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Horstmann JL, Dias MP, Ortolan F, Medina-Silva R, Astarita LV, Santarém ER. Streptomyces sp. CLV45 from Fabaceae rhizosphere benefits growth of soybean plants. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1861-1871. [PMID: 32529561 PMCID: PMC7688731 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria such as Streptomyces are an attractive alternative for increasing the sustainability of agricultural systems. In this study, Streptomyces isolates obtained from rhizosphere soil of plants in the family Fabaceae were characterized for their plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and phenazines. Soybean seeds were bacterized with selected isolates to test growth promotion. All isolates produced IAA, and the isolate CLV45 was the most efficient, reaching 398.53 mg of IAA per gram of cells. CLV41, CLV45, and CLV46 showed high activity for ACC deaminase whereas CLV42, CLV44, and CLV46 were efficient in siderophore production. Pyocyanin was detected in all isolates; CLV41, CLV43, and CLV45 produced phenazine-carboxylic acid as well. Selected for IAA and ACC deaminase production combined with production of siderophores and phenazines, CLV42, CLV44, and CLV45 were tested for their growth promotion potential. Seed bacterization with CLV45 resulted in plants with increased shoot growth (36.63%) and dry mass (17.97%) compared to control plants. Results suggest that moderate or high levels of auxin and ACC deaminase production by the isolate CLV45 positively affected the growth of soybean plants, making it a strong candidate for further studies on biofertilizer formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lopes Horstmann
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Maila Pacheco Dias
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Francieli Ortolan
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Medina-Silva
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Vieira Astarita
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane Romanato Santarém
- Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90619-900, Brazil.
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López-Mondéjar R, Algora C, Baldrian P. Lignocellulolytic systems of soil bacteria: A vast and diverse toolbox for biotechnological conversion processes. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tangerina MMP, Correa H, Haltli B, Vilegas W, Kerr RG. Bioprospecting from cultivable bacterial communities of marine sediment and invertebrates from the underexplored Ubatuba region of Brazil. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:155-169. [PMID: 27644133 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shrimp fisheries along the Brazilian coast have significant environmental impact due to high by-catch rates (21 kg per kilogram of shrimp). Typically discarded, by-catch contains many invertebrates that may host a great variety of bacterial genera, some of which may produce bioactive natural products with biotechnological applications. Therefore, to utilize by-catch that is usually discarded we explored the biotechnological potential of culturable bacteria of two abundant by-catch invertebrate species, the snail Olivancillaria urceus and the sea star Luidia senegalensis. Sediment from the collection area was also investigated. Utilizing multiple isolation approaches, 134 isolates were obtained from the invertebrates and sediment. Small-subunit rRNA (16S) gene sequencing revealed that the isolates belonged to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla and were distributed among 28 genera. Several genera known for their capacity to produce bioactive natural products (Micromonospora, Streptomyces, Serinicoccus and Verrucosispora) were retrieved from the invertebrate samples. To query the bacterial isolates for their ability to produce bioactive metabolites, all strains were fermented and fermentation extracts profiled by UP LC-HRMS and tested for antimicrobial activity. Four strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus warneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo M P Tangerina
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, São Vicente, SP, P.O. Box 73601, 11380-972, Brazil
- Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara Campus. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Hebelin Correa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Brad Haltli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Coastal Campus, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, São Vicente, SP, P.O. Box 73601, 11380-972, Brazil
| | - Russell G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Rosa JPD, Tibúrcio SRG, Marques JM, Seldin L, Coelho RRR. Streptomyces lunalinharesii 235 prevents the formation of a sulfate-reducing bacterial biofilm. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:603-9. [PMID: 27266627 PMCID: PMC4927686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces lunalinharesii strain 235 produces an antimicrobial substance that is active against sulfate reducing bacteria, the major bacterial group responsible for biofilm formation and biocorrosion in petroleum reservoirs. The use of this antimicrobial substance for sulfate reducing bacteria control is therefore a promising alternative to chemical biocides. In this study the antimicrobial substance did not interfere with the biofilm stability, but the sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm formation was six-fold smaller in carbon steel coupons treated with the antimicrobial substance when compared to the untreated control. A reduction in the most probable number counts of planktonic cells of sulfate reducing bacteria was observed after treatments with the sub-minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal inhibitory concentration, and supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance. Additionally, when the treated coupons were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, the biofilm formation was found to be substantially reduced when the supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance was used. The coupons used for the biofilm formation had a small weight loss after antimicrobial substance treatment, but corrosion damage was not observed by scanning electron microscopy. The absence of the dsrA gene fragment in the scraped cell suspension after treatment with the supra-minimal inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial substance suggests that Desulfovibrio alaskensis was not able to adhere to the coupons. This is the first report on an antimicrobial substance produced by Streptomyces active against sulfate reducing bacteria biofilm formation. The application of antimicrobial substance as a potential biocide for sulfate reducing bacteria growth control could be of great interest to the petroleum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pacheco da Rosa
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Joana Montezano Marques
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucy Seldin
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Becklund KK, Kinkel LL, Powers JS. Landscape-scale Variation in Pathogen-suppressive Bacteria in Tropical Dry Forest Soils of Costa Rica. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K. Becklund
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Linda L. Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior; University of Minnesota; 100 Ecology Building 1987 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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Use of Metagenomics and Isolation of Actinobacteria in Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest Soil for Antimicrobial Prospecting. ISRN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 2014:909601. [PMID: 25937991 PMCID: PMC4393038 DOI: 10.1155/2014/909601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern techniques involving molecular biology, such as metagenomics, have the advantage of exploiting a higher number of microorganisms; however, classic isolation and culture methods used to obtain antimicrobials continue to be promising, especially in the isolation of Actinobacteria, which are responsible for the production of many of these compounds. In this work, two methodologies were used to search for antimicrobial substances—isolation of Actinobacteria and metagenomics of the Atlantic Rainforest soil and of the cultivation of cocoa intercropped with acai berry in the Atlantic Rainforest. The metagenomic libraries were constructed with the CopyControl Fosmid Library kit EPICENTRE, resulting in a total of 2688 clones, 1344 of each soil sample. None of the clones presented antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested: S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella choleraesuis. A total of 46 isolates were obtained from the isolation of soil Actinobacteria: 24 isolates from Atlantic Rainforest soil and 22 isolates from the intercrop cultivation soil. Of these, two Atlantic Rainforest soil isolates inhibited the growth of S. aureus including a clinical isolate of S. aureus MRSA—a promising result, since it is an important multidrug-resistant human pathogen.
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Streptomyces lunalinharesii strain 235 shows the potential to inhibit bacteria involved in biocorrosion processes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:309769. [PMID: 23484107 PMCID: PMC3581270 DOI: 10.1155/2013/309769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four actinomycete strains previously isolated from Brazilian soils were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus pumilus LF-4 and Desulfovibrio alaskensis NCIMB 13491, bacteria that are well known to be involved in biofilm formation and biocorrosion. Strain 235, belonging to the species Streptomyces lunalinharesii, inhibited the growth of both bacteria. The antimicrobial activity was seen over a wide range of pH, and after treatment with several chemicals and heat but not with proteinase K and trypsin. The antimicrobial substances present in the concentrated supernatant from growth media were partially characterized by SDS-PAGE and extracellular polypeptides were seen. Bands in the size range of 12 to 14.4 kDa caused antimicrobial activity. Transmission electron microscopy of D. alaskensis cells treated with the concentrated supernatant containing the antimicrobial substances revealed the formation of prominent bubbles, the spherical double-layered structures on the cell membrane, and the periplasmic space completely filled with electron-dense material. This is the first report on the production of antimicrobial substances by actinomycetes against bacteria involved in biocorrosion processes, and these findings may be of great relevance as an alternative source of biocides to those currently employed in the petroleum industry.
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Bruce T, Martinez IB, Maia Neto O, Vicente ACP, Kruger RH, Thompson FL. Bacterial community diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest soils. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:840-849. [PMID: 20886336 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial community diversity of the Brazilian Atlantic forest soil by means of both cultivation and 16S rRNA clone libraries. A collection of 86 representative isolates, obtained from six samples of Atlantic forest soils from the National Park of Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO), belonged to the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Leifsonia, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Serratia, and Streptomyces according to the 16S rRNA sequences. Representative isolates from the different genera degraded cellulose and lignin. The culture-independent analysis based on 894 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the most frequently retrieved groups belonged to the phyla Acidobacteria (29-54%), Proteobacteria (16-38%), and Verrucomicrobia (0.6-14%). The majority of the sequences (82.6%) were unidentified singletons and doubletons, indicating a high diversity of rare unique sequences. Chao1 estimator disclosed a high number of phyla (41-152) and species (263-446). This is the first survey on the Atlantic Forest soils using a combination of cultivation and culture-independent approaches. We conclude that the Brazilian Atlantic Forest soil represents a vast source of novel bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruce
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chitinolytic activity of cold tolerant antagonistic species of streptomyces isolated from glacial sites of Indian himalaya. Curr Microbiol 2009; 59:502-8. [PMID: 19688382 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-eight isolates of actinomycetes were isolated from the soil samples collected from alpine zones of Pindari glacier region in Indian Himalaya. Following a plate based rapid screening using two test fungi, five efficient isolates (nos. HA1, HA2, HA6, HA40, and HA142) were selected for further characterization with special reference to their antagonistic properties. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characters, the isolates were identified up to species level. All the isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces. The isolate nos. HA1 and HA2 were S. sampsonii and HA6, HA40 and HA142 were S. griseobrunneus, S. aurantiacus, and S. griseoluteus, respectively. The isolates showed strong antifungal properties against phytopathogenic test fungi in plate assays. All the isolates hydrolyzed glycol-chitin as a substrate in denaturing conditions showing variable amount of different isoforms.
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Semêdo LTAS, Gomes RC, Linhares AA, Duarte GF, Nascimento RP, Rosado AS, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R, Silva KRA, Alviano CS, Manfio GP, Soares RMA, Linhares LF, Coelho RRR. Streptomyces drozdowiczii sp. nov., a novel cellulolytic streptomycete from soil in Brazil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 54:1323-1328. [PMID: 15280309 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An actinomycete strain, isolated from a Mata Atlântica soil sample, showing cellulolytic activity was subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization to determine its identity. Strain M7aT presented morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its assignment to the genus Streptomyces. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence revealed that the strain differed from described streptomycetes available in the public databases; the most closely related species was Streptomyces laceyi, with 98.4% nucleotide similarity. It also differed from other cellulolytic strains in its phenotypic characteristics. It is therefore proposed that strain M7aT, a cellulolytic strain with biotechnological potential, represents a novel species, named Streptomyces drozdowiczii sp. nov. The type strain is M7aT (=CBMAI 0498T=CIP 107837T=NRRL B-24297T).
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Affiliation(s)
- L T A S Semêdo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - R C Gomes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - A A Linhares
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - G F Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - R P Nascimento
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - A S Rosado
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - M Margis-Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - R Margis
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - K R A Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - C S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - G P Manfio
- CPQBA/UNICAMP, CP 6171 Campinas (SP), 13081-970, Brazil
| | - R M A Soares
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - L F Linhares
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
| | - R R R Coelho
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade do Brasil, UFRJ, CCS, Bloco I, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), 21941-590, Brazil
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Reis SA, Costa LV, Cavalcanti EDC, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Semêdo LTAS, Coelho RRR, Moussatché N, Damaso CRA. Protein synthesis inhibitory activity in culture filtrates from new strains of Streptomyces isolated from Brazilian tropical soils. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:138-43. [PMID: 12859656 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of the culture supernatants from three newly isolated Streptomyces strains, 221, 235 and 606 on eukaryotic cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell lines were treated with the culture filtrates and assayed for protein synthesis by metabolic labelling, followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. RNA synthesis was investigated by [5-3H]uridine incorporation. The three culture filtrates presented a strong inhibitory activity, reducing total protein synthesis of different eukaryotic cell lines by more than 85%. No effect on cellular RNA synthesis was detected. The culture filtrates did not affect the growth of the prokaryotic cells tested. CONCLUSIONS These new Streptomyces strains, recently isolated from Brazilian tropical soils, produce molecule(s) with inhibitory activity specific to eukaryote protein synthesis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Streptomyces strains 221, 235 and 606, probably representing new species, might produce new bioactive compound(s), and can be used as valuable tools to study the protein synthesis pathway in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Reis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
The chapter informs about different types of antibiotics, their structure, biosynthesis and their regulation. Industrial cultivation and isolation of antibiotics is described in the chapter. Search for microorganisms producing antibiotics and preparation of high-producing strains is described. Resistance against antibiotics in producing microorganisms and pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bĕhal
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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