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Ramasami Sundhar Baabu P, Mani GK, Rayappan JBB, Tsuyuki Y, Inazu T, Tsuchiya K. Sensor-on-Microtips: Design and Development of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO on Micropipette Tips as a Modified Working Electrode for Detection of Glucose. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:498. [PMID: 36984905 PMCID: PMC10053005 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of electrochemical components has become less common in the last decade, with the focus predominantly being the design and development of state-of-the-art microelectrodes for achieving small volume analysis of samples. However, such microelectrodes involve cumbersome processing procedures to convert the base material for the required application. A potential paradigm shift in such miniaturization could be achieved by using cheaper alternatives such as plastics to build electrochemical components, such as micropipette tips made of polypropylene, which are commercially available at ease. Hence, this work presents the design of an electrochemical working electrode based upon a micropipette tip, involving minimal processing procedures. Furthermore, such a working electrode was realized by sputtering silver onto a bare micropipette tip using a radio-frequency sputtering technique, to obtain electrical contacts on the tip, followed by hydrothermal growth of ZnO, which acted as the active electrode material. The ZnO nanostructures grown on the micropipette tip were characterized for their morphology and surface properties using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), laser microscope, Raman spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The developed micropipette tip-based electrode was then used as the working electrode in a three-electrode system, wherein its electrochemical stability and properties were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Furthermore, the above system was used to detect glucose concentrations of 10-200 µM, to evaluate its sensing properties using amperometry. The developed working electrode exhibited a sensitivity of 69.02 µA/µM cm-2 and limit of detection of 67.5 µM, indicating the potential for using such modified micropipette tips as low-cost miniaturized sensors to detect various bio-analytes in sample solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ganesh Kumar Mani
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | | | - Yuichiro Tsuyuki
- Hasegawa Machinery Limited, 307 Matsuoka, Fuji-shi 416-0909, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Inazu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya
- Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
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2
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Siontorou CG, Batzias FA. A methodological combined framework for roadmapping biosensor research: a fault tree analysis approach within a strategic technology evaluation frame. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:31-55. [PMID: 23919240 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.790339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Biosensor technology began in the 1960s to revolutionize instrumentation and measurement. Despite the glucose sensor market success that revolutionized medical diagnostics, and artificial pancreas promise currently the approval stage, the industry is reluctant to capitalize on other relevant university-produced knowledge and innovation. On the other hand, the scientific literature is extensive and persisting, while the number of university-hosted biosensor groups is growing. Considering the limited marketability of biosensors compared to the available research output, the biosensor field has been used by the present authors as a suitable paradigm for developing a methodological combined framework for "roadmapping" university research output in this discipline. This framework adopts the basic principles of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), replacing the lower level of technology alternatives with internal barriers (drawbacks, limitations, disadvantages), modeled through fault tree analysis (FTA) relying on fuzzy reasoning to count for uncertainty. The proposed methodology is validated retrospectively using ion selective field effect transistor (ISFET) - based biosensors as a case example, and then implemented prospectively membrane biosensors, putting an emphasis on the manufacturability issues. The analysis performed the trajectory of membrane platforms differently than the available market roadmaps that, considering the vast industrial experience in tailoring and handling crystallic forms, suggest the technology path of biomimetic and synthetic materials. The results presented herein indicate that future trajectories lie along with nanotechnology, and especially nanofabrication and nano-bioinformatics, and focused, more on the science-path, that is, on controlling the natural process of self-assembly and the thermodynamics of bioelement-lipid interaction. This retained the nature-derived sensitivity of the biosensor platform, pointing out the differences between the scope of academic research and the market viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Siontorou
- Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus , Karaoli and Dimitriou, Piraeus , Greece
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3
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Zamfir LG, Rotariu L, Bala C. Acetylcholinesterase biosensor for carbamate drugs based on tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane/ionic liquid conductive gels. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:61-7. [PMID: 23500478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive acetylcholinesterase biosensor was developed for detection of carbamate drugs based on TTF-TCNQ-ionic liquid gel thiocholine sensor. The TTF-TCNQ-ionic/ionic liquid gel was characterized by FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic behavior of TTF-TCNQ-ionic liquid gels toward oxidation of thiocholine was thoroughly investigated. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate gel based sensor allowed amperometric detection of thiocholine at +400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl with a high sensitivity of 55.9±1.2 μA mM(-1)cm(-2) and a low detection limit equal to 7.6 μM. The catalytic rate constant and diffusion constant of thiocholine were estimated from chronoamperometric data. The proposed biosensor based on AChE immobilized in sol-gel matrix was used for the detection of two carbamate therapeutic drugs. Very low detection limits of 26 pM eserine and 0.3 nM neostigmine were achieved. The analysis of spiked tap water proved the biosensor capability to be used as a screening method for detection of carbamate drugs in wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian-Gabriel Zamfir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., 030018 Bucharest, Romania
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da Silva RAB, Rabelo AC, Munoz RAA, Richter EM. Three-Electrode-Integrated Sensor into a Micropipette Tip. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ramroop-Singh N, Narinesingh D, Singh G, Seto CT, Comeau AB. The binding site of zinc and indium metal to amino acid derivatized squarate complexes - Implications in inhibitor and mediator designs. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:234-41. [PMID: 20598337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three novel metal squaric acid-peptide complexes, SQI-SQIII were prepared by addition of indium triflate or zinc chloride to the previously reported compounds [1], 3-(hydroxymethylamino)-4-(l-isoleucine methyl ester)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (squarate 1), and 3-(hydroxymethylamino)-2-(l-isoleucine methyl ester)-4-thioxo-2-cyclobuten-1-one (squarate 2). The structures of SQI-SQIII were elucidated using NMR analysis. The electrochemical applications of two of these metal-squaric acid systems (SQI and SQII) were also investigated. Incorporation of SQII as a mediator, in the previously optimized Pt/p(HEMA)/p(pyrrole)/GOx electrode using the ionic liquid [bmim][BF(4)] as the solvent medium, produced a biosensor with enhanced properties, namely a sensitivity of 175.9mA/M d-glucose, working potential of +200mV, large linear range (0-12mM) and a detection limit of 1x10(-6)M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ramroop-Singh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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Miah MR, Ohsaka T. Electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at a bromine adatom-modified gold electrode in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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One-step co-electropolymerized conducting polymer–protein composite film for direct electrochemistry-based biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:773-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dzyadevych S, Arkhypova V, Soldatkin A, El'skaya A, Martelet C, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Amperometric enzyme biosensors: Past, present and future. Ing Rech Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmret.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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A new, third generation, PVC/TTF–TCNQ composite amperometric biosensor for glucose determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pauliukaite R, Malinauskas A, Zhylyak G, Spichiger-Keller U. Conductive Organic Complex Salt TTF-TCNQ as a Mediator for Biosensors. An Overview. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cano M, Palenzuela B, Ávila J, Rodríguez-Amaro R. Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid by Using a PVC/TTF-TCNQ Composite Electrode as Detector in a FIA System. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Montañez-Soto JL, Alegret S, Salazar-Montoya JA, Ramos-Ramírez EG. A new amperometric biosensor for fructose determination based on epoxy-graphite-TTF-TCNQ-FDH-biocomposite. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-005-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Oh BK, Robbins ME, Schoenfisch MH. Planar nitric oxide (NO)-selective ultramicroelectrode sensor for measuring localized NO surface concentrations at xerogel microarrays. Analyst 2006; 131:48-54. [PMID: 16365662 DOI: 10.1039/b507981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A planar ultramicroelectrode nitric oxide (NO) sensor was fabricated to measure the local NO surface concentrations from NO-releasing microarrays of varying geometries. The sensor consisted of platinized Pt (25 microm) working electrode and a silver paint reference electrode coated with a thin silicone rubber gas permeable membrane. An internal hydrogel layer separated the Pt working electrode and gas permeable membrane. The total diameter of the sensor was <or=50 microm, and demonstrated negligible analyte trapping effects. The sensitivity and response time of the ultramicroelectrode sensor to NO were 0.19+/- 0.07 pA nM(-1) and 1-4 s, respectively, with a 5 nM limit of detection. The sensor was employed to correlate the steady-state NO surface concentration and observed platelet adhesion resistance. Results indicate that the required steady-state NO concentration necessary to inhibit platelet adhesion to the micro-patterned xerogels depends on the xerogel geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Kyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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Oh BK, Robbins ME, Nablo BJ, Schoenfisch MH. Miniaturized glucose biosensor modified with a nitric oxide-releasing xerogel microarray. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:749-57. [PMID: 16242614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-based glucose biosensor modified to release nitric oxide (NO) via a xerogel microarray is reported. The biosensor design is as follows: (1) glucose oxidase (GOx) is immobilized in a methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) xerogel layer; (2) a blended polyurethane/hydrophilic polyurethane coating prevents enzyme leaching and imparts selectivity for glucose; and (3) micropatterned xerogel lines (5 microm wide) separated by distances of 5 or 20 microm provide NO-release capability. This configuration allows for increased glucose sensitivity relative to sensors modified with NO-releasing xerogel films since significant portions of the sensor surface remain unmodified. Glucose diffusion to the GOx layer is thus less inhibited. The micropatterned NO-releasing biosensors generate sufficient NO levels to reduce both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and platelet adhesion without significantly compromising the enzymatic activity of GOx. The glucose response, linearity and stability of the NO-releasing micropatterned sensors are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Kyun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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Abstract
Direct electrode transfer between enzyme and the electrode in biosensors requires high efficiency therefore, synthetic replacement for oxygen led to the development of enzyme mediators and modified electrodes in biosensor fabrication. In this context, a number of electron acceptors and complexes have been used. Present paper gives an overview of various methodologies involved in the mediated systems, their merits and wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chaubey
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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16
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Dzyadevych SV. Amperometric biosensors. Key work principles and features of transducers of different generations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0005e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Dzyadevych
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Zayats M, Kharitonov AB, Katz E, Bückmann AF, Willner I. An integrated NAD+-dependent enzyme-functionalized field-effect transistor (ENFET) system: development of a lactate biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2001; 15:671-80. [PMID: 11213228 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An integrated NAD+-dependent enzyme field-effect transistor (ENFET) device for the biosensing of lactate is described. The aminosiloxane-functionalized gate interface is modified with pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) that acts as a catalyst for the oxidation of NADH. Synthetic amino-derivative of NAD+ is covalently linked to the PQQ monolayer. An affinity complex formed between the NAD+/PQQ-assembly and the NAD+-cofactor-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is crosslinked and yields an integrated biosensor ENFET-device for the analysis of lactate. Biocatalyzed oxidation of lactate generates NADH that is oxidized by PQQ in the presence of Ca2+-ions. The reduced catalyst, PQQH2, is oxidized by O2 in a process that constantly regenerates PQQ at the gate interface. The biocatalyzed formation of NADH and the O2-stimulated regeneration of PQQ yield a steady-state pH gradient between the gate interface and the bulk solution. The changes in the pH of the solution near the gate interface and, consequently, the gate potential are controlled by the substrate (lactate) concentration in the solution. The device reveals the detection limit of 1 x 10(-4) M for lactate and the sensitivity of 24+/-2 mV dec(-1). The response time of the device is as low as 15 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zayats
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Reports on chemical immobilization of proteins and enzymes first appeared in the 1960s. Since then, immobilized proteins and enzymes have been widely used in the processing of variety of products and increasingly used in the field of medicine. Here, we present a review of recent developments in immobilized enzyme use in medicine. Generally speaking, the use of immobilized enzyme in medicine can be divided into two major categories: biosensors and bioreactors. A brief overview of the evolution of the biosensor and bioreactor technology, of currently existing applications of immobilized enzymes, of problems that researchers encountered, and of possible future developments will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Liang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1065, USA
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