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Kaplan JL, Visser LC, Gunther-Harrington CT, Ontiveros ES, Wittenburg LA, Palm CA, Stern JA. Effect of standard-dose and high-dose pimobendan on select indices of renal and cardiac function in dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1892-1899. [PMID: 36098206 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pimobendan might have favorable effects on renal function but this has not been well-studied in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). OBJECTIVES Determine the effects of standard-dose (SD_pimo) and high-dose pimobendan (HD_pimo) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and cardiac size and function in dogs with preclinical MMVD. ANIMALS Thirty nonazotemic dogs with stage B2 MMVD. METHODS Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study. Dogs had an echocardiographic examination, assessment of GFR (iohexol clearance), N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and quality of life (QOL) score at baseline and 7 to 10 days after placebo (n = 6), SD_pimo 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg q12 (n = 12), or HD_pimo 0.5 to 0.6 mg/kg q12h (n = 12). RESULTS No significant differences in GFR or QOL scores were detected between groups (P ≥ $$ \ge $$ .07). After HD_pimo, the mean [SD] percent change of NT_proBNP (-46.1 [20.2]%), left atrial volume (LAV; -27.1 [16.9]%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV; -21.8 [15.0]%), and end-systolic volume (ESV; -55.0 [20.7]%) were significantly different (P ≤ $$ \le $$ .004) from placebo (0.5 [19.9]%, 1.3 [15.6]%, -0.2 [8.2]%, -7.3 [35.6]%, respectively) but not the percent change after SD_pimo (-36.6 [16.1]%, -22.7 [14.9]%, -16.7 [12.5]%, -41.6 [14.8]%, respectively; P > .05). After SD_pimo, percent change of NT_proBNP, LAV, EDV, and ESV were significantly different from placebo (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Results suggest that pimobendan (SD_pimo or HD_pimo) might not affect renal function in nonazotemic dogs with stage B2 MMVD. High-dose pimobendan did not demonstrate advantages over SD_pimo within the constraints of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Luke A Wittenburg
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carrie A Palm
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Mohd Imran, Mohammad Asif. Study of Various Pyridazine and Phthalazine Drugs with Diverse Therapeutical and Agrochemical Activities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Iwanuk N, Wall L, Nolte I, Raue J, Rumstedt K, Pilgram A, Sehn M, Rohn K, Bach JP. Effect of pimobendan on physical fitness, lactate and echocardiographic parameters in dogs with preclinical mitral valve disease without cardiomegaly. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223164. [PMID: 31581204 PMCID: PMC6776412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pimobendan has gained enormous importance in the treatment of mitral valve disease in dogs. The current consensus statement of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) recommends a treatment for dogs with symptomatic disease and dogs with asymptomatic disease with radiographic and echocardiographic signs of cardiomegaly. To investigate whether these dogs also benefit from a therapy with pimobendan, 21 dogs with mitral valve disease ACVIM B1 underwent a standardized submaximal exercise test on a treadmill. In this double-blinded and randomized study, the animals were divided into two groups, one receiving pimobendan and the other a placebo. At the first visit and at every follow-up appointment (at days 90 and 180), heart rate during the complete exercise test and lactate before and after running were measured. In addition to this, a questionnaire was completed by the dogs’ owners and all dogs were given an echocardiographic examination to detect any changes and to observe if the disease had progressed. Due to the diagnosis of leishmaniosis, one dog in the pimobendan group was retrospectively removed from the study so that 20 dogs were included for statistical analysis. No differences were observed at any time between the pimobendan-group and the placebo-group regarding heart rate. At day 180, the increase in lactate after exercise was significantly lower than in the placebo-group. The increase in the pimobendan-group at day 180 was lower than at day 90. Most of the dog owners from the pimobendan-group declared that their dogs were more active at day 90 (6/10) and at day 180 (8/10), while most dog owners from the placebo-group observed no changes regarding activity at day 90 (8/10) and day 180 (6/10). It can be concluded that the results of this study indicate that some dogs with mitral valve disease ACVIM B1 might benefit from a therapy with pimobendan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Iwanuk
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leona Wall
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonathan Raue
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Rumstedt
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Pilgram
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Sehn
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Asif M. Diverse Biologically Active Pyridazine Analogs: A Scaffold for the Highly Functionalized Heterocyclic Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079978018030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kuntz EA, Strehlau G, Giraudel JM, King JN. Safety of a benazepril and pimobendan combination tablet in adult healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017. [PMID: 28649790 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the safety of a combination tablet of benazepril and pimobendan, Fortekor PLUS® , in a randomized, blinded, parallel-group design study in healthy adult beagle dogs. The test article, Fortekor PLUS® tablets, was administered orally twice daily for 6 months at one, two, and four times the highest recommended dosage of 0.5 mg/kg benazepril hydrochloride/0.25 mg/kg pimobendan (four males and four females per group). An additional control group was sham-dosed. Fortekor PLUS® did not induce any treatment-related effects on body weight, food consumption, neurological, ophthalmologic or physical assessments over the 6-month treatment period. The test article was possibly associated with an increased frequency of occasional vomiting. Fortekor PLUS® was associated with small, but significant, increases in heart rate and reductions in PR and QT intervals, which were assessed by electrocardiography. These effects were most probably related to reflex tachycardia secondary to reduced systemic blood pressure. Statistically significant changes in some clinical pathology variables were noted after test article administration, but were considered to be of no clinical relevance as values remained within reference ranges and/or were not dose-dependent. No treatment-related macroscopic or microscopic findings were observed. In conclusion, Fortekor PLUS® tablets were well tolerated in healthy adult dogs when administered at one, two, and four times the highest recommended dosage for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kuntz
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Strehlau
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J M Giraudel
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J N King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, Switzerland
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Brandão J, Reynolds CA, Beaufrère H, Serio J, Blair RV, Gaschen L, Johnson JG, Del Piero F, Barker SA, Nevarez JG, Tully TN. Cardiomyopathy in a Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:221-7. [PMID: 27379599 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION An adult sexually intact female Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) housed at a wildlife hospital was evaluated because of acute collapse during an educational exhibition. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination and hematologic analysis revealed no abnormalities; radiography revealed findings consistent with a previous tibiotarsal fracture. Coelioscopy with histologic examination and fungal culture of lung and air sac samples revealed anthracosis but no fungal infection. The hawk was discharged and temporarily removed from the education program; 1 month later, upon reintroduction into the program, it collapsed again. Physical examination and hematologic findings were similar to those after the first episode. Transcoelomic and transesophageal echocardiography and CT angiocardiography findings were consistent with cardiomyopathy. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Initial cardiac treatment included furosemide (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) and pimobendan (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h). After 10 days of treatment, peak and trough plasma concentrations of pimobendan were measured at 25, 196 and 715.97 ng/mL, respectively; the dosage was decreased to 0.25 mg/kg (0.11 mg/lb), PO, every 12 hours. No overt signs of toxicosis were detected. A sample was collected to reevaluate plasma pimobendan concentration after 30 days of treatment; results were not obtained prior to the patient's death but revealed a peak concentration of 16.8 ng/mL, with an undetectable trough concentration. The hawk was found dead 6 months after initial evaluation. Necropsy revealed cardiomegaly, but histologic examination did not reveal an inciting cause of cardiac dysfunction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cardiac disease in raptors may be underreported. Transcoelomic and transesophageal echocardiography and CT angiography provided useful information for the diagnosis of cardiac disease in the hawk of this report.
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Bell ET, Devi JL, Chiu S, Zahra P, Whittem T. The pharmacokinetics of pimobendan enantiomers after oral and intravenous administration of racemate pimobendan formulations in healthy dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:54-61. [PMID: 25989021 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pimobendan is a benzimidazole-pyridazinone derivative, marketed as a racemic mixture for the management of canine heart failure. Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of pimobendan and its oral bioavailability have not been described in dogs. The aim of this study was to describe pharmacokinetics of three formulations of pimobendan in healthy dogs: the licensed capsule product, and novel liquid and intravenous formulations. A three-period, nested randomized two-treatment crossover design was used. Pimobendan was administered p.o. at 0.25 and i.v. at 0.125 mg/kg. Blood and plasma samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental modelling was used to describe the pharmacokinetics. Parameters were compared between formulations using a general linear model. Bioequivalence of the oral formulations was tested using CI90 for AUC(0-∞) and Cmax . Bioavailability of pimobendan after oral dosing was 70%. Liquid and capsule formulations were bioequivalent only for AUC. The positive enantiomer of pimobendan (PE) had a larger volume of distribution than the negative enantiomer (NE) (281 ± 48 vs. 215 ± 68 mL/kg; P = 0.003) and a shorter half-life (21.7 vs. 29.9 min; P = 0.004). The NE was distributed more quickly than the PE into blood cells. Enantiomers of pimobendan have differing absorption, distribution and elimination. The pharmacokinetics of pimobendan in healthy dogs was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Bell
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - J L Devi
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - S Chiu
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - P Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Vic., Australia
| | - T Whittem
- Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study (TRACTS) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
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Helke KL, Swindle MM. Animal models of toxicology testing: the role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:127-39. [PMID: 23216131 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Asif M, Singh A, Siddiqui AA. The effect of pyridazine compounds on the cardiovascular system. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ouellet M, Bélanger M, DiFruscia R, Beauchamp G. Effect of Pimobendan on Echocardiographic Values in Dogs with Asymptomatic Mitral Valve Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:258-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chetboul V, Lefebvre HP, Sampedrano CC, Gouni V, Saponaro V, Serres F, Concordat D, Nicolle AP, Pouchelon JL. Comparative Adverse Cardiac Effects of Pimobendan and Benazepril Monotherapy in Dogs with Mild Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease: A Prospective, Controlled, Blinded, and Randomized Study. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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