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Halenius A, Hengel H. Human cytomegalovirus and autoimmune disease. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:472978. [PMID: 24967373 DOI: 10.1155/2014/472978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents a prototypic pathogenic member of the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. A range of HCMV features like its lytic replication in multiple tissues, the lifelong persistence through periods of latency and intermitting reactivation, the extraordinary large proteome, and extensive manipulation of adaptive and innate immunity make HCMV a high profile candidate for involvement in autoimmune disorders. We surveyed the available literature for reports on HCMV association with onset or exacerbation of autoimmune disease. A causative linkage between HCMV and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), diabetes mellitus type 1, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is suggested by the literature. However, a clear association of HCMV seroprevalence and disease could not be established, leaving the question open whether HCMV could play a coresponsible role for onset of disease. For convincing conclusions population-based prospective studies must be performed in the future. Specific immunopathogenic mechanisms by which HCMV could contribute to the course of autoimmune disease have been suggested, for example, molecular mimicry by UL94 in SSc and UL83/pp65 in SLE patients, as well as aggravation of joint inflammation by induction and expansion of CD4+/CD28− T-cells in RA patients. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to lay the grounds for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Wang Y, Sun B, Volk HD, Proesch S, Kern F. Comparative Study of the Influence of Proteasome Inhibitor MG132 and Ganciclovir on the Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+T-Cell Immune Response. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:455-61. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wang
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie der Charité, Abteilung Klinische Immunologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Charité), Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Liver Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Intervention Therapy Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie der Charité, Abteilung Klinische Immunologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Charité), Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Proesch
- Institut für Virologie der Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kern
- BSMS, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, U.K
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Delmas S, Brousset P, Clément D, Le Roy E, Davignon JL. Anti-IE1 CD4+ T-cell clones kill peptide-pulsed, but not human cytomegalovirus-infected, target cells. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2441-2449. [PMID: 17698653 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunity plays a major role in the control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. CD4(+) T lymphocytes have been shown to contribute to this function but their precise role is a matter of debate. Although CD4(+) T cells have been shown to kill target cells through the perforin/granzyme pathway, whether HCMV-specific CD4(+) T cells are capable of killing HCMV-infected targets has not yet been documented. In the present paper, we have taken advantage of well established cellular reagents to address this issue. Human CD4(+) T-cell clones specific for the major immediate-early protein IE1 were shown to perform perforin-based cytotoxicity against peptide-pulsed targets. However, when tested on infected anitgen presenting cell targets, cytotoxicity was not detectable, although gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production was significant. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against peptide-pulsed targets was inhibited by HCMV infection, whereas IFN-gamma production was not modified, suggesting that antigen processing was not altered. Remarkably, degranulation of CD4(+) T cells in the presence of infected targets was significant. Together, our data suggest that impaired cytotoxicity is not due to failure to recognize infected targets but rather to a mechanism specifically related to cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Delmas
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Brousset
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Danièle Clément
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuelle Le Roy
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Davignon
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, IFR 30, Centre Hospitalier Purpan, 31024 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Rock RB, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Cheeran M, Lokensgard JR, Peterson PK. Role of microglia in central nervous system infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:942-64, table of contents. [PMID: 15489356 PMCID: PMC523558 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.942-964.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of concepts regarding the function of these resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma that remain relevant to this day. However, a renaissance of interest in microglia occurred toward the end of the 20th century, fueled by the recognition of their role in neuropathogenesis of infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and by what appears to be their participation in other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. During the same period, insights into the physiological and pathological properties of microglia were gained from in vivo and in vitro studies of neurotropic viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions, which are reviewed in this article. New concepts that have emerged from these studies include the importance of cytokines and chemokines produced by activated microglia in neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes and the elegant but astonishingly complex interactions between microglia, astrocytes, lymphocytes, and neurons that underlie these processes. It is proposed that an enhanced understanding of microglia will yield improved therapies of central nervous system infections, since such therapies are, by and large, sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bryan Rock
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, USA
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Abstract
The outcome of a viral infection is the result of an endless fight between the organism whose task is to mount an antiviral response and the virus that adapts strategies to circumvent the host response. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a latent herpesvirus, can be considered as a spearhead in exploiting co-existence with the host to develop numerous immuno-evasion mechanisms. The ability of the organism to initiate a primary immune response against viruses such as HCMV is highly dependent on the capacity of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), namely dendritic cells (DCs), to prime and activate specific effector T cells. Recent findings emerging from the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) animal model demonstrated that infection of murine DCs with MCMV impaired their capacity to prime an effective T cell response. Even though data on interference of HCMV with DC functions are still limited, immunosuppressive effects identical to those reported for MCMV can be suspected and we may then ask how a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is generated in these unfavourable conditions. In response to this question, cross-presentation of HCMV antigens by uninfected DCs to CD8+ T cells could be considered a key process in initiating an immune response. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms through which DCs could acquire HCMV antigens and how cross-presentation could be modulated throughout infection. Moreover, further knowledge of DC functions is key for the development of DC-based immunotherapy against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrode
- INSERM U 395, CHU Purpan, BP 3028, 31024 Toulouse Cédex, France
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Carlsson B, Cheng WS, Tötterman TH, Essand M. Ex vivo stimulation of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells using CMV pp65-modified dendritic cells as stimulators. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:428-38. [PMID: 12716365 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a dangerous complication in immunosuppressed individuals such as allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. CMV disease can be prevented by the early post-transplant transfer of donor-derived, CMV-directed, T cells. Fast and cost efficient methods to generate CMV-specific T cells are, therefore, warranted. The current study utilized peptide-pulsed and adenovirus-transduced dendritic cells (DC) to generate CMV-restricted T cells. After one stimulation with CMV pp65495-503 peptide-pulsed DC and three re-stimulations with peptide-pulsed monocytes, virtually all T cells were CD8+, expressed the relevant T cell receptor and exhibited high peptide-specific lytic activity. After only one stimulation, pp65495-503-restricted T cells could be sorted to a purity of higher than 95% and expanded up to 1000-fold in 2 weeks. This technique may prove useful for the rapid generation of large quantities of specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) for cell therapy. DC transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the full-length pp65 protein (Adpp65) were able to simultaneously expand CTL against multiple epitopes of pp65. In addition, they activated CMV-specific CD4+ T-helper cells. This approach would stimulate multiple-epitope populations of pp65-specific T cells and could be made available to patients of any human leucocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype. DC transduced with adenoviral vectors to express full-length antigens may prove to be potent vaccines against viral pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Carlsson
- Clinical Immunology Division, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- University of Pennsylvania, Wistar Institute, Aventis Pasteur, Doylestown, PA 18901, USA.
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Abstract
The identification of all antigenic peptides encoded by a pathogen, its T cell 'immunome', is a research aim for rational vaccine design. Screening of proteome-spanning peptide libraries or computational prediction is used to identify antigenic peptides recognized by CD8 T cells. Based on their high coding capacity, cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) could specify numerous antigenic peptides. Yet, current evidence indicates that the memory CD8 T cell response in a given haplotype is actually focused on a few viral proteins. CMVs actively interfere with antigen processing and presentation by the expression of immune evasion proteins. In the case of murine CMV (mCMV), these proteins are effectual in the early (E) phase of the virus replication cycle and should thus preclude the presentation of peptides derived from E proteins. Notably, the m18 gene is here added to a growing list of mCMV E genes that encode antigenic peptides in spite of the E phase immune evasion strategies of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55101 Mainz, Germany1
| | - Natascha K A Grzimek
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55101 Mainz, Germany1
| | - Doris Thomas
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55101 Mainz, Germany1
| | - Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55101 Mainz, Germany1
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Podlech J, Holtappels R, Pahl-Seibert MF, Steffens HP, Reddehase MJ. Murine model of interstitial cytomegalovirus pneumonia in syngeneic bone marrow transplantation: persistence of protective pulmonary CD8-T-cell infiltrates after clearance of acute infection. J Virol 2000; 74:7496-507. [PMID: 10906203 PMCID: PMC112270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7496-7507.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2000] [Accepted: 05/22/2000] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a severe organ manifestation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in the immunocompromised host, in particular in recipients of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Diagnostic criteria for the definition of CMV-IP include clinical evidence of pneumonia together with CMV detected in bronchoalveolar lavage or lung biopsy. We have used the model of syngeneic BMT and simultaneous infection of BALB/c mice with murine CMV for studying the pathogenesis of CMV-IP by controlled longitudinal analysis. A disseminated cytopathic infection of the lungs with fatal outcome was observed only when reconstituting CD8 T cells were depleted. Neither CD8 nor CD4 T cells mediated an immunopathogenesis of acute CMV-IP. By contrast, after efficient hematolymphopoietic reconstitution, viral replication in the lungs was moderate and focal. The histopathological picture was dominated by preferential infiltration of CD8 T cells confining viral replication to inflammatory foci. Notably, after clearance of acute infection, CD62L(lo) and CD62L(hi) subsets of CD44(+) memory CD8 T cells were found to persist in lung tissue. One can thus operationally distinguish an early CMV-positive IP (phase 1) and a late CMV-negative IP (phase 2). According to the definition, phase 2 histopathology would not be diagnosed as a CMV-IP and could instead be misinterpreted as a CMV-induced immunopathology. We document here that phase 1 as well as phase 2 pulmonary CD8 T cells are capable of exerting effector functions and are effectual in protecting against productive infection. We propose that antiviral "stand-by" memory-effector T cells persist in the lungs to prevent virus recurrence from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Podlech
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hochhaus am Augustusplatz, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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