum L. In vitro transport assays of rufinamide, pregabalin, and zonisamide by human P-glycoprotein. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kelly EJ, Wang Z, Voellinger JL, Yeung CK, Shen DD, Thummel KE, Zheng Y, Ligresti G, Eaton DL, Muczynski KA, Duffield JS, Neumann T, Tourovskaia A, Fauver M, Kramer G, Asp E, Himmelfarb J. Innovations in preclinical biology: ex vivo engineering of a human kidney tissue microperfusion system. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S17. [PMID: 24564863 PMCID: PMC4029535 DOI: 10.1186/scrt378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a public health problem that affects more than 20 million people in the US adult population, yet little is understood about the impact of kidney disease on drug disposition. Consequently there is a critical need to be able to model the human kidney and other organ systems, to improve our understanding of drug efficacy, safety, and toxicity, especially during drug development. The kidneys in general, and the proximal tubule specifically, play a central role in the elimination of xenobiotics. With recent advances in molecular investigation, considerable information has been gathered regarding the substrate profiles of the individual transporters expressed in the proximal tubule. However, we have little knowledge of how these transporters coupled with intracellular enzymes and influenced by metabolic pathways form an efficient secretory and reabsorptive mechanism in the renal tubule. Proximal tubular secretion and reabsorption of xenobiotics is critically dependent on interactions with peritubular capillaries and the interstitium. We plan to robustly model the human kidney tubule interstitium, utilizing an ex vivo three-dimensional modular microphysiological system with human kidney-derived cells. The microphysiological system should accurately reflect human physiology, be usable to predict renal handling of xenobiotics, and should assess mechanisms of kidney injury, and the biological response to injury, from endogenous and exogenous intoxicants.
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Neve EPA, Artursson P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Karlgren M. An Integrated in Vitro Model for Simultaneous Assessment of Drug Uptake, Metabolism, and Efflux. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3152-63. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P. A. Neve
- Section of Pharmacogenetics,
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics,
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang C, Chanteux H, Zuo Z, Kwan P, Baum L. Potential role for human P-glycoprotein in the transport of lacosamide. Epilepsia 2013; 54:1154-60. [PMID: 23551115 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) do not effectively treat 30-40% of patients with epilepsy. Export of AEDs by P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1, or MDR1), which is overexpressed in the blood-brain barrier in drug-resistant patients, may be a mechanism for resistance to AEDs. For most recently approved AEDs, whether they are transported by Pgp is unknown. We investigated whether a new AED, lacosamide (LCM), is a substrate of human Pgp. METHODS LLC-PK1 and MDCKII cells transfected with the human MDR1 gene were used to determine the substrate status of LCM in concentration equilibrium transport assays (CETAs). An equal concentration of drug was initially loaded in both the apical and basal chambers, and the concentration in both chambers was measured up to 4 h. The experiments were repeated in the presence of the Pgp inhibitors verapamil and tariquidar. Caco-2 assays were used to determine the intrinsic permeability and efflux ratio of LCM as well as its potential to inhibit digoxin, a Pgp substrate. KEY FINDINGS Lacosamide was transported by MDR1-transfected cells from basolateral to apical sides. The efflux of LCM could be completely blocked by verapamil or tariquidar. In Caco-2 assays, LCM showed high permeability without a significant efflux ratio; it did not inhibit digoxin, a Pgp substrate. SIGNIFICANCE Although LCM is a substrate of Pgp in CETA, Caco-2 data demonstrated that passive diffusion should play a major role in the overall disposition of LCM. The critical role of Pgp should be addressed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Kwatra D, Budda B, Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Transfected MDCK cell line with enhanced expression of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein as a model to study their role in drug transport and metabolism. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1877-86. [PMID: 22676443 DOI: 10.1021/mp200487h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and utilize MDCK cell line expressing CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein as an in vitro model for evaluating drug-herb and drug-drug of abuse interactions. MDCK cell line simultaneously expressing P-gp and CYP3A4 (MMC) was developed and characterized by using expression and activity studies. Cellular transport study of 200 μM cortisol was performed to determine their combined activity. The study was carried across MDCK-WT, MDCK-MDR1 and MMC cell lines. Similar studies were also carried out in the presence of 50 μM naringin and 3 μM morphine. Samples were analyzed by HPLC for drug and its CYP3A4 metabolite. PCR, qPCR and Western blot studies confirmed the enhanced expression of the proteins in the transfected cells. The Vivid CYP3A4 assay and ketoconazole inhibition studies further confirmed the presence of active protein. Apical to basal transport of cortisol was found to be 10- and 3-fold lower in MMC as compared to MDCK-WT and MDCK-MDR1 respectively. Higher amount of metabolite was formed in MMC than in MDCK-WT, indicating enhanced expression of CYP3A4. Highest cortisol metabolite formation was observed in MMC cell line due to the combined activities of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Transport of cortisol increased 5-fold in the presence of naringin in MMC and doubled in MDCK-MDR1. Cortisol transport in MMC was significantly lower than that in MDCK-WT in the presence of naringin. The permeability increased 3-fold in the presence of morphine, which is a weaker inhibitor of CYP3A4. Formation of 6β-hydroxy cortisol was found to decrease in the presence of morphine and naringin. This new model cell line with its enhanced CYP3A4 and P-gp levels in addition to short culture time can serve as an invaluable model to study drug-drug interactions. This cell line can also be used to study the combined contribution of efflux transporter and metabolizing enzymes toward drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Kwatra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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Sherer EC, Verras A, Madeira M, Hagmann WK, Sheridan RP, Roberts D, Bleasby K, Cornell WD. QSAR Prediction of Passive Permeability in the LLC-PK1 Cell Line: Trends in Molecular Properties and Cross-Prediction of Caco-2 Permeabilities. Mol Inform 2012; 31:231-45. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhang C, Zuo Z, Kwan P, Baum L. In vitro transport profile of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate, and their active metabolites by human P-glycoprotein. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1894-904. [PMID: 21692796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are widely used not only in the treatment of epilepsy but also as treatments for psychiatric disorders. Pharmacoresistance of AEDs in the treatment of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders is a serious problem. Transport of antiepileptic drugs by P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1, or MDR1), which is overexpressed in the blood-brain barrier, may be a mechanism for resistance of AEDs. For most AEDs, conflicting evidence precludes consensus on whether they are substrates of Pgp. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether analogs and metabolites of the AED carbamazepine are substrates of human Pgp. METHODS Polarized cell lines MDCKII and LLC transfected with the human MDR1 gene were used in the bidirectional transport assay and concentration equilibrium transport assay. The expression of Pgp was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescent staining. Rhodamine-123 uptake was also determined. KEY FINDINGS Pgp did not transport carbamazepine, but it did transport its active metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. Pgp also pumped eslicarbazepine acetate and oxcarbazepine, as well as their active metabolite (S)-licarbazepine. Transport of the drugs was in the order of ESL>OXC>S-LC>CBZ-E in concentration equilibrium conditions. The transport of these drugs was blocked by Pgp inhibitors tariquidar and verapamil. SIGNIFICANCE All carbamazepine analogs or metabolites tested are Pgp substrates, except for carbamazepine. These data suggest that resistance to carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or eslicarbazepine acetate may be attributed to increased efflux function of Pgp because they or their active metabolites are Pgp substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang C, Kwan P, Zuo Z, Baum L. In vitro concentration dependent transport of phenytoin and phenobarbital, but not ethosuximide, by human P-glycoprotein. Life Sci 2010; 86:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
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Jantratid E, Prakongpan S, Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Midha KK, Barends DM. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Cimetidine**This paper reflects the scientific opinion of the authors and not the policies of regulating agencies. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:974-84. [PMID: 16557528 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing cimetidine are reviewed. According to the current Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), cimetidine would be assigned to Class III. Cimetidine's therapeutic use and therapeutic index, its pharmacokinetic properties, data related to the possibility of excipient interactions, and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) problems were also taken into consideration. On the basis of the overall evidence, a biowaiver can be recommended for cimetidine IR products, provided that the test product contains only those excipients reported in this paper in their usual amounts, and that the test and the comparator drug products both are "rapidly dissolving" as per BCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jantratid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
The model systems that are currently used to determine the intestinal permeability characteristics of discovery compounds often represent a combination of high-throughout, but less predictive, in silico and in vitro models and low-throughput, but more predictive, in vivo models. Cell-based permeability models have been integrated into the discovery paradigm for some time and represent the "method of choice" across the industry. Here, in addition to an objective analysis of the utility of cell culture models for permeability screening, anticipated future trends in the field of cell culture models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen V Balimane
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Vermeir M, Annaert P, Mamidi RNVS, Roymans D, Meuldermans W, Mannens G. Cell-based models to study hepatic drug metabolism and enzyme induction in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005; 1:75-90. [PMID: 16922654 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based in vitro models are invaluable tools in elucidating the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug candidate during its drug discovery and development process. As biotransformation is one of the key determinants of a drug's disposition in the body, many in vitro models to study drug metabolism have been established, and others are still being developed and validated. This review is aimed at providing the reader with a concise overview of the characteristics and optimal application of established and emerging in vitro cell-based models to study human drug metabolism and induction of drug metabolising enzymes in the liver. The strengths and weaknesses of liver-derived models, such as primary hepatocytes, either freshly isolated or cryopreserved, and from adult or fetal donors, precision-cut liver slices, and cell lines, including immortalised cells, reporter cell lines, hepatocarcinoma-derived cell lines and recombinant cell lines, are discussed. Relevant cell culture configuration aspects as well as other models such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells and humanised animal models are also reviewed. The status of model development, their acceptance by health authorities and recommendations for the most appropriate use of the models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vermeir
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Pang KS. MODELING OF INTESTINAL DRUG ABSORPTION: ROLES OF TRANSPORTERS AND METABOLIC ENZYMES (FOR THE GILLETTE REVIEW SERIES). Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1507-19. [PMID: 14625347 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.12.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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van de Waterbeemd H, Jones BC. Predicting oral absorption and bioavailability. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:1-59. [PMID: 12774690 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han van de Waterbeemd
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, PDM, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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van De Waterbeemd H, Smith DA, Beaumont K, Walker DK. Property-based design: optimization of drug absorption and pharmacokinetics. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1313-33. [PMID: 11311053 DOI: 10.1021/jm000407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H van De Waterbeemd
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK.
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